Chng I

Cc Khi nim v c trng c bn

1.1. Khi nim v phn loi cm bin
1.1.1. Khi nim
Cm bin l thit b dng cm nhn bin i cc i lng vt l v cc i
lng khng c tnh cht in cn o thnh cc i lng in c th o v x l
c.
Cc i lng cn o (m) thng khng c tnh cht in (nh nhit , p sut
...) tc ng ln cm bin cho ta mt c trng (s) mang tnh cht in (nh in
tch, in p, dng in hoc tr khng) cha ng thng tin cho php xc nh gi
tr ca i lng o. c trng (s) l hm ca i lng cn o (m):
s = F (m )

(1.1)

Ngi ta gi (s) l i lng u ra hoc l phn ng ca cm bin, (m) l i

lng u vo hay kch thch (c ngun gc l i lng cn o). Thng qua o c
(s) cho php nhn bit gi tr ca (m).
1.1.2. Phn loi cm bin
Cc b cm bin c phn loi theo cc c trng c bn sau y:
- Theo nguyn l chuyn i gia p ng v kch thch (bng 1.1).
Bng 1.1
Hin tng

Chuyn i p ng v kch thch

- Nhit in
- Quang in
- Quang t

Hin tng vt l

- in t
- Quang n hi
- T in
- Nhit t...
- Bin i ho hc

Ho hc

- Bin i in ho
- Phn tch ph ...
- Bin i sinh ho

Sinh hc

- Bin i vt l
- 5-

- Hiu ng trn c th sng ...

- Phn loi theo dng kch thch (bng 1.2)
Bng 1.2
- Bin pha, phn cc
m thanh

- Ph
- Tc truyn sng ...
- in tch, dng in

in

- in th, in p
- in trng (bin, pha, phn cc, ph)
- in dn, hng s in mi ...
- T trng (bin, pha, phn cc, ph)

- T thng, cng t trng

- t thm ...
- Bin, pha, phn cc, ph

Quang

- Tc truyn
- H s pht x, khc x
- H s hp th, h s bc x ...
- V tr
- Lc, p sut
- Gia tc, vn tc

- ng sut, cng
- M men
- Khi lng, t trng
- Vn tc cht lu, nht ...
- Nhit

Nhit

- Thng lng
- Nhit dung, t nhit ...
- Kiu

Bc x

- Nng lng
- Cng ...

- 6-

- Theo tnh nng ca b cm bin (bng 1.3)

Bng 1.3
- nhy

- Kh nng qu ti

- chnh xc

- Tc p ng

- phn gii

- n nh

- chn lc

- Tui th

- tuyn tnh

- iu kin mi trng

- Cng sut tiu th

- Kch thc, trng lng

- Di tn
- tr
- Phn loi theo phm vi s dng ( bng 1.4).
Bng 1.4
- Cng nghip
- Nghin cu khoa hc
- Mi trng, kh tng
- Thng tin, vin thng
- Nng nghip
- Dn dng
- Giao thng
- V tr
- Qun s
- Phn loi theo thng s ca m hnh mch thay th :
+ Cm bin tch cc c u ra l ngun p hoc ngun dng.
+ Cm bin th ng c c trng bng cc thng s R, L, C, M .... tuyn
tnh hoc phi tuyn.
1.2. ng cong chun ca cm bin
1.2.1. Khi nim
ng cong chun cm bin l ng cong biu din s ph thuc ca i
lng in (s) u ra ca cm bin vo gi tr ca i lng o (m) u vo.

