RF Characteristics

RF Characteristics RF - Antennas & Gain Terrestrial - Microwave Satellite - Microwave Radio Infrared
Telecommunications
Unguided Media
Andrew Hamilton-Wright
Department of Computing and Information Science

University of Guelph
17th February 2005

Radio
• signal carried in electromagnetic spectrum

• no physical “wire”
• multi-directional
• propagation environment effects:
• reflection
• obstruction by objects
• interference
Radio
Radio Link Types:

Microwave
• up to 45Mbps channels
satellite
• up to 50 Mbps channel or multiple smaller
channels
• 270Ms end-end delay
• geosynchronous versus LEOs
LAN (waveLAN)
• 2Mbps, 11 Mbps
wide area (cellular)
• CDPD
• 10’s kpbs
Radio - Frequencies
• 30MHz to 1GHz
• omnidirectional
• broadcast radio
• 2GHz to 40GHz - microwave
• highly directional
• point to point
• satellite
• low attenuation in atmosphere
• 3 × 1011 to 2 × 1014 - 300GHz to 200THz
• infrared
let ght
• local (high attenuation)
i
tra ble L
si
vio
Vi
Unused (Radio) Radio Microwave Infrared X−Ray Gamma Ray

Ul
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Ground-Wave Propagation
Signal Propagation
Transmit Receive
Antenna Antenna
Earth
(below 2MHz)
Sky-Wave Propagation
Ionosphere
on
gati
ropa
al P
Sign
Transmit Receive
Antenna Antenna
Earth
(2MHz - 30MHz)
Line-of-Sight (LOS) Propagation
Signal Propagation
Transmit Receive
Antenna Antenna
Earth
(above 30MHz)
Radio -vs- Optical Horizon
Radio horizon is
further from trans-
Optical Horizon Radio Horizon
mitter than optical
horizon
Transmit √
Antenna dhorizon = 3.57 Kh
Earth
(in km)
p p
da·a = 3.57 Kh1 + Kh2 (1)
where da·a is the antenna-antenna distance (km), hx is the

antenna height (m) and Koptical = 1, Kradio = 4/3
Antenna Gain / Effective Area
4πAe 4πf 2 Ae
G= = (2)
λ2 c2
λ2
A(isotropic)
e = (3)
4π
7πr 2
A(parabolic)
e = 0.56πr 2 G(parabolic) = (4)
λ2
where bowl
λ carrier wavelength (m) depth r − radius
of bowl
f carrier freqency (Hz)
c speed of light ≈ 3.0 × 108 m/s
G gain of antenna
Ae effective area of antenna
r radius of antenna bowl
Free Space Loss
For an isotropic antenna: where

Pt power at transmitter
Pt (4πd)2 (4πfd)2 Pr power at receiver
= = (5)
Pr λ2 c2 λ carrier wavelength (m)
f carrier freqency (Hz)
For real antennas: d distance between anten-
nas (m)
Pt (4πd)2
= (6) c speed of light
Pr Gt Gr λ2
Gx gain of antenna
(λd)2 (cd)2 Ax effective area of antenna
= = 2
At Ar f At Ar
Isotropic Free Space Loss in dB
From (5)
Pt
LdB = 10 log10
P
rr
4πd
= 20 log10
λ
= −20 log10 (λ) + 20 log10 (d) + 21.98 dB (7)
or
r
4πfd
LdB = 20 log10
c
= −20 log10 (f ) + 20 log10 (d) − 147.56 dB
General Free Space Loss in dB
From (6)
LdB = −20 log10 (λ) + 20 log10 (d) − 10 log10 (At Ar ) dB

or
(8)
LdB = −20 log10 (f ) + 20 log10 (d)
− 10 log10 (At Ar ) + 147.56 dB
RF Free Space Loss

180
160
140
Loss (dB)
120
100
80
60
1 5 10 50 100
Distance (km)
30MHz 3GHz 300GHz

300MHz 30GHz
[Sta04, Fig4.10]
Digital Microwave - Performance
Band Bandwidth Data Rate

2 GHz 7 MHz 12 MHz
6 GHz 30 MHz 90 MHz
11 GHz 40 MHz 135 MHz
18 GHz 220 MHz 274 MHz
Terrestrial (Focused Beam) Microwave
• fewer amplifiers required than

with coax
• traverse rough/impassable terrain
• large number of channels per
o
Parabolic Dish (1 Beamwidth) antenna
• velocity of propagation of
signal = c
• affected by rain for frequencies
Feed Horn
> 10GHz
• interference with radio
• long-haul communications
• higher freq =⇒ higher data rates
Satellite Microwave
Satellite (‘Bird’) as relay station:
• receives on one frequency, amplifies or reflects signal
• transmits on another frequency/another direction
• frequently geo-stationary orbit (GEO); d=35 784km
straight up from surface
Used for:
• television
• long distance
telephone
• space exploration Ionosphere
• private business
Earth
networks
Satellite Transmission Bands
Band Downlink (GHz) Uplink (GHz)

C 3.7- 4.2 5.925- 6.425
terrestrial interference; large antenna
Ku 11.7-12.2 14.0 -14.5
rain
Ka 17.7-21.7 27.5 -30.5
rain; equipment cost; “pointing errors”
Beam Spots
• beam ‘spots’ range

from 750 to 1 800
km in diameter
• are elliptical
• each is from a
[Tel] separate ‘dish’
Satellite Locations
Type/ # Needed for

