EXAMINATION OF SKELETAL

REMAINS-SKULL

By Dr Rakesh Kumar G Naik

EXAMINATION REPORT
Requisition
Received

one bone from Dept. of FM

Date, Time & Place of exam
Bone is dry, devoid of soft tissues & nonfoulsmelling
Belongs to human being
Belongs to one individual/ more than one
Sex
Age
Secondary
centersAFinding
& F Inference
Sl.
Name of ossification
Age of
Age
of
NO

ossificati Appearan
on Centre ce

Fusion

in the
given
bone

Race

- Cephalic index- B/L x100

Stature -by skull
Injury
Time since death
Cause of death
Opinion
After examination of the given bone I am of the
opinion that the given bone is a human male/female
bone(Humerus) of right/left sided of aged >.yrs
& <..yrs.
Date:
Place:
Signature
3

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE

SKULL
Sl no

Features

Male

Female

General
1

Size

Larger

Smaller

Weight

Heavier

Lighter

Muscular markings

More prominent

Less prominent

Cranial capacity

More

Less prominent

Frontonasal junction

Distinct
Not so
angulation,prominen
t

Frontal sinus

Well developed

Less developed

Sl no

Features

Male

Female

Anterior surface
1

Frontal surface
Glabella

Irregular and
rough

Smooth,high
and vertical

Supra orbital ridge

Zygoma

Prominent and
very marked

Less prominent
and less marked

Supra orbital margin

Rounded

Sharp

Orbits

Nasal aperture

Rectangular and Round and large

small
High and
narrow

Low and broad

Sl no

Features

Male

Female

Superior surface
1

Frontal eminence

Less prominent

More prominent

Parietal eminence

Less prominent

More prominent

Inferior surface
1

Palate

Large, broad and

U-shaped

Short and parabola

Articular facets

Long and slender

Short and broader

Mastoid process

Larger

Smaller

Foramen magnum

Larger

Smaller

Occipital protruberance

More prominent
Larger

Less prominent
smooth

Male

Female

Sex Estimation
Skull - Vault

AGE OF CLOSURE OF SKULL SUTURE

Sl no

Suture

Closing age

Basiocciput-Basisphenoid

22-23 years

Posterior 1/3rd sagittal

30-40 years

Anterior 1/3rd sagittal and

Lower coronal

40-50 years

Middle 1/3rd sagittal and

Upper coronal

50-60 years

Temporal suture

80 years

The suture closure on inner aspect takes place 10 years earlier to the
closure of the outer aspect.

CONTD..

Cephalic Index(CI)

CI
=

Maximum breadth of
skull
Maximum length
(Anterior - Posterior) of
skull

X 100

length

breadth

A
P

RACE
Determined from : Morphological features
Skeletal examination (Skull)
Three primary races : 1) Caucasoids
2) Mongoloids
3) Negroids
Racial mixing- Interbreeding between races

Indian Skull : Caucasoid + Few

Negroid Characteristics.

VALUES
70-74.9 Dolicho-cephalic (Long Headed)
Pure Aryans, Dravidians and Negroes
75-79.9 Mesaticephalic (Medium Headed)
Europeans and Chinese
80- 85 Brachycephalic (Short Headed)
Mongoloids

RACIAL DIFFERENCES
TRAIT

CAUCASOID NEGROID

MONGOLOID

1.Skull

Rounded

Square

2.Orbit

Triangular

Narrow,
elongated
Square

3.Nasal
aperture
4.Palate

Elongated

Broad

Rounded

Triangular

Rectangular Rounded

5.Limbs

Normal in
Longer
proportion
to the body

Rounded

Smaller

ESTIMATION OF STATURE BY SKULL

length is 1/7th of
stature of the person.
Antero-posterior length is 1/8th of
stature of the person.
Mento-vertex

EXAMINATION OF THE MANDIBLE

Age by changes in the mandible

Features

Infancy

Adult age

Old age

Size

Smallest

Largest

Reduced

Ramus

Short

Stout

Reduced

Angle of ramus
with the body

Obtuse

Right angle

Obutuse

Body width

Thinnest

Stout

Reduced

Body height

Less

Maximum

Reduced

Age by changes in the mandible

Condyloid
process

In the line of the

body

Elongated and
projected above
the coronoid
process

In the line of the

body

Coronoid process

Project above
condylar process

--------------------

Project above
condylar process

Body and mental

foramen

At lower border

Midway between
upper and lower
border

At the upper
border

Sex Estimation Skull - Mandible

Chin more square in males, rounded

in females; teeth larger in males

Modified from

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QUESTIONS?