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ng cong chun c th biu din bng biu thc i s di dng s = F (m ) , hoc

bng th nh hnh 1.1a.

si

mi

a)

b)

Hnh 1.1 ng cong chun cm bin

a) Dng ng cong chun b) ng cong chun ca cm bin tuyn tnh

Da vo ng cong chun ca cm bin, ta c th xc nh gi tr mi cha

bit ca m thng qua gi tr o c si ca s.
d s dng, ngi ta thng ch to cm bin c s ph thuc tuyn tnh
gia i lng u ra v i lng u vo, phng trnh s= F(m) c dng s = am +b
vi a, b l cc h s, khi ng cong chun l ng thng (hnh 1.1b).
1.2.2. Phng php chun cm bin
Chun cm bin l php o nhm mc ch xc lp mi quan h gia gi tr s
o c ca i lng in u ra v gi tr m ca i lng o c tnh n cc
yu t nh hng, trn c s xy dng ng cong chun di dng tng minh
( th hoc biu thc i s). Khi chun cm bin, vi mt lot gi tr bit chnh
xc mi ca m, o gi tr tng ng si ca s v dng ng cong chun.

s
s2
s1
m1

m2

Hnh 1.2 Phng php chun cm bin

a) Chun n gin
Trong trng hp i lng o ch c mt i lng vt l duy nht tc ng
ln mt i lng o xc nh v cm bin s dng khng nhy vi tc ng ca cc
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i lng nh hng, ngi ta dng phng php chun n gin. Thc cht ca
chun n gin l o cc gi tr ca i lng u ra ng vi cc gi xc nh khng
i ca i lng o u vo. Vic chun c tin hnh theo hai cch:
-

Chun trc tip: cc gi tr khc nhau ca i lng o ly t cc mu

chun hoc cc phn t so snh c gi tr bit trc vi chnh xc cao.

-

Chun gin tip: kt hp cm bin cn chun vi mt cm bin so snh

c sn ng cong chun, c hai c t trong cng iu kin lm vic. Khi tc

ng ln hai cm bin vi cng mt gi tr ca i lng o ta nhn c gi tr
tng ng ca cm bin so snh v cm bin cn chun. Lp li tng t vi cc gi
tr khc ca i lng o cho php ta xy dng c ng cong chun ca cm
bin cn chun.
b) Chun nhiu ln
Khi cm bin c phn t b tr (tr c hoc tr t), gi tr o c u ra ph
thuc khng nhng vo gi tr tc thi ca i lng cn o u vo m cn ph
thuc vo gi tr trc ca ca i lng ny. Trong trng hp nh vy, ngi ta
p dng phng php chun nhiu ln v tin hnh nh sau:
-

t li im 0 ca cm bin: i lng cn o v i lng u ra c gi tr

tng ng vi im gc, m=0 v s=0.

-

o gi tr u ra theo mt lot gi tr tng dn n gi tr cc i ca i

lng o u vo.
-

Lp li qu trnh o vi cc gi tr gim dn t gi tr cc i.

Khi chun nhiu ln cho php xc nh ng cong chun theo c hai hng o
tng dn v o gim dn.
1.3. Cc c trng c bn
1.3.1. nhy ca cm bin
a) Khi nim
i vi cm bin tuyn tnh, gia bin thin u ra s v bin thin u vo
m c s lin h tuyn tnh:
s = S.m

i lng S xc nh bi biu thc S =

(1.2)

s
c gi l nhy ca cm bin.
m

Trng hp tng qut, biu thc xc nh nhy S ca cm bin xung quanh

- 9-

gi tr mi ca i lng o xc nh bi t s gia bin thin s ca i lng u ra

v bin thin m tng ng ca i lng o u vo quanh gi tr :
s
S=

m m = m

(1.3)
i

php o t chnh xc cao, khi thit k v s dng cm bin cn lm sao

cho nhy S ca n khng i, ngha l t ph thuc nht vo cc yu t sau:
-

Gi tr ca i lng cn o m v tn s thay i ca n.

Thi gian s dng.

nh hng ca cc i lng vt l khc (khng phi l i lng o) ca

mi trng xung quanh.

Thng thng nh sn xut cung cp gi tr ca nhy S tng ng vi
nhng iu kin lm vic nht nh ca cm bin.

b) nhy trong ch tnh v t s chuyn i tnh

ng chun cm bin, xy dng trn c s o cc gi tr si u ra tng ng
vi cc gi tr khng i mi ca i lng o khi i lng ny t n ch lm
vic danh nh c gi l c trng tnh ca cm bin. Mt im Qi(mi,si) trn c
trng tnh xc nh mt im lm vic ca cm bin ch tnh.
Trong ch tnh, nhy S xc nh theo cng thc (1.3) chnh l c ca
c trng tnh im lm vic ang xt. Nh vy, nu c trng tnh khng phi l
tuyn tnh th nhy trong ch tnh ph thuc im lm vic.
i lng ri xc nh bi t s gia gi tr si u ra v gi tr mi u vo
c gi l t s chuyn i tnh:
s
ri =
m Q

(1.4)
i

T (1.4), ta nhn thy t s chuyn i tnh ri khng ph thuc vo im lm

vic Qi v ch bng S khi c trng tnh l ng thng i qua gc to .

c) nhy trong ch ng
nhy trong ch ng c xc nh khi i lng o bin thin tun
hon theo thi gian.
Gi s bin thin ca i lng o m theo thi gian c dng:
m(t ) = m 0 + m 1 cos t

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(1.5)

Trong m0 l gi tr khng i, m1 l bin v tn s gc ca bin thin

i lng o.

u ra ca cm bin, hi p s c dng:
s(t ) = s 0 + s1 cos(t + )

Trong :
- s0 l gi tr khng i tng ng vi m0 xc nh im lm vic Q0 trn
ng cong chun ch tnh.
- s1 l bin bin thin u ra do thnh phn bin thin ca i lng o
gy nn.
- l lch pha gia i lng u vo v i lng u ra.
Trong ch ng, nhy S ca cm bin c xc nh bi t s gia bin
ca bin thin u ra s1 v bin ca bin thin u vo m1 ng vi im lm
vic c xt Q0, theo cng thc:
s
S = 1
m1 Q

nhy trong ch ng ph thuc vo tn s i lng o, S = S (f ) . S

bin thin ca nhy theo tn s c ngun gc l do qun tnh c, nhit hoc in
ca u o, tc l ca cm bin v cc thit b ph tr, chng khng th cung cp
tc thi tn hiu in theo kp bin thin ca i lng o. Bi vy khi xt s hi p
c ph thuc vo tn s cn phi xem xt s mch o ca cm bin mt cch
tng th.

1.3.2. tuyn tnh

a) Khi nim
Mt cm bin c gi l tuyn tnh trong mt di o xc nh nu trong di
ch , nhy khng ph thuc vo i lng o.
Trong ch tnh, tuyn tnh chnh l s khng ph thuc ca nhy ca
cm bin vo gi tr ca i lng o, th hin bi cc on thng trn c trng
tnh ca cm bin v hot ng ca cm bin l tuyn tnh chng no i lng o
cn nm trong vng ny.
Trong ch ng, tuyn tnh bao gm s khng ph thuc ca nhy
ch tnh S(0) vo i lng o, ng thi cc thng s quyt nh s hi p (nh

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tn s ring f0 ca dao ng khng tt, h s tt dn cng khng ph thuc vo i

lng o.
Nu cm bin khng tuyn tnh, ngi ta a vo mch o cc thit b hiu
chnh sao cho tn hiu in nhn c u ra t l vi s thay i ca i lng o
u vo. S hiu chnh c gi l s tuyn tnh ho.

b) ng thng tt nht
Khi chun cm bin, t kt qu thc nghim ta nhn c mt lot im tng
ng (si,mi) ca i lng u ra v i lng u vo. V mt l thuyt, i vi cc
cm bin tuyn tnh, ng cong chun l mt ng thng. Tuy nhin, do sai s
khi o, cc im chun (mi, si) nhn c bng thc nghim thng khng nm trn
cng mt ng thng.
ng thng c xy dng trn c s cc s liu thc nghim sao cho sai s
l b nht, biu din s tuyn tnh ca cm bin c gi l ng thng tt nht.
Phng trnh biu din ng thng tt nht c lp bng phng php bnh
phng b nht. Gi s khi chun cm bin ta tin hnh vi N im o, phng trnh
c dng:
s = am + b
Trong :
a=

b=

N. s i .m i s i . m i
N. m 2i ( m i )

s i . m 2i m i .s i . m i
2
N. m 2i ( m i )

c) lch tuyn tnh

i vi cc cm bin khng hon ton tuyn tnh, ngi ta a ra khi nim
lch tuyn tnh, xc nh bi lch cc i gia ng cong chun v ng thng
tt nht, tnh bng % trong di o.

1.3.3. Sai s v chnh xc

Cc b cm bin cng nh cc dng c o lng khc, ngoi i lng cn o
(cm nhn) cn chu tc ng ca nhiu i lng vt l khc gy nn sai s gia
gi tr o c v gi tr thc ca i lng cn o. Gi x l lch tuyt i gia
gi tr o v gi tr thc x (sai s tuyt i), sai s tng i ca b cm bin c
tnh bng:
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x
.100
x

[%]

Sai s ca b cm bin mang tnh cht c tnh bi v khng th bit chnh xc

gi tr thc ca i lng cn o. Khi nh gi sai s ca cm bin, ngi ta thng
phn chng thnh hai loi: sai s h thng v sai s ngu nhin.
- Sai s h thng: l sai s khng ph thuc vo s ln o, c gi tr khng i
hoc thay i chm theo thi gian o v thm vo mt lch khng i gia gi
tr thc v gi tr o c. Sai s h thng thng do s thiu hiu bit v h o, do
iu kin s dng khng tt gy ra. Cc nguyn nhn gy ra sai s h thng c th
l:
Do nguyn l ca cm bin.
+ Do gi tr ca i lng chun khng ng.
+ Do c tnh ca b cm bin.
+ Do iu kin v ch s dng.
+Do x l kt qu o.
- Sai s ngu nhin: l sai s xut hin c ln v chiu khng xc nh. Ta
c th d on c mt s nguyn nhn gy ra sai s ngu nhin nhng khng th
d on c ln v du ca n. Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra sai s ngu nhin c
th l:
+ Do s thay i c tnh ca thit b.
+ Do tn hiu nhiu ngu nhin.
+ Do cc i lng nh hng khng c tnh n khi chun cm bin.
Chng ta c th gim thiu sai s ngu nhin bng mt s bin php thc
nghim thch hp nh bo v cc mch o trnh nh hng ca nhiu, t ng iu
chnh in p ngun nui, b cc nh hng nhit , tn s, vn hnh ng ch
hoc thc hin php o lng thng k.

1.3.4. nhanh v thi gian hi p

nhanh l c trng ca cm bin cho php nh gi kh nng theo kp v
thi gian ca i lng u ra khi i lng u vo bin thin. Thi gian hi p l
i lng c s dng xc nh gi tr s ca nhanh.
nhanh tr l khong thi gian t khi i lng o thay i t ngt n khi
bin thin ca i lng u ra ch cn khc gi tr cui cng mt lng gii hn
tnh bng %. Thi gian hi p tng ng vi % xc nh khong thi gian cn
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thit phi ch i sau khi c s bin thin ca i lng o ly gi tr ca u ra

vi chnh xc nh trc. Thi gian hi p c trng cho ch qu ca cm
bin v l hm ca cc thng s thi gian xc nh ch ny.
Trong trng hp s thay i ca i lng o c dng bc thang, cc thng s
thi gian gm thi gian tr khi tng (tdm) v thi gian tng (tm) ng vi s tng t
ngt ca i lng o hoc thi gian tr khi gim (tdc) v thi gian gim (tc) ng vi
s gim t ngt ca i lng o. Khong thi gian tr khi tng tdm l thi gian cn
thit i lng u ra tng t gi tr ban u ca n n 10% ca bin thin tng
cng ca i lng ny v khong thi gian tng tm l thi gian cn thit i
lng u ra tng t 10% n 90% bin thin bin thin tng cng ca n.
m
m0

t
s
s0

0,9
0,1

t
tdm

tm

tdc

tc

Hnh 1.3 Xc nh cc khong thi gian c trng cho ch qu

Tng t, khi i lng o gim, thi gian tr khi gim tdc l thi gian cn thit
i lng u ra gim t gi tr ban u ca n n 10% bin thin tng cng
ca i lng ny v khong thi gian gim tc l thi gian cn thit i lng u
ra gim t 10% n 90% bin thin bin thin tng cng ca n.
Cc thng s v thi gian tr, tdm, tm, tdc, tc ca cm bin cho php ta nh gi v
thi gian hi p ca n.

1.3.5. Gii hn s dng ca cm bin

Trong qu trnh s dng, cc cm bin lun chu tc ng ca ng lc c hc,
tc ng nhit... Khi cc tc ng ny vt qu ngng cho php, chng s lm thay
i c trng lm vic ca cm bin. Bi vy khi s dng cm bin, ngi s dng
cn phi bit r cc gii hn ny.

a) Vng lm vic danh nh

- 14-

Vng lm vic danh nh tng ng vi nhng iu kin s dng bnh thng

ca cm bin. Gii hn ca vng l cc gi tr ngng m cc i lng o, cc i
lng vt l c lin quan n i lng o hoc cc i lng nh hng c th
thng xuyn t ti m khng lm thay i cc c trng lm vic danh nh ca
cm bin.

b) Vng khng gy nn h hng

Vng khng gy nn h hng l vng m khi m cc i lng o hoc cc i
lng vt l c lin quan v cc i lng nh hng vt qua ngng ca vng
lm vic danh nh nhng vn cn nm trong phm vi khng gy nn h hng, cc
c trng ca cm bin c th b thay i nhng nhng thay i ny mang tnh
thun nghch, tc l khi tr v vng lm vic danh nh cc c trng ca cm bin
ly li gi tr ban u ca chng.

c) Vng khng ph hu
Vng khng ph hy l vng m khi m cc i lng o hoc cc i lng
vt l c lin quan v cc i lng nh hng vt qua ngng ca vng khng
gy nn h hng nhng vn cn nm trong phm vi khng b ph hy, cc c trng
ca cm bin b thay i v nhng thay i ny mang tnh khng thun nghch, tc
l khi tr v vng lm vic danh nh cc c trng ca cm bin khng th ly li
gi tr ban u ca chng. Trong trng hp ny cm bin vn cn s dng c,
nhng phi tin hnh chun li cm bin.

1.4. Nguyn l chung ch to cm bin

Cc cm bin c ch to da trn c s cc hin tng vt l v c phn
lm hai loi:
-

Cm bin tch cc: l cc cm bin hot ng nh mt my pht, p ng

(s) l in tch, in p hay dng.

-

Cm bin th ng: l cc cm bin hot ng nh mt tr khng trong

p ng (s) l in tr, t cm hoc in dung.

1.4.1. Nguyn l ch to cc cm bin tch cc

Cc cm bin tch cc c ch to da trn c s ng dng cc hiu ng vt
l bin i mt dng nng lng no (nhit, c hoc bc x) thnh nng lng
in. Di y m t mt cch khi qut ng dng mt s hiu ng vt l khi ch
to cm bin.

- 15-

a) Hiu ng nhit in
Hai dy dn (M1) v (M2) c bn cht ho hc khc nhau c hn li vi
nhau thnh mt mch in kn, nu nhit hai mi hn l T1 v T2 khc nhau,
khi trong mch xut hin mt sut in ng e(T1, T2) m ln ca n ph
thuc chnh lch nhit gia T1 v T2.

(M2)

T1

(M1)

T2

T1

(M2)

Hnh 1.4. S hiu ng nhit in.

Hiu ng nhit in c ng dng o nhit T1 khi bit trc nhit

T2, thng chn T2 = 0oC.

b) Hiu ng ho in
Mt s tinh th gi l tinh th ho in (v d tinh th sulfate triglycine) c tnh
phn cc in t pht vi phn cc ph thuc vo nhit , lm xut hin trn cc
mt i din ca chng nhng in tch tri du. ln ca in p gia hai mt
ph thuc vo phn cc ca tinh th ho in.

Hnh 1.5 ng dng hiu ng ho in

Hiu ng ho in c ng dng o thng lng ca bc x nh sng. Khi

ta chiu mt chm nh sng vo tinh th ho in, tinh th hp th nh sng v nhit
ca n tng ln, lm thay i s phn cc in ca tinh th. o in p V ta c
th xc nh c thng lng nh sng .

c) Hiu ng p in
Mt s vt liu gi chung l vt liu p in (nh thch anh chng hn) khi b
bin dng dc tc ng ca lc c hc, trn cc mt i din ca tm vt liu xut
- 16-

hin nhng lng in tch bng nhau nhng tri du, c gi l hiu ng p in.
o V ta c th xc nh c cng ca lc tc dng F.

Hnh 1.6 ng dng hiu ng p in

d) Hiu ng cm ng in t
Khi mt dy dn chuyn ng trong t trng khng i, trong dy dn xut
hin mt sut in ng t l vi t thng ct ngang dy trong mt n v thi gian,
ngha l t l vi tc dch chuyn ca dy. Tng t nh vy, trong mt khung
dy t trong t trng c t thng bin thin cng xut hin mt sut in ng t
l vi tc bin thin ca t thng qua khung dy.
B

Hnh 1.7 ng dng hiu ng cm ng in t

Hiu ng cm ng in t c ng dng xc nh tc dch chuyn ca

vt thng qua vic o sut in ng cm ng.

e) Hiu ng quang in
- Hiu ng quang dn: (hay cn gi l hiu ng quang in ni) l hin tng
gii phng ra cc ht dn t do trong vt liu (thng l bn dn) khi chiu vo
chng mt bc x nh sng (hoc bc x in t ni chung) c bc sng nh hn
mt ngng nht nh.
- Hiu ng quang pht x in t: (hay cn gi l hiu ng quang in
ngoi) l hin tng cc in t c gii phng v thot khi b mt vt liu to
thnh dng c th thu li nh tc dng ca in trng.

g) Hiu ng quang - in - t
Khi tc dng mt t trng B vung gc vi bc x nh sng, trong vt liu bn
- 17-

dn c chiu sng s xut hin mt hiu in th theo hng vung gc vi t

trng B v hng bc x nh sng.

Hnh 1.8 ng dng hiu ng quang - in - t

h) Hiu ng Hall
Khi t mt tm mng vt liu mng (thng l bn dn), trong c
dng in chy qua, vo trong mt t trng B c phng to vi dng in I
trong tm mt gc , s xut hin mt hiu in th VH theo hng vung gc vi
B v I. Biu thc hiu in th c dng:
VH = K H .I.B. sin

Trong KH l h s ph thuc vo vt liu v kch thc hnh hc ca tm vt

liu.
N

S
B

Hnh 1.9 ng dng hiu ng Hall

Hiu ng Hall c ng dng xc nh v tr ca mt vt chuyn ng. Vt
cn xc nh v tr lin kt c hc vi thanh nam chm, mi thi im, v tr thanh
nam chm xc nh gi tr ca t trng B v gc tng ng vi tm bn dn
mng lm vt trung gian. V vy, hiu in th VH o c gia hai cnh tm bn
dn l hm ph thuc vo v tr ca vt trong khng gian.

- 18-

1.4.2. Nguyn ch to cm bin th ng

Cm bin th ng thng c ch to t mt tr khng c cc thng s ch
yu nhy vi i lng cn o. Gi tr ca tr khng ph thuc kch thc hnh hc,
tnh cht in ca vt liu ch to (nh in tr sut , t thm , hng s in
mi ). V vy tc ng ca i lng o c th nh hng ring bit n kch
thc hnh hc, tnh cht in hoc ng thi c hai.
S thay i thng s hnh hc ca tr khng gy ra do chuyn ng ca phn
t chuyn ng hoc phn t bin dng ca cm bin. Trong cc cm bin c phn
t chuyn ng, mi v tr ca phn t ng s ng vi mt gi tr xc nh ca tr
khng, cho nn o tr khng c th xc nh c v tr ca i tng. Trong cm
bin c phn t bin dng, s bin dng ca phn t bin dng di tc ng ca i
lng o (lc hoc cc i lng gy ra lc) gy ra s thay i ca tr khng ca
cm bin. S thay i tr khng do bin dng lin quan n lc tc ng, do lin
quan n i lng cn o. Xc nh tr khng ta c th xc nh c i lng
cn o.
S thay i tnh cht in ca cm bin ph thuc vo bn cht vt liu ch to
tr khng v yu t tc ng (nhit , chiu sng, p sut, m ...). ch to
cm bin, ngi ta chn sao cho tnh cht in ca n ch nhy vi mt trong cc i
lng vt l trn, nh hng ca cc i lng khc l khng ng k. Khi c th
thit lp c s ph thuc n tr gia gi tr i lng cn o v gi tr tr khng
ca cm bin.
Trn bng 1.1 gii thiu cc i lng cn o c kh nng lm thay i tnh
cht in ca vt liu s dng ch to cm bin.
Bng 1.1
i lng cn o
Nhit
Bc x nh sng
Bin dng
V tr (nam chm)

c trng nhy cm

Loi vt liu s dng

Kim loi (Pt, Ni, Cu)
Bn dn

Bn dn

Hp kim Ni, Si pha tp

T thm ()

Hp kim st t
Vt liu t in tr:Bi, InSb

- 19-

1.5. Mch o
1.5.1. S mch o
Mch o bao gm ton b thit b o (trong c cm bin) cho php xc nh
chnh xc gi tr ca i lng cn o trong nhng iu kin tt nht c th.

u vo ca mch, cm bin chu tc ng ca i lng cn o gy nn tn

hiu in mang theo thng tin v i cn o.

u ra ca mch, tn hiu in qua x l c chuyn i sang dng c

th c c trc tip gi tr cn tm ca i lng o. Vic chun h o m bo
cho mi gi tr ca ch th u ra tng ng vi mt gi tr ca i lng o tc ng
u vo ca mch.
Dng n gin ca mch o gm mt cm bin, b phn bin i tn hiu v
thit b ch th, v d mch o nhit gm mt cp nhit ghp ni trc tip vi mt
milivn k.

Hnh 1.10 S mch o nhit bng cp nhit

FC
(1)

D
(2)

My in

PC
(4)

(5)

ADC
(6)

CPU
(7)

Mn
hnh

PA
(3)

Hnh 1.11 Mch o in th b mt

1) My pht chc nng 2) Cm bin in tch 3) Tin khuch i
4) So pha lc nhiu 5) Khuch i 6) Chuyn i tng t s 7) My tnh

Trn thc t, do cc yu cu khc nhau khi o, mch o thng gm nhiu

thnh phn trong c cc khi ti u ho vic thu thp v x l d liu, chng
hn mch tuyn tnh ho tn hiu nhn t cm bin, mch kh in dung k sinh,
- 20-

cc b chuyn i nhiu knh, b khuch i, b so pha lc nhiu, b chuyn i

tng t - s, b vi x l, cc thit b h tr... Trn hnh 1.11 biu din s khi
mt mch in o in th trn b mt mng nhy quang c lp rp t nhiu phn
t

1.5.2. Mt s phn t c bn ca mch o

a) B khuch i thut ton (KTT)
B khuch i thut ton mch tch hp l b khuch i dng mt chiu c
hai u vo v mt u ra chung, thng gm hng trm tranzito v cc in tr, t
in ghp ni vi nhau. S b khuch i thut ton biu din trn hnh 1.12.

