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TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES
1.
sin
cos
and cot
tan =
cos
sin
sin . cosec = tan . cot = cos . sec = 1
cot
1 cot 2
2
,
cos
ec
cot
,
sec
1 cot 2
1 cot 2
cot
Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles
An angle made up of the algebraic sum of two or more angles is called compound angle.
Some formulae and results regarding compound angles:
sin (A + B) = sin A cosB + cosA sinB
sin
2.
3.
, cos
tan A tan B
1 tan A
tan(A + B) = 1 tan A tan B , tan (45 + A) = 1 tan A
tan A tan B
tan(AB) = 1 tan A tan B ,
cot A cot B 1
cot A cot B 1
cot (A + B) = cot A cot B , cot (A B) = cot B cot A
1 tan A
tan (45 A) = 1 tan A
1 tan 2 A
,
1 tan 2 A
G YA
mv
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2 tan A
1 tan 2 A
sin3A = 3sinA 4sin3A = 4sin(60 A) sinA sin(60 + A)
cos3A = 4 cos3A 3cosA = 4cos(60A) cosA(cos60+A)
tan2A
3 tan A tan 3 A
= tan(60A) tanA tan(60+A)
1 3 tan 2 A
Product of sines/cosines in term of sums
2 sinA cosB = sin (A + B) + sin (A B)
2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) sin (A B)
2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A B)
2 sin A sin B = cos (A B) cos (A + B)
Sum of sines/cosines in term of products
tan 3A
4.
5.
CD
CD
cos
2
2
CD
CD
cos
2
2
7.
CD
CD
sin
2
2
sin (A B)
sin (A B)
, tanA tanB =
cos A cos B
cos A cos B
CD
CD
sin
2
2
a 2 b 2 a cos b sin a 2 b 2
| sin
A
A
cos | 1 sin A
2
2
or sin
| sin
A
3
A
A
ve, if 2 n 2n
cos 1 sin A
4 2
4
2
2
ve, otherwise
A
A
cos | 1 sin A
2
2
A
A
or sin cos
2
2
tan
A tan 2 A 1 1
2
tan A
A
5
2n
ve, if 2n
1 sin A
4
2
4
ve, otherwise
|a cosA + bsinA|
a 2 b2
G YA
mv
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8.
9.
cos
AB
C
C
AB
sin , cos sin
2
2
2
2
sin
CA
B
A
BC
cos , sin cos
2
2
2
2
tan
BC
A
B
CA
cot , tan cot
2
2
2
2
tan
A
B
B
C
C
A
tan + tan tan + tan tan 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
cot
A
B
C
A
B
C
cot cot cot cot cot
2
2
2
2
2
2
A
B
C
cos cos
2
2
2
A
B
C
sin sin
2
2
2
n
2 (n 1)
sin
sin
2
2
sin
2
n
2 (n 1)
cos
sin
2
2
sin
2
G YA
mv
10.
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1. (a)
1 cos 2 x 1 cos(120 2 x)
cos 2 x cos 2 x cos x cos x
cos x cos(60 x)
2
2
3
2. (b)
2sin10
2sin10
3.(d)
1
1 2 2cos(90 10)
0 2sin10
2
1
2sin10
2sin10
tan A tan B
tan(180 C )
1 tan A tan B
tan A tan B
tan C tan A tan B tan C tan A tan B tan C
1 tan A tan B
c 2 5ab a 2 b 2 c 2 3ab
a2 b2 c2 3
3
cos C whichisnotpossible.
2ab
2
2
3
3
cos (A B) =
A B = 6 and
2
2
1
4
cos 20 sin 20
2
2
3
1
2( 3 cos 20 sin 20)
sin 20 cos 20
2sin 20 cos 20
sin 40
4. (c)
4
sin(90 50)
cos 50
G YA
mv
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1
120
16
cos
cos8 2 cos8 cos8 0
2
2
2
5. (a)
6. (c)
2 sin cos sin sin sin( ) 2sin cos sin sin (sin cos cos sin )
Dividingby sin sin sin bothsideweget 2cot cot cot
2
1
1
7. (a)
sin( ) 1 cos 2 1
9 4
25 5
2
sin 1 cos 2 1
16 3
0
25 5
Now sin 2
4 4 3 3 16 9
1
5 5 5 5 25 25
8.(c)
1 tan12
tan 45 tan12
cos120 sin 120 sin 147 0
tan(180
33
tan 33
1 tan 45 tan12
cos120 sin 120 cos 147 0 1 1.tan12
tan(45 12) tan 33 tan 33 tan 33 0
9.(a)
y 2 cos 2 sin 2 1
G YA
mv
Soby(ii)and(iii)weget x 2
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TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
Useful cases of general solutions (where n Z )
1.
(i) sin 0 n
2.
(i) sin 1 2n ( / 2)
and
sin 1 2n ( / 2)
(ii) cos 1 2n
and
cos 1 (2n 1)
n ( 1) n
2n
4.
5.
Theequationsoftype
acos b sin c
cos cos
where
3.
a
2
a b
(iii) tan 0 n
aresolvedbytransformingthemto
cos ,
b
2
a b
sin and
c
2
a b2
cos
2n
2n
whichimpliesthatsolutionexistsifandonlyif a 2 b 2 c a 2 b 2
Useful hints for solving trigonometric equations:
1.
