Chemistry Appreciate the history of acids and bases. Appreciate the ionisation of water and its implications on acidity and basicity. Appreciate the pH scale. Appreciate the pk, scale, Understand the equilibrium of acids and bases. Arrhenius Teom.au sour © Acids produce hydrogen ions in aqueous solution. © Bases produce hydroxide ions in aqueous solution. Bronsted-Lowry © Acids are proton donors. © Bases are proton acceptors. © Equilibrium lies towards the left. Only a few ions are formed. 200) = Haq) + OFT (aa) Ky = [H30*][0H7] Ky =1.0 x 107" (at 25°C) pH Acid: pH <7 pH + pOH = HAGaq) + H20q = H30* (ag) + A (aay logiolH307| Neutral: pH =7 4 © Strong: equilibrium lies to the right. © Weak: equilibrium lies to the left. © More positive pk, ‘+ Used to determine pH of weak acids which do not complete ionise. weak acid, (at}[a7) [Ha] pK, = —logk, Basic: pH > 7. Acids ond bases Cone. (M) HA(aq) 30" 39 Aa) Before equilibrium ‘After equilibrium © If weak acid, assume that x Is small. ‘© However, must have percentage ionisation below 5%. Percentage ionisation can be worked out by the concentration of hydronium ions divided by the concentr the original acid. Boag) + H20qy + BH* aq) + OH” (aay (BH*][OH7] (B] n ofAcids ond bases Chemistry gz, © More positive pk, = weak base. ‘Acids and bases PK, + PK, Explain the relative Binary acids strengths of binary * Acids containing two different types of atoms. acids. From left to right * The atom bonded to H increases in electronegativity. ‘+The overall molecule has a higher dipole moment. ‘* Higher affinity to take the electrons and break the bond. + Therefore, acidic strength increases. From top to bottom ‘The atom bonded to H increases in size. + There is a bigger difference in orbital size and therefore has 2 poor orbital overlap. This would induce @ weaker bond strength between the atoms + Therefore, + Therefore, acidic strength increases. is easier to break the bond. Understand the trend Polyprotic acid of polyprotic acids. © Acids which donate more than one hydrogens. Trend © Ku >Ky2 > Kazu This means that the strength of the acid decreases. + This occurs because itis harder to remove a positive charge against Increasing negative charges.