BASICS OF HYDRAULICS

BASICS OF HYDRAULICS
1)

DEFINITIONS
1.1) HYDRAULICS
1.2) CLASSIFICATION
1.2.1) HYDROSTATICS

BASIC
DEFINITIONS
&
FORMULAE

1.2.2) HYDRODYNAMICS
1.3) FORCE , PRESSURE , AREA
1.4) PASCALS LAW
2)

MULTIPLICATION OF FORCES
2.1) BRAMAHS PRESS
2.2) LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

3)

HYDRAULIC POWER TRANSMISSION

3.1) LINEAR ACTUATOR
3.2) ROTARY ACTUATOR

USES OF
HYDRAULIC
S

BASICS OF HYDRAULICS
4)

ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS
4.1) SPEED CONTROL
4.2) DIRECTION CONTROL
4.3) FORCE CONTROL
4.4) OVERLOAD PROTECTION
4.5) COMPACTNESS

5)

HOW PRESSURE IS CREATED

ADVANTAGES
OF
HYDRAULICS

PRACTICAL
DETAILS IN
HYDRAULIC
S

 HYDRAULICS
HYDRO

AULUS

( meaning Water )
( meaning Pipe )
HYDRAULICS :
Work done by fluids in pipes.

H y d r a u lic s is C la s s if e d a s
H Y D R O S T A T IC S

H Y D R O D Y N A M IC S

HYDROSTATICS
HYDROSTATICS
FORCE
F1

Eg.:F1 = 1 Kg
A1 = 1 Cm2
P = F1 = 1 Kg
A1
1 Cm2

AREA
A1

= 1 Kg / Cm2
( Same Pressure
P)
A2 = 10 Cm2
F2 = P x A2
= 1

x 10

= 10 Kg

FORCE
F2

AREA
A2

HYDRODYNAMICS
LIQUID AT
HIGH VELOCITY
NOZZLE

TURBINE

PRESSURE

IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE TOTAL FORCE EXERTED

ON A SURFACE WE NEED TO KNOW THE PRESSURE OR
FORCE PER UNIT AREA.

PRESSURE = FORCE
AREA

FORCE IN
KILOGRAMS ( Kg )
AREA IN
SQ. CM
( Cm2 )
PRESSURE IN KILOGRAM / SQ.CM
(Kg / Cm2 )

F
A

FORCE = PRESSURE x AREA

THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR EXERTS UNIFORM PRESSURE

ALL ROUND. THIS PRESSURE IS APPROX. 1 Kg / Cm2 AND
P
IS DENOTED AS 1 BAR ( BAROMETER )

F
A

PASCALS LAW
PRESSURE APPLIED ON A CONFINED FLUID IS
TRANSMITTED UNDIMINISHED IN ALL DIRECTIONS AND
ACTS WITH EQUAL FORCE ON EQUAL AREAS AND AT
RIGHT ANGLES TO THEM.

PRESSURE APPLIED ON A

FRENCH SCIENTIST
PASCAL DISCOVERED
THIS LAW IN THE
17th CENTURY.

RELATES TO
USE OF CONFINED FLUID
IN
TRANSMITTING
POWER
MODIFYING
MOTION
MULTIPLYING
FORCE.

CONFINED FLUID
IS TRANSMITTED
UNDIMINISHED
IN ALL DIRECTIONS
ACTS WITH EQUAL
FORCE ON EQUAL AREAS
AND
AT RIGHT ANGLES TO
THEM