Factorizetheequationusingtrigonometricformulaeandidentities.Eachfactorgivesapartofsolution.
2.
Squaringshouldbeavoidedasfaraspossible.Ifsquaringisdone,checkforextrasolutions.
Forexample,considertheequation sin cos 1
Onsquaring,weget
1 sin 2 1 or sin 2 0
n
, n 0, 1, 2,...
2
3
donotsatisfythegivenequation,So,wegetextrasolutions.Thus,ifsquaringis
2
must,verifyeachofthesolutions.
G YA
mv
Clearly, and
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2. (b)
2
2
2
2
sin 4 x 2 2sin 2 x a 2 0 (sin x) 2(sin x) (a 2) 0
sin 2 x
2 4 4(a 2 2)
1 3 a 2 .Now 0 1 3 a 2 1
2
1 3 a 2 2 1 3 a 2 4 1 a 2 3 4 2 a 2 1
0 a2 2 2 a 2
3. (a)
2n
4.(a)
5
5
2n 2 2n & 2n
6
2 6
6
&
& 2n
5
7 13 19
7 19
,
,
,........ &
,
,
6
6 6
6
6
6 6
7 19
7
,
,........ 2n
6 6
6
x 2 4 x 10 ( x 2) 2 6 i.e.minimumvalueof x 2 4 x 10 is 6
andmax.valueof 3sin x 4cos x is
32 42 5
1 cos 2 cos 4
13
13
13
1 cos 2 (1 cos 2 )
1 sin 2 cos 2
16
16
16
2
3
13 3
3
sin cos 1
(2sin cos ) 2 sin 2 2
2 n
16 16
4
6
2
2
9. (b)
x (2n 1)
14
G YA
mv
cos 7 x 0 7 x (2n 1)
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QUADRATIC EQUATION
2
1.
aquadraticequation.Itsrootsare x
2.
If
and
b b 2 4ac
2a
(a)
Sumoftheroots, b / a
(b)
Productofroots, c / a
(c)
Differenceoftheroots, | | |
D /a|
( ) 2
(d)
Ifrootsareintheratiom:nthen
(d)
Equationformedbysuchgivenrootsis
x x 0
or, x
( m n) 2
mn
x 0
x 2 -(Sumofroots)x+(Productofroots)=0
2
3.
Ifa,b,c R(Realnumbers)
(i)
D>0 rootsarerealanddistinct.
D 0 rootsarereal(maybeequalorunequal)
D=0 rootsarerealandidentical.
D<0 rootsarenonrealcomplex(imaginary)conjugateseg.2+3i,2-3i.
FurtherIfa,b,c Q(Rationalnumbers)
(i)
Disaperfectsquare rootsarerational.
(ii)
Disnotaperfectsquare rootsareirrationalconjugateseg.2+
3 ,2- 3 .
4.
whenthesignofbmatcheswiththoseofaandc,bothrootsarenegative.
whenthesignofbmatcheswiththatofconly,positiverootisgreaterinmagnitude.
Natureofroots
One+ve,one-ve
Both+veroots
Both-veroots
5.
(a)
Discriminant
D>0
D>0
D>0
Sumofroots Productofroots
c/a<0
.-b/a>0
c/a>0
.-b/a<0
c/a>0
a1 x 2 b1 x c 0 and a2 x 2 b2 x c2 0
Letthecommonrootbe ,then a1 2 b1 c1 0 and a2 2 b2 c2 0
Solvingthembycrossmultiplication,
c1a2 c2 a1
1
a1b2 a2 b1
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mv
b1c2 b2 c1
N DI
b1c2 b2 c1 c1a2 c2 a1
Thecommonrootis c a c a a b a b
1 2
2 1
1 2
2 1
(b)
whichisalsotherequiredcondition.
2
bi x ci 0 i 1, 2 is
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
Sign of the quadratic expression ax 2 bx c
(a)
IfD<0then
6.
(i) ax 2
bx c 0 forall x R whena>0
IfD>0,signschemeofy=ax2+bx+cwillbeasfollows( , arerootsof ax 2 bx c 0 )
Sameasa
Oppositeinsignasthatofa
Sameasa
Theaboveresultcanbeunderstoodbythedifferentpossiblediagramsof
y ax 2 bx c ,(shownbelow).Theportionofthecurveabovethex-axisispositiveandthatbelowthexaxisisnegative
Y
O
(a)
a 0, D 0
Y
a 0, D 0
(e)
(c)
a 0, D 0
7.
(b)
a 0, D 0
(d)
a 0, D 0
(f)
a 0, D 0
Ifa>0,theny= ax 2 bx c hasaminimumvalue.Itoccursatturningpoint(vertex)ofthe
2
b
4ac b
D
,y
.Thereisnomaximumvalue.
2a
4a
4a
Ifa<0,then y ax 2 bx c hasamaximumvalue.Italsooccursatturningpointofthecurve
parabolaforwhich x
(b)
b D
,
.Thereisnominimumvalue.
2a 4 a
whichis
8.
Conditionthatbothrootsoff(x)=ax2+bx+c=0willbegreaterthananumberdis
D>0,d<-b/2aanda.f(d)>0
Conditionthatbothrootsoff(x)=ax2+bx+c=0willbelessthananumbereis
D>0,e>-b/2a,a.f(e)>0
2
Conditionthatanumbergliesbetweentherootsoff(x)= ax bx c 0 is
G YA
mv
D>0,a.f(g)<0
N DI
(d)
Conditionthatexactlyoneoftherootsliesinthegiveninterval(k1,k2)is
D>0,f(k1).f(k2)<0
(e)
9.
Ifsumofcoefficientsi.e.a+b+c=0,thenonerootof ax 2 bx c 0 is1.
If , , betherootsof ax 3 bx 2 cx d 0 then
a ; a ; a
(b)
If , , , betherootsof ax 4 bx 3 cx 2 dx c 0 then
b
c
d
e
; ; ;
a
a
a
a
(c)
Forapolynomialequation: a0 x n a1 x n 1 a2 x n 2 ....an 0 a 0
Sumofroots= -
10.
11.
n Constant term
Coeff.of x n-1
;
;
-1
n Productofroots=
Coeff. of x n
Coeff of x
p 0 , p '' 0..... , p n 1 0 .
Sign schemeofapolynomialfunctionorrationalfunction.
2
x a x b
Leta<b<c<dandsuppose y
x c x d
or,y=(x-a)(x-b)2(x-c)(x-d)
(i)(x-b)2neverdisturbsthesignofyasitisalwayspositive(exceptatx=b).
(ii)y>0 x (a,b) (b,c) (d, )
(iii)y<0 x (- ,a) (c,d)
Now,weconcisetheabovediscussioninfollowingsteps:
Step I : Selectthefactorwhichdisturbsthesignofyandfindthevalueatwhichtheybecomezero.(here,(xa),(x-c),(x-d)disturbthesignandbecomezeroatx=a,c,d)
Step II :Showthesevaluesonanumberline
d
Step III :Checkthesignofyforaspecificintervalandsignofsubsequentintervalsoccursalternately.
Hereforx>d,yis+vehenceSIGNSCHEMEofywillbeasfollows:
ve
vc
G YA
mv
(Notethatatb(i.e.atapointbetweenaandc,y=0whichisneither+venor-veandbecarefulaboutitwhile
writingthefinalanswer)
N DI
10
1. (a) Let
for
2. (b)
Let
b
0 sumofroots 0
a
2 weget 2 i.e.boththerootsarereal.
f (2) 0 4a 2b 6 2a b 3 thentheleastvalueof2a+bis3.
3. (b)
b b 2 4ac .Now b
0 , b 2 4ac b b b 2 4ac 0 and
x
a
2a
b 2 4ac maybe 0 or 0 thenrootsarewithnegativerealparts.
4. (a)
a1 b, c areofsamesignthen
b
c
0, 0 0, 0 & b 2 4ac 0 thenboththeroots
a
a
arepositive,ifbothC1andC2aresatisfied.
5. (c)
b 2 4ac (n 1) 2 4n(n 2) n 2 2n 1 4n 2 8n 3n 2 6n 1
1 3(n 2 2n) 4 3(n 1) 2 isperfectsquarefor n 2, 1,0 .
6. (b)
Sincea,b,caredistinctthen a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca
1
(a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2 0 then
2
2 5 5 1 2 5 4 0 ( 1)( 4) 0 1 4
2 2 3 4 1 2 2 3 5 0 ( 1) 0 1
2
2
By(i)&(ii)1
.......(ii)
5
2
2
2
.Now D 5 5 4 2 3 4 .Nowfor
2
5
5
.So, 1,
2
2
x 2 y y 2 x x 2 y 2 x y 0 .Now 4 4 y 2 0 y 2 1 0 1 y 1
2
1 9
9
Now y y 2 y i.e. y ,0
2 4
4
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mv
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11
COMPLEX NUMBER
Definition of a complex number :Anumberoftheform z x iy ,where x, y R and i 2 1 is
1.
calledacomplexnumber.
z x iy iscalled
(a)realif y 0
(b)imaginaryif y 0
(c)purelyimaginaryif x 0
Onthisbasis0isarealandpurelyimaginarynumberaswell.
2.
Equalityoftwocomplexnumber:
3.
(a)
x iy a ib x a and y b i.e.realandimaginarypartsareseparatelyequal.
(b)
Inequalitydoesnotholdinacomplexplane.i.e. 3 4i 2 3i hasnosense.
x iy .
(b)Orderedpairform:z=(x,y).zisalsorepresentedonaplaneasa
point(x,y).Itsrealpartisshownonthex-axis(realaxis)andimaginary
part on the y-axis (imaginary axis).This plane is known as Complex
planeorArgandplaneorGaussianplane.
(C)Polarformortrigonometricform :z=r(cos +isin )wherer=|z|
P x , y
Realaxis
and =argz.
(e)EulerorExponential: z re
4.
Modulus:If z
x iy, itsmodulus,isdenotedby r | z | x 2 y 2 0
Geometrically,itisthedistanceofpointzfromtheorigin.
(b)
(c)
arg( z ) tan 1 y / x
(zbeinginfirstquadrant)
arg( z ) tan 1 y / x
(zbeinginsecondquadrant)
arg( z ) tan 1 y / x
(zbeinginthirdquadrant)
arg( z ) tan 1 y / x
(zbeinginfourthquadrant)
Conjugateofacomplexnumber:Ifz=x+iy,thenitsconjugateisdenotedby z
x iy .
G YA
mv
Geometrically,itisthereflectionofpointzwithrespecttox-axis.
