Rockmechanicalproperties

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Thedeterminationofareservoirsmechanicalpropertiesiscriticaltoreducingdrillingriskandmaximizingwellandreservoirproductivity.Estimatesofrockmechanicalproperties
arecentraltothefollowing[1]:
Drillingprograms
Wellplacement
Wellcompletiondesign
Acousticlogging(/Acoustic_logging)canprovideinformationhelpfultodeterminingthemechanicalpropertiesofreservoirrock.

Contents
1Mechanicalpropertiesofrock
2Computingmechanicalrockproperties
3References
4NoteworthypapersinOnePetro
5Externallinks
6Seealso

Mechanicalpropertiesofrock
Mechanicalpropertiesinclude:
Elasticproperties(Youngsmodulus,shearmodulus,bulkmodulus,andPoissonsratio)[SeeStressstrainrelationshipsinrocks(/Stress_strain_relationships_in_rocks)for
calculationsoftheseproperties]
Inelasticproperties(fracturegradientandformationstrength)
Elasticityisthepropertyofmatterthatcausesittoresistdeformationinvolumeorshape.Hookeslawdescribesthebehaviorofelasticmaterialsandstatesthatforsmall
deformations,theresultingstrainisproportionaltotheappliedstress.
Stressistheforceappliedperunitarea
Strainisthefractionaldistortionthatresultsbecauseoftheactingforce
Themodulusofelasticityistheratioofstresstostrain(/Stress_strain_relationships_in_rocks)
Dependingonthemodeoftheactinggeologicalforceandtypeofgeologicalmediatheforceisactingupon,threetypesofdeformation(/Compressive_strength_of_rocks)canresult
aswellasthreeelasticmodulithatcorrespondtoeachtypeofdeformation.
Youngsmodulus,E,istheratioofuniaxialcompressive(tensile)stresstotheresultantstrain
Bulkmodulus,K,isthechangeinvolumeunderhydrostaticpressure(i.e.,theratioofstresstostrain)(Kisthereciprocalofcompressibility.)
Shearmodulus,,istheratioofshearing(torsional)stresstoshearingstrain.
Anadditionalparameter,Poissonsratio,,isameasureofthegeometricchangeofshapeunderuniaxialstress.
Thesefourelasticparametersareinterrelatedsuchthatanyonecanbeexpressedintermsoftwoothersandcanalsobeexpressedintermsofacousticwavevelocityanddensity
(Table1).

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Table1

Computingmechanicalrockproperties
Thedataneededtocomputemechanicalrockpropertiesare:
Compressionalandshearvelocities(/Compressional_and_shear_velocities)(slowness)
Density(/Rock_density_and_porosity)
Shearandcompressionalvelocities(/Compressional_and_shear_velocities)areafunctionof:

Bulkmodulus
Shearmodulus
Density(/Rock_density_and_porosity)oftheformationbeingmeasured
TheVp/Vsratio,combinedwithformationdensity,,isusedtocalculate:
Poissonsratio
Youngsmodulus
Bulkmodulus
Shearmodulus
Wheneverpossible,logderived,dynamicrockpropertiesshouldbecalibratedtocorederivedstatic(laboratory)properties,becausethestaticmeasurementsmoreaccurately
representtheinsitureservoirmechanicalproperties.[2][3][4][5][6]Rockmechanicalpropertiescanbedeterminedusingeitherofthefollowing:
Conventionalempiricalcharts[7]
Computerprograms
TheelasticmoduliandPoissonsratioareusedinavarietyofapplications.[8]Theseapplicationsinclude:
Predictionsofformationstrength(/Rock_failure_relationships)[9][10][11][12][13]
Wellstimulation(fracturepressureandfractureheight)[14][15][16][17]
Boreholeandperforationstability[18]
Sandproductionanddrawdownlimitsinunconsolidatedformations[19][20][21]
Coalevaluation[22]
Determiningtheroofrockstrengthindexforundergroundminingoperations.[23][24]
RockmechanicsapplicationsofmodernmultipoletoolsarediscussedinthearticleonAnisotropyanalysis(/Anisotropy_analysis).