PASCALS LAW

FORCE
F1
SMALL AREA
A1

P = F1
A1

PRESSURE
P

F2 = P x A 2

LARGE AREA
FORCE
F2

A2

BRAMAHS PRESS

HYDRAULIC LEVERAGE

10
kg

10 Kg ON A
1Cm2
AREA

1Cm2

INPUT

100
kg

PRESSURE
DEVELOPED
THROUGHOUT
IS 10 Kg / Cm2

10 Cm2

THE FORCES ARE PROPORTIONAL

TO THE PISTON AREAS
100 Kg
10 Kg =
10 Cm2
1 Cm2

OUTPUT

MECHANICAL LEVERAGE
10 Kg

100
Kg

A LOAD
OF 10 Kg
HERE
1
0

THIS
PRESSURE
SUPPORTS A
WT OF 100 Kg
IF AREA IS 10
Cm2

WILL
BALANCE A
LOAD OF
100 Kg
HERE

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

MOVING THE SMALL PISTON
10 Cm DISPLACES
1 Cm2 x 10 Cm = 10 Cm3 OF LIQUID

10 Cm

1Cm2

100 kg
10 Cm2

1 Cm

Q=Axh

10
kg

10 Cm OF LIQUID WILL
MOVE LARGER PISTON
ONLY 1Cm.
10 Cm2 x 1 Cm = 10 Cm3

WORK DONE = FORCE x DISTANCE MOVED

W=Fxd

W=Fxd

W=Fxd

= 10 Kg x 10 Cm

= 100 Kg x 1 Cm

= 100 Kg-Cm

= 100 Kg-Cm

ENERGY CAN NEITHER BE CREATED NOR DESTROYED.

WHAT IS GAINED BY FORCE IS SACRIFICED IN THE
DISTANCE MOVED.

HYDRAULIC POWER TRANSMISSION

LINEAR ACTUATOR
PUMP

LOAD

PISTON & ROD

TO RESERVOIR

ROTARY ACTUATOR
PUMP

HYDRO MOTOR

ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS
SPEED CONTROL
MAXIMUM SPEED
(No speed control ) 10 lpm
Q = Ax V
PUMP

THIS VOL.
IS 10 Lts.

PISTON MOVES
X Cm IN 1 min.

Q Flow
(Cm3/min)
A Area
( Cm2 )
V Velocity
(Cm/ min )
(Speed control )

FLOW
CONTROL
VALVE

10 lpm
PUMP

5 lpm

RELIEF
VALVE
ACTUATOR GETS ONLY 5
LPM AND TRAVELS X/2
Cm IN ONE MIN.

ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS
HYDRAULIC DRIVES ARE REVERSIBLE
DIRECTION CONTROL
PUMP

RELIEF
VALVE

DIRECTIONA
L

THE CYLINDER
ROD EXTENDS

VALVE

PUMP

RELIEF
VALVE

DIRECTIONAL
VALVE

THE CYLINDER
ROD RETRACTS

ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS

OVER LOAD PROTECTION

RELIEF VALVE PROTECTS THE SYSTEM BY MAINTAINING
THE SYSTEM SET PRESSURE.

ANY INCREASE IN PRESSURE IN SYSTEM IS RELEAVED

TO TANK . ( MOMENTARILY DIVERTING FLOW TO THE
TANK. )

THUS OVERLOAD PROTECTION IS ACHIEVED.

PRESSURE HEAD
PUMP INLET LOCATIONS
OIL LEVEL ABOVE PUMP
CHARGES INLET

PRESSURE HERE IS
0.85 x 100 gm / Cm2
= 0.085 Kg / Cm2

100 Cm

PUMP

OIL LEVEL BELOW PUMP

REQUIRES VACUUM TO
LIFT OIL

100 Cm

INLET

OUTLET

INLET

OUTLET

PUMP

THERE MUST BE A VACUUM

EQUIVALENT TO
0.085 Kg / Cm2 TO LIFT THE
OIL
PUMP MECHANISM CREATES
THE LOWER PRESSURE
CONDITION.

HOW PRESSURE IS DEVELOPED

NO PRESSURE

NO RESTRICTION

PUMP
RELIEF
VALVE

Set at 100
Kg/Cm2

PRESSURE
BUILDS UP

WITH RESTRICTION

PUMP
RELIEF
VALVE

Set at 100
Kg/Cm2

PRESSURE BUILDS
UPTO RELIEF VALVE
SETTING (100 Kg / Cm2)

CLOSING

PUMP
RELIEF
VALVE

Set at 100
Kg/Cm2

PARALLEL FLOW PATHS

THE OIL CAN CHOOSE
3 PATHS

10
A
PUMP

OIL TAKES THE

PATH OF LEAST
RESISTANCE

20

PUMP

10 BAR OPENS VALVE

A
20 BAR OPENS VALVE
B

30 BAR OPENS VALVE

C
IF FLOW IS
BLOCKED BEYOND
A

OIL WILL FLOW

THRO B
WHEN
PRESSURE
REACHES 20
BAR

SERIES RESISTANCE ADD PRESSURE

A
10 BAR

P1 = 0

P2 = ( P1 + 10 )

10

0 + 10

= 10 BAR

20 BAR
P3 = ( P2 + 20 )

30

= 10 + 20
= 30 BAR

30 BAR

P = ( P3 + 30 )
PUMP

60

= 30 + 30
= 60 BAR

PRINCIPLES OF FLOW
HOW FLOW IS MEASURED ?
VELOCITY
FLOW ( FLOW RATE )
FLOW RATE AND SPEED
FLOW AND PRESSURE DROP
LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW
BERNOULLIS PRINCIPLE
FLOW IS THE ACTION IN THE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
THAT GIVES THE ACTUATOR ITS MOTION.
PRESSURE GIVES THE ACTUATOR ITS FORCE , BUT
FLOW IS ESSENTIAL TO CAUSE MOVEMENT.
FLOW IN THE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM IS CREATED BY THE
PUMP
PRESSURE INDICATES WORK LOAD.

VELOCITY : IS THE AVERAGE SPEED OF THE FLUIDS

PARTICLES PAST A GIVEN POINT
OR
THE AVERAGE DISTANCE THE PARTICLES
TRAVEL PER UNIT OF TIME.
Unit :m/Sec or m / min ( Metres / Sec or Metres/min )

FLOW RATE : IS THE VOLUME OF FLUID PASSING A POINT

IN A GIVEN TIME.
Unit: Cm3 / min or l / min ( cc / minute or litres / min )

SPEED OF AN ACTUATOR DEPENDES ON THE ACTUATOR

SIZE AND RATE OF FLOW INTO IT.
Q = Ax V
FLOW IN Cm3 / min : AREA IN Cm 2

VELOCITY IN Cm / min

FLOW AND PRESSURE DROP

MAX. PRESSURE
HERE BECAUSE
OF THE HEAD OF
THE FLUID

SUCEEDINGLY LOWER LEVEL OF LIQUID

SHOWS PRESSURE IS REDUCED AT POINTS
DOWNSTREAM FROM SOURCE.

PRESSURE
GRADIENT

FRICTION IN PIPE
DROPS PRESSURE

PRESSURE IS
ZERO HERE AS
THE FLUID
FLOWS OUT
UNRESTRICTED

DUE TO EFFECT OF FRICTION RECOMMENDED VELOCITY RANGES ARE :

1.) PUMP INLET LINE

0.6 ~ 1.2 metres / Second

2.) WORKING LINE ( PR. LINES) :

2~6

metres / Second

NOR DOES A
GRADUAL CHANGE
IN DIRECTION.

LAMINAR FLOW

LOW VELOCITY FLOW IN A

STRAIGHT PIPE IS STREAMLINED.
THE FLUID PARTICLES MOVE
PARALLEL TO FLOW DIRECTION.

TURBULENT FLOW

THE FLOW MAY START OUT

STREAMLINED.

AN ABRUPT
CHANGE IN CROSSSECTION MAKES IT
TURBULENT.

SO DOES AN ABRUPT
CHANGE IN DIRECTION.

NON PARALLEL PATHS OF PARTICLES

INCREASE RESISTANCE TO FLOW.