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12
5.
| | z1 || z2 | ;
| z || z |
z
z1
1
z2
z2
ii.TriangularInequalities:
Equalities | z1 z2
collinearandareonthesamesideoftheorigin.
iii. | z | | z |, z z ;
iv. Re( z )
If z
zz
;
2
z1 z2 z1 z2 ;
Im( z )
z1 z2 z1 z2 ;
zz
;
2i
| z | Re z | z | ;
| z |2
| z | Im z | z |
z1 z2 arg z1 arg z2 ;
arg z n n arg z ;
6.
zz
z , thenthecomplexnumberisreal.If z z , thenitisimaginary..
v. | z1 z2 |2 | z1 |2 | z2 |2 2 Re( z1 z2 ) or | z1 z2
vi. arg
z1 z1
z z ;
2
2
arg
z1 / z2 arg z1 arg z2
1 3i 1 3i
2
,
;calledcuberootofunity,denotedby 1, & .
2
2
(b)Propertiesofcuberootsofunity
i.Theirsumi.e. 1 2 0 andtheirproducti.e. 3 1
ii.Ifwesquareoneofthecomplexcuberootofunity,wegettheother.
iii.Theirmodulusi.e. | || 2
7.
| 1 ;theirargumentsare0, 2 / 3 and 2 / 3 .
iv. 1 n 2 n 3 or0accordingasnisamultipleof3ornot.
vCuberootsofunityareverticesofanequilateraltrainglewhichisinscribedinacircleofunitradius
withcentreatorigin.
De Moivres Theorem :Tofindrationalpowersofacomplexnumber(Polarformismust)
(a)Ifnisanintegerthen (cos
8.
cos
2 k
2 k
i sin
wherek=0,1,2,......,n-1.
n
n
1
cos i sin
cos i sin
G YA
mv
(b)
N DI
13
9.
e (2 / n )
(1, 0)
(1, 0)
n 1
Sumofnthrootsofacomplexnumberz0 =0;
Productofthenthrootsofz0=(-1)n+1z0
iii.Modulusofeachofnroots=1;theirargument
10.
0, 2 / n, 4 / n,......,[2( n 1) / n ] areinA.P..
iv.Thesenrootsofunitylieonaunitcircleasverticesofaregularpolygonofnsides.
Square roots of a complex number
1/ 2
(i) x0 iy0
(ii) ro cos o
11.
x iy x 2 y 2 x0 , 2 xy y0 .Solveforxandy..
i sin o
1/ 2
ro 2 cos o i sin o .
2
2
Geometrical relations
(a)If z1 and z2 aretwocomplexnumbers,thenthecomplexnumber z
nz1 mz2
dividesthejoinof z1
mn
and z2 intheratio m : n .
(b)
(c)DifferentformsofEquationofacircleare
i. | z z0
| r , representsacirclewithradiusrandcentre z0 .
ii. z z az az b 0 ,(wherebisarealnumber),representsacirclewithcentre-aandradius
a b
z z1
( ) representsarcofacirclethroughz1andz2.
z
z
2
iii. arg
iv.
(d)Thetrianglewhoseverticesarerepresentedby z1 , z2 , z3 isequilateralifandonlyif
1
1
1
0 or z12 z2 2 z32 z1 z2 z2 z3 z3 z1
z2 z3 z3 z1 z1 z2
12.
Concept of rotation :
(a)Complex number zei isobtained byrotating Oz with anangle in
anticlockwisedirection.Itfollowsdirectlyfromthegeometricalmeaningof
multiplicationoftwocomplexnumber.
(b)Ingeneral,wehave
z1
z2
G YA
mv
z3 z1 z3 z1
cos i sin
z2 z1 z2 z1
z3
N DI
14
1.(a)
50
1 i
canbewrittenas
Hencerealpartof 1 i
2. (b)
50
2 25
2 25
1 i 1 2i i
25
z 2 z (5 5i ) 0 z
1 1 4(5 5i ) 1 21 20i
52 2i 2 5 2i
(5 2i)
then z
1 (5 2i ) 6 2i
4 2i
or
3i
2
2
2
or 2 i .Thentheproductoftherealpartoftherootsofz2z=55iis(6).
3.(c)
2
2
z 2 z 0 x iy x iy 0 (if z x iy ) x y 2 xyi x iy 0
2
2
x y x 2 xy y i 0 .Byequalityofcomplexno. x2 y2 x 0 ....(1)
and 2 xy
y 0 y 2 x 1 0 y 0 or x
Put y 0 in(1)weget x 2
1
.
2
x 0 x( x 1) 0 x 0, 1
1
1
1
2
in(1)weget y 0 i.e. y 2 1 whichisnotposiblesince y isreal.
2
4
2
4
hence, z 0 0 and 1 0i i.e.numberofsolutionsis2.
andput x
4.(c)
Givenequation x 2
Given 2
2 8 2 8 ( p iq ) 2 6i 8 p 2 q 2 i (2 pq 6) 8
comparingreal&imaginaryparts,
or p 3 & q 1
5.(a)
Itisgiventhatforacomplexno. z
then
x iy
- x + y =1
x + y =1
Re z Im z 1 represents x y 1
whichistheequationofsquare.
x - y =1
- x - y =1
6.(c)
3 4 i 25 3 4 i 3 4 i
25
25
3 4i 3 4i 3 4i
9 16
Nowbyfigureweseethatoppositeanglesaresupplementary.
Henceitisacyclicquadrilateral.
7.(d)
Foracomplexno. z itisgiventhat z 3
(3,4)
2 5
(1,0) (1,0)
(3,4)
2 5
z (i).Takiingmodulusofbothsidesweget z z
2
z z 1 0 (| z || z |) z 0 or z 1 z 0 or zz 1 z 0 or z 4 1 by(i)
z 0; z 1, z i .Henceno.ofrootsare5.
G YA
mv
Hence
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15
8.(c)
Let F is x iy thenreciprocalof F is
1
x iy
2
i.e.reciprocalnumberiscanjugateandits
x iy x y 2
wehave,
z 5i
1 | z 5i || z ( 5i ) | z isequidistantfrom5i&-5i
z 5i
| z1 |2 | z2 |2 2 | z1 || z2 | cos(1 2 ) | z1 |2 | z2 |2 2 | z1 || z2 |
G YA
mv
cos(1 2 ) 1 1 2 0 1 2 i.e.Argz1Argz2 =0
N DI
16
STRAIGHT LINE
CoordinateSystems: CartesianandPolarSystems
1.
(a)x=rcos ,y=rsin
(b) r 2
P x, y or r ,
x 2 y 2 , =tan-1(y/x)
x2 x1
y1 y 2
2.
Distancebetweentwopoints(x1,y1)and(x2,y2)is
3.
Section Formula:IfapointPdividesthelinesegmentjoiningpoints(x1,y1)and(x2,y2)intheratio
mn
mn
P1
mx2 nx1 my2 ny1
,
(b)m:nexternally,then P
mn
mn
P ( x, y )
n
x1 x2 y1 y2
,
(c)IfPisthemidpoint,then P
2
2
P2
(d)Theratioinwhichstraightline ax by c 0 dividesthelinesegmentjoiningthepoints
x2 , y2 is=
x1 , y1 and
ax1 by1 c
ax by c .Thus,points(x1,y1)and(x2,y2)areonthesameside(oroppositesides)of
2
(a)Area of a trianglewhoseverticesare(x1,y1),(x1,y2)and(x3,y3)is
x
1
1
1
1 x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3
x2 y 2 1
2 x2 y2 x3 y3 x1 y1 = 2 x y 1
3
3
(b)Area of a polygonwhoseconsecutiveverticesare(xi,yi)(i=1,2,3,...n)is
1
2
x1
x2
y1 x2
y2 x3
y2
xn 1
......
y3
xn
yn 1 xn
yn
x1
yn
y1
G YA
mv
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17
5.
Ax1 , y1
(a)Centroid:Thepoint(G)wheremediansofthetrianglemeet.
Wemustnotethat
(i)
AG BG CG 2
GD GE GF 1
(ii)
x x x3 y1 y2 y3
G 1 2
,
3
3
(b)Incentre:isthepoint(I)whereinternalbisectorsoftheanglesmeet.
Wemustnotethat
(i)
BD AB c
etc.
DC AC b
(ii)
x2 , y2
E
C
x3 , y3
(c)Excentres :arepointswhereanglebisectorsofoneinternaland
twoexternalanglesmeet.
A x1 , y1
(e)Orthocentre :isthepoint(P)wherealtitudesofthetrianglemeet.
Wemustnotethat:
SlopeofADxSlopeofBC=-1etc.
x2 , y2
F
P
x3 , y3
C
D
B
Properties of centres:
(a)
Inanequilaterialtriangle,thefourcentres(centroid,incentre,circumcentreandorthocentre)are
coincident.
6.
(b)
0
InarightangledtriangleABC A 90 orthocentreisatAandcircumcentreisthemidpointof
(c)
(d)
hypotenuseBC.
LinesjoiningthecentroidandverticesofatriangleABC,dividethetriangleintothreeequalareas.
Orthocentre(P)centroid(G)andcircumcentre(O)ofatrianglearecollinearand
also,
AP PG AG
OD GO GD 1
O
B
7.
G
D
G YA
mv
y2 y1
Slopeofalinejoiningthepoints(x1,y1)and(x2,y2)is= x x .
2
1
N DI
18
8.
C
Locus :Ifapointmovessuchthatitfollowssome(geometrical)condition,thenthepathtracedoutbythe
pointiscalleditslocus,andmathematicalrelationthusobtainediscalledequationofthelocus.
Itisgenerallyanequationconnectingthecoordinates(xandy)ofthepointandthegivenconstants.
9.
10.
x x 'cos y 'sin h
x x' h
y x 'sin y 'cos k ;whichbecome y y ' k incaseofonlytranslationofaxes(i.e.norotation)
11.
y=c
x=c
(b)
(c)
(d)
Paralleltox-axisis
Paralleltoy-axisis
Eq.ofx-axis:y=0;andthatofy-axis:x=0.