Altitude (km) Latency (ms) Global Coverage
∼ 384, 400 Moon
35, 784 GEO (Geostationary)

270 3
14, 500 − 19, 000 Upper van Allen Belt
5, 000 − 14, 000 MEO (Medium-Earth Orbit)

35-85 10
2, 000 − 5, 000 Lower van Allen Belt
< 2, 000 LEO (Low-Earth Orbit)

1-7 50
Anik A Series (Retired)
Operator: Telesat Canada

Manufacturer: Hughes Aerospace
Equipment: 12 C-band transponders
Configuration: HS-333
Lifetime: 7 yr projected
(10 yr actual)
Mass: 560kg
Orbit: GEO
First “shaped beam” in the world [Sky]

Anik F2 (Current)

Manufacturer: Boeing
Equipment: 114 Transponders:
50 Ka-band
40 Ku-band
24 C-band
Configuration: BSS-702
Mass: 5 965kg
Orbit: GEO
[Sky]
Anik F3 (Future)

Manufacturer: Astrium
Equipment: 58 Transponders:
2 Ka-band
32 Ku-band
24 C-band
Configuration: Eurostar-300S
Mass: 4 600kg
Orbit: GEO
[Sky]
Relaying On the Ground
Standard “satellite phones”

do their routing on the
ground (e.g.; Globalstar)
[fSSE]
Relaying in Space
Iridium network
satellite route by
switching in space
1 628 LEO satel-
lites (moving cells)
for coverage
Relaying in Space
VSATs (Very Small

Apeture Terminal)
2 using a hub
1 3 4
Broadcast Radio
• Omnidirectional
• AM/FM radio
• UHF and VHF television
• Line of Sight
• Suffers from
• multi-path interference
• reflections
Multi-Path Interference
Infrared
• Modulated noncoherent infrared light

• Line of Sight (or reflection)
• Blocked by IR-opaque objects (walls, et cetera)
• Examples:
• TV remote control
• IRD port
• Alarm sensor systems
Analog Digital
Band Mod. (BW) Mod. (Dat. Rte) Applications
30 − 300 kHz not practical ASK,FSK,MSK Navigation
(LF) (0.1-100bps)
300 − 3 000 kHz AM ASK,FSK,MSK Commercial
(MF) (To 4kHz) (10 − 1 000bps) AM Radio
3 − 30 MHz AM,SSB ASK,FSK,MSK Shortwave Radio
(HF) (To 4kHz) (10 − 3 000bps) CB Radio
30 − 300 MHz AM,SSB;FM FSK,PSK VHF Television
(VHF) (5kHz-5MHz) (To 100kbps) FM Radio
300 − 3 000 MHz FM,SSB PSK UHF Television
(UHF) (To 20MHz) (To 10Mbps) Terrestrial Microwave
3 − 30 GHz FM PSK Terrestrial Microwave
(SHF) (To 500MHz) (To 100Mbps) Satellite Microwave
30 − 300 GHz FM PSK Experimental,
(EHF) (To 1GHz) (To 750Mbps) Short P2P
Wireless Transmission
• unguided media
• transmission & reception via antenna
• omni-directional (isotropic):
• signal spreads in all directions
• can be received by many antenna
• directional (focused beam):
• focused beam
• careful alignment required
References
Challenger Center for Space Science Education.

Online: http://www.challenger.org.
Skyrocket.
Online: http://www.skyrocket.de.
William Stallings.
Data and Computer Communications.
Prentice Hall, 7th edition, 2004.
Telesat.
Online: http://www.telesat.ca.

RF Characteristics

Transféré par

Informations du document

Description originale:

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

RF Characteristics

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

RF Characteristics RF - Antennas & Gain Terrestrial - Microwave Satellite - Microwave Radio Infrared

Department of Computing and Information Science

17th February 2005

• signal carried in electromagnetic spectrum

Radio Link Types:

Unused (Radio) Radio Microwave Infrared X−Ray Gamma Ray

Line-of-Sight (LOS) Propagation

Radio -vs- Optical Horizon

where da·a is the antenna-antenna distance (km), hx is the

Antenna Gain / Effective Area

Free Space Loss

For an isotropic antenna: where

Isotropic Free Space Loss in dB

General Free Space Loss in dB

LdB = −20 log10 (λ) + 20 log10 (d) − 10 log10 (At Ar ) dB

RF Free Space Loss

30MHz 3GHz 300GHz

Digital Microwave - Performance

Band Bandwidth Data Rate

Terrestrial (Focused Beam) Microwave

• fewer amplifiers required than

Satellite Transmission Bands

Band Downlink (GHz) Uplink (GHz)

• beam ‘spots’ range

Type/ # Needed for

∼ 384, 400 Moon

35, 784 GEO (Geostationary)

5, 000 − 14, 000 MEO (Medium-Earth Orbit)

< 2, 000 LEO (Low-Earth Orbit)

Anik A Series (Retired)

Operator: Telesat Canada

First “shaped beam” in the world [Sky]

Operator: Telesat Canada

Operator: Telesat Canada

Relaying On the Ground

Standard “satellite phones”

VSATs (Very Small

• Modulated noncoherent infrared light

Challenger Center for Space Science Education.

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi