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14
(Benchmark
Problem)
Constitutive Soil Model
: , ,
460
ABSTRACT
This paper will illustrate the comparison of the results obtained from the FE-analysis of a
deep excavation with anchored diaphragm wall which had been analyzed by different 14 groups of
researchers from Germany and Austria. A same benchmark problem had been assigned to all
groups. It was allowed to select the FE program and the constitutive soil model freely. From a
comparison, the significant scatter in results had been found. The different in methods of parameter
determination, FE-model constructing and analysis procedures could be the main cause of such
inconsistent results.
Keywords : Deep excavation with anchored diaphragm wall, Benchmark problem, Finite
element analysis
461
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, University of Stuttgart
Workshop
Geometry
(Anchored Diaphragm Wall)
Plain Strain
462
2-3
Soft gel horizontal base cut-off
Prestress (Anchor prestressing force) 1
2-3 x
1
(G.W.T)
2
3
4
Sand
2-3 x
1: 2.30 m
2: 1.35 m
3: 1.35 m
Prestress
1: 768 kN
2: 945 kN
3: 980 kN
15 cm2
E = 2.1 x 108 kN/m2
1 Geometry
(Berlin Sand)
2 4
s = 2.66 g/cm3
, emin = 0.48 , emax = 0.81
8 d = 1.60 g/cm3 , e = 0.66 Relative
Density, Dr = 0.45
463
Stiffness Modulus ,
E s 20000 z 0 < z 20 m (z = )
E s 60000 z z > 20 m,
= 35(), = 19 kN/m3, = 10 kN/m3 K0 = 1-sin
E = 30,000x103 kN/m2, = 0.15, = 24 kN/m3
Angle of wall friction /2
% Finer
[.]
2 Berlin Sand
1 [%]
1 [kPa]
1 [%]
1 [kPa]
3 Odometer Test () ()
464
[kPa]
Confining
pressure (2)
1 [%]
1 [%]
1. -17.90
2. -4.80
3. Prestress -4.30
4. -9.30
5. Prestress -8.80
6. -14.35
7. Prestress -13.85
8. -16.80
1 2 1
B1 B14 (
B3 B9 Constitutive Soil Model
B3a B9a )
Constitutive Soil Model Stiffness Modulus
1 Constitutive Soil Model
Hypoplastic Soil Model
465
Soil Model
E-modulus
[-]
[]
[]
B1
Tunnel
Mohr-Coulomb
B2
PLAXIS
Hardening-Soil (z<40m)
Mohr-Coulomb(z>40m)
B3
Abaqus
B3a
Abaqus
B4
Ansys
Hypoplastic without
Intergranular Strain
Hypoplastic with
Intergranular Strain
Drucker Prager
B5
Sofistik
Mohr-Coulomb
B6
Z_Soil
Mohr-Coulomb
B7
B8
FEEREPGT
PLAXIS
B9
x
[m]
0.3
35
100x64
0.2
36
100x100
(Ohde)
MC-linear
161x162
161x162
43
6
0.3
35
105x107
0.3
35
15
80x60
0.3
35
15
122x90
0.26
0.2
40.5
35
13.5
10
90x60
90x70
Zienkiewicz/Pande/Schad
Hardening Soil 2 layers
(z<20m) (z>20m)
60000 kN/m3
PLAXIS
Mohr-Coulomb
0.35
35
150x100
B9a
PLAXIS
Hardening-Soil
0.2
35
10
150x100
B10
PLAXIS
Hardening-Soil
0.2
36
100x72
B11
PLAXIS
0.3
35
150x120
B12
PLAXIS
3
9
0.3
35
90x92
B13
Abaqus
B14
BEFE
Hypoplastic with
Intergranular Strain
Shear Hardening Model
with small strain stiffness
100x100
0.2
35
120x100
466
Element Type
for Soils
B1
B2
B3
linear
B3a
B4
Element
Type
for Wall
Continuum
9 nodes
Beam
Element Type
for Anchors/Grout
Body
Element Type
for Interface
Rods/Membrane
Laboratory
Tests
467
Remark
Prestress ?
Rod/Membrane
PLAXIS
Rinter=0.5
Einter>Esoil
Continuum
4 nodes
=0,
Prestress ?
linear
Continuum
4 nodes
Rod
Ele.
Prestress
linear
Continuum
4 nodes
Beam
Prestress
B5
=20
Ele./4-5
Rod
Spring
=0,
=20
interface
B6
Prestress ?
Prestress ?
Es E?
B7
Continuum
B8
Beam
Continuum/
Continuum
Rod Ele./
Membrane Ele.
=20.25
PLAXIS
C=2.5 kN/m2
Capillary cohesion
Reload/Unload
Oedometer
Triaxial
B9
Beam
B9a
Beam
B10
Rod Ele./Membrane
Ele.
Rod Ele./Membrane
Ele.
PLAXIS
Rinter=0.5
PLAXIS
Rinter=0.5
Beam
Rod Ele./Membrane
Ele.
PLAXIS
Rinter=0.61
B11
Beam
B12
Beam
Rod Ele./Membrane
Ele.
Rod Ele./Membrane
Ele.
PLAXIS
Rigid?
PLAXIS
Rinter=0.5
=15.5
B13
linear+intern
Beam
linear
Rod Ele.
B14
Continuum
8 nodes
Rod Ele./2
Membrane Ele.
Triaxial
Prestress ?
Prestress ?
,
Grout Body
=0,
=17.5
2 ( 1)
468
2.3
-
[m]
[m]
5
-229 +33 .
()
122 .
B1 B7
100 %
[mm]
[kNm/m]
469
(s) 6
(Heave) +40 .
-135 . B3
7 Active
100%
Active Passive
(m)
s
(mm)
Active
Earth
Pressure
[kN/m2]
Passive
Earth
Pressure
[kN/m2]
8
B2, B7, B8, B9, B9a, B10, B13 B14 Prestress
[m]
[m]
470
471
[kN/m]
8 1-3
5
8
472
D.M. Potts. 2003. Numerical Analysis: a virtual dream or practical reality. Geotechnique. 6:
535-573.
D.M. Potts and L. Zdravkovic. 1999. Finite Element Analysis in Geotechnical Engineering:
Theory. Thomas Telford.
H.F. Schweiger (Redaktion). 2000. Beitraege zum Workshop Verformungsprognose
fuer tiefe Baugruben 16-17 March 2000. Stuttgart, Germany.
M.Puller. 1998. Deep Excavations a Practical Manual. Thomas Telford.