Passingthroughorigin,havingslopem,is
Havingslopemandinterceptony-axiscis
Havingslopemandpassingthrough(x1,y1)is
(e)
Passingthroughpoints(x1,y1)and(x2,y2)is
y y1
(f)
Havinginterceptsaandbontheaxesrespectivelyis
x y
1
a b
(g)
(h)
(aconstant)
(aconstant)
y=mx
y=mx+c
y-mx=y1-mx1
y2 y1
x2 x1
x x1
directionofx-axis,thentheequationofthestraightline(AB)is
x cos y sin p
Distanceformorparamatricformofastraightlineis
x x1 y y1
r
cos
sin
Apointatadistancerfromthepoint(x1,y1)onthe
straightlinecanbetakenas x, y r cos x1 , r sin y1
(i)
Equationsofstraightlines(PAandPBinthefigure)passing
throughthepoint(x1,y1)andmakinanangle withthe
y y1 tan x x1
For11(h)
For11(i)
G YA
mv
For11(g)
N DI
19
c
12.
General equationofastraightlineisax+by+c=0.Itsslope=-a/b,anditsdistancefromorigin=
13.
m m1
Angle between two straight lines:whoseslopesarem1andm2is, tan 1 2
1 m1m2
a2 b2
Acuteandobtuseanglebetweenthemare tan
m2 m1
1 m2 m1
and tan
respectively..
1 m1m2
1 m1m2
Ifonelineisparalleltoy-axisandslopeoftheotherlineismthenanglebetweenthemis
14.
15.
tan 1 m
(b)
perpendicularifm1m2=-1i.e.
productofslopes=-1.
Ifaix+biy+ci=0(i=1,2)aretwolinesand
a1 b1
(a) a b
2
2
linesareintersecting.
a1 b1 c1
(c) a b c linesarecoincident.
2
2
2
16.
a1 b1 c1
(b) a b c
2
2
2
linesareparallel.
linesareperpendicular..
(a)Equationofastraightlineparalleltotheline ax by c 0 canbetakenas ax by k 0 .
(b)Equationofastraightlineperpendiculartotheline ax by c 0 canbetakenas bx ay k 0 .
17.
Perpendicular distanceofpoint(x1,y1)fromtheline ax by c 0 is
ax1 by1 c1
a 2 b2
d c
Distancebetweentwoparallellines ax by c 0 and ax by d 0 is
18.
Concurrency:Threelines Li ai x bi y ci 0 (i=1,2,3)areconcurrentif
(a)
Pointofintersectionofanytwolinessatisfiesthethirdone,or
(b)
19.
a 2 b2
a1
b1
c1
a2
b2
c2 0
a3
b3
c3
20.
Equation of bisectorsoftheanglebetweenthestraightlines
a1 x b1 y c1 0 and a2 x b2 y c2 0 are
a1 x b1 y c1
2
1
2
1
a b
a2 x b2 y c2
a22 b22
x xo y yo axo byo c
.
a
b
a2 b2
G YA
mv
21.
N DI
20
1.
Question incomplete
2. (c)
Slopeof AB
AB
20
1
and
04
2
2
2 0 0 4
2 5
D
then BC 5 .SinceDiscentreofsquare
thenslopeof CD 2 and CD
(0,2) B
45
(2,1)C
40 02
,
coordinateof C is
(2,1)
2
2
Nowequationof CD is
4. (a)
A(4,0)
x 2 y 1
5 coordinateof D is x 3, y 3
1
2
5
5
Slopeof AB
2
2
then tan ABX
1 x
1 x
slopeof BC
3
3
then tan CBX
5 x
5 x
Now
C (5,3)
A(1,2)
X'
B (x,0)
2
3
10 2 x 3 3 x 5 x 13 .Nowslopeof AB
1 x 5 x
2
10
5
13 8
4
1
5
Soequationof AB is 5 x 4 y 13 .
5.(c)
EquationofthemedianthroughAis(px+qy-1) (qx+py-1)=0.Sinceitpassesthrough(p,q)then
6.(b)
p2 q2 1
2
2
2 pq 1 thentheequationofthemedianis(2pq1)(px+qy1)=(p +q 1)(qx+py1).
21 72
,
25 25
Nowslopeof PA is
3 4
72
3
28 4
,slopeof PB is
.Since 1
96
4
21 3
4 3
5
2
G YA
mv
N DI
21
7.(a)
x p yq
ap bq c
ap bq c
AB
a cos b sin
a cos b sin
8. (a)
10.(a)
kuk v
kuk v
2
2
or 1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2 k1u 0 or k 2v 0 u 0, v 0
k1 k2
k
k
k
k
2
2
1
1
k1u k2v
G YA
mv
thenequationofthebisectorsofangleformedbyis uv 0
N DI
22
CIRCLE
1.
Circle islocusofamovingpointsuchthatitsdistancefromafixedpointremainsfixed.
Generalequationofseconddegreeinxandy, ax 2
2hxy by 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0 representsacircleif
a=bandh=0.
2.
k2
h2
h, k andtouchingx-axisis
x h y k
circlewithcentre h, k andtouchingy-axisis
x h y k
eg.circlewithcentre
thecirclepassesthroughtheoriginif c 0 ;
Lengthoftheinterceptmadebythecircle x 2 y 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0 onx-axisis 2 g 2 c andthat
ony-axis 2 f 2 c .
(iii)
Diametric form:Equationofthecirclehaving
x1 , y1 and x2 , y2 asextremitiesofadiameteris
x x1 x x2 y y1 y y2 0
(iv)
A(x1,y1)
Parametric form:
Forcircle x 2 y 2 r 2 :
2
For x h y k r 2 :
x r cos , y r sin
x h r cos , y k r sin
B(x2,y2)
(x,y)
G YA
mv
Parameter issuchthat .
N DI
23
3.