References
1. Fjaer,E.etal.1992.PetroleumRelatedRockMechanics,1338.Amsterdam:DevelopmentsinPetroleumScienceNo.33,Elsevier,Amsterdam.
2. Montmayeur,H.andGraves,R.M.1985.PredictionofStaticElastic/MechanicalPropertiesofConsolidatedandUnconsolidatedSandsFromAcousticMeasurements:Basic
Measurements.PresentedattheSPEAnnualTechnicalConferenceandExhibition,LasVegas,Nevada,2226September1985.SPE14159MS.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/14159MS(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/14159MS)
3. Montmayeur,H.andGraves,R.M.1986.PredictionofStaticElastic/MechanicalPropertiesofConsolidatedandUnconsolidatedSandsFromAcousticMeasurements:
Correlations.PresentedattheSPEAnnualTechnicalConferenceandExhibition,NewOrleans,Louisiana,58October1986.SPE15644MS.http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/15644
MS(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/15644MS)
4. Holt,R.M.,Ingsoy,P.,andMikkelson,M.1989.RockMechanicalAnalysisofNorthSeaReservoirFormations.SPEFormEval4(1):3337.SPE16796PA.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/16796PA(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/16796PA)
5. GatensIII,J.M.,HarrisonIII,C.W.,Lancaster,D.E.etal.1990.InSituStressTestsandAcousticLogsDetermineMechanicalPropertriesandStressProfilesintheDevonian
Shales.SPEFormEval5(3):248254.SPE18523PA.http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/18523PA(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/18523PA)
6. Yale,D.P.1994.StaticandDynamicRockMechanicalPropertiesintheHugotonandPanomaFields,Kansas.PresentedattheSPEMidContinentGasSymposium,
Amarillo,Texas,2224May1994.SPE27939MS.http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/27939MS(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/27939MS)
7. Kowalski,J.J.1975.FormationStrengthparametersfromWellLogs,paperN.Trans.,1975AnnualLoggingSymposium,SPWLA,119.
8. Sethi,D.K.1981.WellLogApplicationsinRockMechanics.PresentedattheSPE/DOELowPermeabilityGasReservoirsSymposium,Denver,Colorado,2729May1981.
SPE9833MS.http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/9833MS(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/9833MS)
9. Tixier,M.P.,Loveless,G.W.,andAnderson,R.A.1975.EstimationofFormationStrengthFromtheMechanicalPropertiesLog(incudesassociatedpaper6400).JPet
Technol27(3):283293.SPE4532PA.http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/4532PA(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/4532PA)
10. Stein,N.1976.MechanicalPropertiesofFriableSandsFromConventionalLogData(includesassociatedpapers6426and6427).JPetTechnol28(7):757763.SPE5500
PA.http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/5500PA(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/5500PA)
11. Onyia,E.1988.RelationshipsBetweenFormationStrength,DrillingStrength,andElectricLogProperties.PresentedattheSPEAnnualTechnicalConferenceand
Exhibition,Houston,25October.SPE18166MS.http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/18166MS(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/18166MS)
12. Stein,N.1992.SonicLogDataHelpDetermineFormationStrength.Oil&GasJ.(28December):96.
13. Raaen,A.M.,Hovem,K.A.,Joranson,H.etal.1996.FORMEL:AStepForwardinStrengthLogging.PresentedattheSPEAnnualTechnicalConferenceandExhibition,
Denver,Colorado,69October1996.SPE36533MS.http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/36533MS(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/36533MS)
14. Anderson,T.andWalker,T.1972.LogDerivedRockPropertiesforUseinWellStimulationDesign.PresentedattheFallMeetingoftheSocietyofPetroleumEngineersof
AIME,SanAntonio,Texas,811October1972.SPE4095MS.http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/4095MS(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/4095MS)
15. Anderson,R.A.,Ingram,D.S.,andZanier,A.M.1973.DeterminingFracturePressureGradientsFromWellLogs.JPetTechnol25(11):12591268.SPE4135PA.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/4135PA(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/4135PA)
16. Newberry,B.M.,Nelson,R.F.,andAhmed,U.1985.PredictionofVerticalFractureMigrationUsingCompressionandShearWaveSlowness.PresentedattheSPE/DOE
LowPermeabilityGasReservoirsSymposium,Denver,Colorado,1922May.SPE13895MS.http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/13895MS(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/13895MS)
17. Stein,N.1988.HowtoCalculateFracturePressuresfromWellLogs.PetroleumEngineerIntl.60(8):3638.
18. Bruce,S.1990.AMechanicalStabilityLog.PresentedattheSPE/IADCDrillingConference,Houston,Texas,27February2March1990.SPE19942MS.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/19942MS(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/19942MS)
19. Stein,N.andHilchie,D.W.1972.EstimatingtheMaximumProductionRatePossiblefromFriableSandstonesWithoutUsingSandControl.JPetTechnol24(9):1157
1160.SPE3499PA.http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/3499PA(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/3499PA)
20. Edwards,D.P.,Sharma,Y.,andCharron,A.1983.ZonesofSandProductionIdentifiedbyLogDerivedMechanicalPropertiesACaseStudy,paperS.Trans.,1983
EuropeanFormationEvaluationSymposium,SPWLA,LondonChapter,123.
21. Ong,S.,May,A.,George,I.etal.2000.AnAccurateCharacterizationofSandStrengthinWeakandUnconsolidatedFormationsAidsOffshoreProductionTestDesignsA
BohaiBayCaseStudy.PresentedattheInternationalOilandGasConferenceandExhibitioninChina,Beijing,China,710November2000.SPE64738MS.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/64738MS(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/64738MS)
22. Fertl,W.H.andDeVries,M.R.1997.CoalEvaluationUsingGeophysicalWellLogs,paperF.Trans.,1997FormationEvaluationSymposium,CanadianWellLogging
Society,117.
23. Bond,L.O.,Alger,R.P.,andSchmidt,A.W.1971.WellLogApplicationsinCoalMiningandRockMechanics.Trans.,AIME250:355362.
24. Kowalski,J.andFertl,W.H.1977.ApplicationofGeophysicalWellLoggingtoCoalMiningOperations.EnergySources3(2):133147.