Ura

K
+
Ura = K.Uvo

Hnh 1.12 S b khuch i thut ton

Cc c tnh c bn ca b khuch i thut ton:

- B khuch i c hai u vo: mt u o (-), mt u khng o (+).
- in tr vo rt ln, c hng trm M n G.
- in tr ra rt nh, c phn chc .
- in p lch u vo rt nh, c vi nV.
- H s khuch i h mch rt ln, c 100.000.
- Di tn lm vic rng.
- H s suy gim theo cch ni chung CMRR l t s h s khuch i ca b
khuch i thut ton i vi cc tn hiu sai lch v h s khuch i theo cch ni
chung ca cng b khuch i thut ton. Thng thng CMRR vo khong 90 dB.
- Tc tng hn ch s bin thin cc i ca in p tnh bng V/s.

b) B khuch i o lng IA
B khuch i o lng IA c hai u vo v mt u ra. Tn hiu u ra t l
vi hiu ca hai in p u vo:
U ra = A(U + U ) = AU

- 21-

U1

R3 10k

R2 10k

+
R
10k
Ra
1k

R
10k

U3
u ra

R2 10k
R3
190k

U2

Hnh 1.13 S b khuch i o lng gm ba KTT ghp ni in tr

u vo vi sai ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic kh nhiu ch chung

v tng in tr vo ca KTT. in p trn Ra phi bng in p vi sai u vo U
v to nn dng in i =

U
. Cc in p ra t KTT U1 v U2 phi bng nhau v
Ra

bin nhng ngc pha. in p U3 ca tng th hai bin i u ra vi sai thnh

u ra n cc. H s khuch i tng ca IA bng:
2R R 3

A = 1 +
R

a R1

c) Kh in p lch
i vi mt b khuch KTT l tng khi h mch phi c in p ra bng
khng khi hai u vo ni mt. Thc t v cc in p bn trong nn to ra mt in
p nh (in p phn cc) u vo KTT c vi mV, nhng khi s dng mch kn
in p ny c khuch i v to nn in p kh ln u ra. kh in p
lch c th s dng s hnh 1.14, bng cch iu chnh bin tr R3.
+ 9V
7
2

714
4

- 9V

R2
100k

1
5
R3
10k

u ra
R1
1,01k

u vo

Hnh 1.14 S mch kh in p lch

- 22-

d) Mch lp li in p
lp li in p chnh xc, ngi ta s dng b KTT lm vic ch
khng o vi h s khuch i bng 1 s nh hnh 1.15.
+ 9V
7
2

714
4
- 9V

u ra

u vo

Hnh 1.15 S mch lp in p

Trong b lp in p, cc dng ca KTT c ni trc tip vi tn hiu vo,

cn cc m c ni trc tip vi u ra, to nn in p phn hi 100% do h s
khuch i bng 1. Mch lp in p c chc nng tng in tr u vo, do vy
thng dng ni gia hai khu trong mch o.

e) Mch cu
Cu Wheatstone thng c s dng trong cc mch o nhit , lc, p sut,
t trng... Cu gm bn in tr R1, R2, R3 c nh v R4 thay i (mc nh hnh
1.16) hot ng nh cu khng cn bng da trn vic pht hin in p qua ng
cho ca cu.
R1

R3

U
+
R2

R4 = R(1+)

Vra

Hnh 1.15 S mch cu

Trong mch cu, in p ra l hm phi tuyn nhng i vi bin i nh

(<0,05) c th coi l tuyn tnh. Khi R1 = R2 v R3 = R4 nhy ca cu l cc i.
Trng hp R1 >> R2 hoc R2 >> R1 in p ra ca cu gim. t K = R1/R2
nhy ca cu l:
=

U K
.
R (1 + k )2

- 23-

- 24-