Conditionthatpoint
x1 , y1 liesinside,outsideoronthecircle S x
y 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0
ThegreatestandleastdistanceofapointPfromacirclewithcentreCandradiusris PC r and
(iii)
| PC r |
Forapointonthecircle:Equationofthetangentatanypoint(x1,y1)onthecircleS=0isT=0
(where T xx1 yy1 g x x1 f y y1 c ).ThisiscalledasPointformoftangent.
(iv)
(v)
Forapointinsidethecircle:Eq.ofchordofacircleS=0,whosemiddlepointis(x1,y1)isT=S1.
Forapointoutsidethecircle:
1
(b) Anglebetweenthesetangents 2 tan r / S1
(c) IftwotangentsPT1andPT2aredrawnfrompointPtoacircleS=0thentheequationofpairof
tangentsisSS1=T2.
(d) Theequationofchordofcontact(T1T2)oftangentsfromtheoutsidepoint(x1,y1)tothecircleS=0is
T=0;andthelengthofthechordofcontactis
2lr
where r istheradiusofcircleand l isthe
l r2
2
lengthoftangent.
S1
4.
(x1,y1)
y 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0 withradius r fromtheline lx my n 0
is p then
p r thelineandcirclehavenocommonpoint
p r thelinetouchesthecircle.Thisisconditionoftangency..
p r thelineintersectsthecircleat2distinctpoints,i.e.itisasecant.
p 0 thelineisadiameter..
theinterceptmadebycircleonthisline= 2 r 2 p 2
andtheanglesubtendedbythechordonthecentreofthecircle= 2cos 1 p / r
(ii)Line
y mx c touchesthecircle x 2 y 2 a 2 if c 2 a 2 1 m 2
2
Thus,thetangenthavingslope m tothecircle x h y k a is
am
,k
y k m( x h) a 1 m2 whosepointofcontactis h
1 m2
1 m2
ThisiscalledasSlopeformoftangent.
G YA
mv
(iii)Normalatthepoint(x1,y1)onthecircleS=0isalinepassingthroughitscentre.
N DI
24
6.
donottoucheachother(norlieinside)ifd>r1+r2;theyhave4commontangents.
DirectcommontangentsareintersectingatP1andtransversecommontangentsareintersectingat
P2,asshowninthefigure.
r1
PC
r PC
1 1
1 2 1
PC
r
P2C2
1 2
2
r2
C1
P1
C2
P2
d
(ii)
toucheachotherexternallyifd=r1+r2;andhave3commontangents.
(iii)
intersectattwodistinctpointif|r1-r2|<d<r1+r2andnumbercommontangentis2.
Fortheangleofintersection: cos
r12 r22 d 2
2r1r2
7.
(iv)
toucheachotherinternallyifd=|r1-r2|;andhaveonly1commontangent.
(v)
oneliesinsideotherifd<|r1-r2|.
Radical Axis:Itisthelocusofapointwhichmovessothatthelengthoftangentsdrawnfromittotwocircles
S=0,andS=0,areequal,isgivenbyS-S=0.
Thisissameequationasthatofthecommonchordifthecirclesareintersectingattwopoints,orthatofthe
commontangentifthecirclesaretouching.
8.
EquationofanycirclepassingthroughpointsofintersectionofthecircleS1=0andS2=0is
S1 S2 0 ,where 1
(ii)
EquationofanycirclepassingthroughpointsofintersectionofthecircleS=0andthelineL=0is
S L 0
9.
Director circle:Thelocusofapointfromwhichperpendiculartangentsaredrawntothecirclex2+y2
=r2isx2+y2=2r2.
(ii)
(iii)
G YA
mv
a1a2 b1b2 .
N DI
25
1. (b)
Letthecirclebe ( x h) 2
( y k )2 r 2 ....(i)whichtouchesthecirclesexternally
h 2a
By(v)-(iv)
Hencethelocusofcentreis12 x 2 4 y 2
2. (a)
24ax 9a 2 0 or12( x a) 2 4 y 2 3a 2
Equationofacirclepassesthrough(1,0),(0,1)and(0,0)is x 2
Italsopassesthrough(2k,3k)then 13k 2 5k 0 k
3. (c)
60
5
, 0 i.e.fortwovaluesofk.
13
Asfigure, AB BC
r2
r1
y2 x y 0 .
3
r
r1 2 3 1
2
2
90
3 r1 2r2 3 2 2
4. (b)
Asfigure
h2 b 2 k 2 a 2 h 2 k 2 a 2 b 2
thentheequationofthelocusofthecentreofthecircle
b
b
k 2 + a2
O
8. (c)
passingthroughtheextremitiesofthetworodsisx y=a b.
(h, k )
h2 + b2
k
X
Letequationofcircle S
x 2 y 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0 . Nowcommonchordofcircle S 0 &
y 2 4 0 then c 4 0 c 4 .Alsocommonchordofcircle S 0
G YA
mv
2 x 6 y 15 0 i.e.astraightline.
N DI
26
9. (b)
DO a cos30
3a
a
, BD a sin 30
2
2
1a
2
30
3a a
3a a
, and
,
2
2 2
2
15
3
a
2
x=0
0 is x 0 i.e. y axis.