NoteworthypapersinOnePetro
UsethissectiontolistpapersinOnePetrothatareaderwhowantstolearnmoreshoulddefinitelyread

Externallinks
UsethissectiontoprovidelinkstorelevantmaterialonwebsitesotherthanPetroWikiandOnePetro

Seealso
Acousticlogging(/Acoustic_logging)
Acousticloggingtools(/Acoustic_logging_tools)
Stressstrainrelationshipsinrocks(/Stress_strain_relationships_in_rocks)
Rockfailurerelationships(/Rock_failure_relationships)
Compressivestrengthofrocks(/Compressive_strength_of_rocks)
Compressionalandshearvelocities(/Compressional_and_shear_velocities)
Acousticvelocitydispersionandattenuation(/Acoustic_velocity_dispersion_and_attenuation)
Rockacousticvelocitiesandporosity(/Rock_acoustic_velocities_and_porosity)
Rockacousticvelocitiesandpressure(/Rock_acoustic_velocities_and_pressure)
Rockacousticvelocitiesandtemperature(/Rock_acoustic_velocities_and_temperature)
Rockacousticvelocitiesandinsitustress(/Rock_acoustic_velocities_and_insitu_stress)
PEH:AcousticLogging(/PEH%3AAcoustic_Logging)
PEH:RockProperties(/PEH%3ARock_Properties)
Category(/Special%3ACategories): 1.2.3Rockproperties(/Category%3A1.2.3_Rock_properties)

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