C (0,
Othertwodirectcommontangentsintersectat
3(1) 1(3)
3(0) 1(0)
,y
x, y 3,0
3 1
3 1
anditsequationsarefoundas x
and x
3y 3 0
C1
(1,0)
(-3,0)
A (3,0)
B
(0, - 3)
3 y 3 0 .Thesetwotangentsmeetthe
G YA
mv
Hencecentroidof PQRis(1,0).
N DI
27
PARABOLA
LocusofapointPwhichmovessuchthatitsdistancefromafixedpointS(calledfocus)bearsaconstant
ratioe(calledeccentricity)toitsdistancefromafixedline(calleddirectrix),andwhere e 1
PS=PD,whereDisthefootofperpendicularfromPtothefixedline.
1.
Standard equationofaParabola:
y 2 4ax
a, 2a and L ' a, 2a
(iii)Doubleordinate:Achordwhichisperpendiculartotheaxisofparabola.
(iv) Focaldistanceofanypoint P ( x1 , y1 ) : PS | x1 a |
2.
negative.
Parametricequationof y 2
3.
4.
4ax
x at 2 y 2at
Equationoftangentatapoint(at2,2at)
ty x at 2
andEquationofnormal:
y xt 2at at 3
Equationoftangentatapoint(x1,y1):
yy1 2a x x1
Equationoftangentintermsofslopem:
y mx
i.e. T
a
m
G YA
mv
wherethepointofcontact(a/m2,2a/m)
N DI
28
5.
y1
x x1
2a
Equationofnormalat P x1 , y1
y y1
andequationofnormalintermsofslopem:
y mx 2am am3
wherethefootofnormalis(am2,-2am)
Properties of normals
Numberofnormal:y=mx-2am-am3isacubicequationinm.Soingeneralatmostthreenormalscan
passthroughapoint.
Thesumofslopesofthesenormalsiszeroandalsosumoftheordinatesofthefeetofnormaliszero.
6.
7.
8.
4ax ,wehavetouseconceptss
like shifting of origin etc, e.g. y 4a x is the equation of that parabola whose vertex
is , andwhoseaxisisparalleltox-axis.
4a y istheequationofthatparabolawhosevertexis , andwhoseaxisisparallelto
y-axis.
9.
i.e. (GM,AM)
T 0 ,Polar T 0
Chordofparabolawhosemidpointis(x1,y1)is T S1
G YA
mv
N DI
29
1. (d)
LengthofsemilatusrectumisH.m.oftwosegmentsofafocalchordthen 2a
2. (c)
Nowslopeof OP is
2(3)(5)
15
a
35
8
P
2
2 2
2
andslopeof OQ is then . 1
t2
t1 t2
t1
t1t2 4 ....(i)
Nowequationofline PQ is 2 x (t1 t2 ) y at12 (t1 t2 )2at1 2at1t2
4a .
1
........(i)
m
2
Anytangentto y 2 8( x 2); a 2 is y M ( x 2)
M
Anytangentto
y 2 4( x 1), a 1 is y m( x 1)
buttangentstotheparabolasareperpendiculartoeachotherthen Mm 1 M 1/ m
i.e. y
1
( x 2) 2m ........(ii)
m
Onsubtractingweget 0 m
4. (a)
1
1
x 3 m 0 or x 3 0
m
m
(at12 , 2at1 )
Equationofcircletaking OP asdiameteris
Similarlyequationofcircletaking OQ asdiameteris
x 2 y 2 at22 x 2at2 y 0
Theequationof OR is a t1 t2
( at22 , 2at2 )
x 2a t t y 0
(t1 t2 ) x 2 y 0 tan
t1 t2
t1 t2 2 tan ..........(i)
2
5.(a)
1
cot t1 .Similarly cot 2 t2 .By(i)weget cot 1 cot 2 2 tan
t1
Ifoneendoffocalchordofparabola y 2
1 2
2
4 x is t , 2t thencoordinatesoftherendis 2 , then
t t
2
4
2
1 2
1 1
t 4 t t
t t
t
G YA
mv
1 2 2
1
lengthoffocualchordis 2 t 2t t
t
t
t
N DI
30
6. (d)
Oneendofnormalchordofparabola y 2
2
2
Q a t1 , 2a t1 .Nowslopeof OP 2 thenslopeof OQ is 2
t1
t1
2
t1
t1
t1
Sincethenormalchordatapoint't1'subtendsarightangleatthevertextherefore
2
2
.
1 4 t12 2 t12 2
2
t1 t
1
t1
8. (d)
Slopeof SP
2t
2t
,slopeof SQ 2
t 1
t 1
since PSQ
tan 45
P ( at , 2at )
.Now
a t 2 1
2at
(a,0)
2t t 2 1
45
22 2
2 1
2
at , 0 a
2
2 1 , 0
4t 4 t
2
2
2
2
t
t
t
2
2
1 t 2 thenendsofnormalare 8, 8 and 18,12 thenslopeofthenormalchordis2.
t
P( at 2 , 2at )
2a
1
( - a , 2at )
2a
tan 300
t 3 M
10. (a) In MDS ,
MDS ,
2at
3
2at
30
thencoordinateof P is
3a a
3a, 2a 3
2a 3
S(a,0)
4a
G YA
mv
Now SP
Q ( at , - 2at )
yt x at 2 ,tangentat Q is yt x at 2
Nowintersectionpontoftangentsis
9. (c)
M ( at , 0 )
t 2 2t 1 0 t
tangentat P is
45
N DI
31