A Study on Size and Shape of Erythrocytes of

normal and malarial blood using Laser

Diffraction Technique

By done
Amar Yahya Yahay Alansi
MS.C (Biophysics)

INTRODUCTION of Blood

Blood is a connective tissue in fluid form.

fluid of life because it carries oxygen from lungs to all parts of the body
and carbon dioxide from all parts of the body to the lungs.

fluid of growth because it carries nutritive substances from the digestive

system and hormones from endocrine gland to all the tissues.

fluid of health because it protects the body against the diseases and gets rid
of the waste products and unwanted substances by transporting them to the
excretory organs like kidneys.

PROPERTIES OF BLOOD

Color :Blood is red in color. Arterial blood is scarlet red because it contains
more oxygen and venous blood is purple red because of more carbon dioxide.

Volume :Average volume of blood in a normal adult is 5 L. In a newborn baby,

the volume is 450 ml. It increases during growth and reaches 5 L at the time
of puberty. In females, it is slightly less and is about 4.5 L. It is about 8% of
the body weight in a normal young healthy adult, weighing about 70 kg.

pH :Blood pH in normal conditions is 7.4.

Viscosity: Blood is five times more viscous than water.

COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

INTRODUCTION of Malaria

Malaria is one of the most successful parasites ever known to mankind. After
thousands of years, it remains the world's most pervasive infection, affecting
at least 91 different countries and some 300 million people. The disease
causes fever, shivering, joint pain, headache, and vomiting. In severe cases,
patients can have jaundice, kidney failure, and anemia, and can lapse into a
coma.

It is ever-present in the tropics and countries in sub-Saharan Africa, which

account for nearly 90 percent of all malaria cases. The majority of the
remaining cases are clustered in India, Brazil, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka,
Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, and China. Malaria causes 1 to 1.5
million deaths each year, and in Africa, it accounts for 25 percent of all
deaths of children under the age of five.

. Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium

falciparum

Forward Fraunhofer Diffraction of

laser light

Different methods adapted for

particle size analysis:

Particle-Size
Measuremen
t
Techniques
Sieving

Microscopy

Sedimentati
on

Permeametr
y

Electrozone
Sensing

Laser
Diffraction

Methods applied for the size range of

particles:

Disadvantages of other methods:

Sieves: This

is readily usable for large particles such as are

found in mining.Not possible to measure sprays or emulsions.
Cohesive and agglomerated materials e.g. clays are difficult
to measure.

Sedimentation: This

has been the traditional method of

measurement in the paint and ceramics industry and gives
relatively low answers!
The applicable range is 2-50 microns.

Electrozone sensing: This

technique was developed in the mid

1950s for sizing blood cells. The method requires calibration
standards which are expensive, difficult to measure emulsions
and Porous particles give significant errors.

Microscopy: It

technique.

is not suitable as a quality or production control

LASER DIFFRACTION:
Applicable

range: 0.1-3000 m

Principle:

The method relies on the fact that diffraction

angle is inversely proportional to particle size.

Instruments

consist of:

1)A laser as a source of coherent light of known fixed

wavelength.
Eg: He-Ne gas lasers (=0.63m).
2) A suitable detector
Eg: A slice of photosensitive silicon with a number
of discrete detectors.

Laser diffraction (LD) is a method used for particle

size measurement that is based on the properties
of particles to scatter light.
This method has become the preferred standard in
many industries for characterization and quality
control.
There are two principal optical models for analysis
of diffraction spectra:
Fraunhofer Scattering,
Mie Scattering.

Fraunhofer Scattering:

This method is based on

diffraction scattering only,
and it wont take into the
consideration of others like
absorption, refraction and
reflection, where as Mie
scattering will.

The scattering pattern

produced by a single
spherical particle consists of
a series of light and dark
concentric bands that
decrease in intensity with
increasing radial position.

Contd
3). The equation describing this distribution of
intensity (I), is called the Airy function and is
given by

where J1 is the first-order spherical Bessel function,I(0) is the scattered

intensity on the optical axis, and X is a dimensionless parameter given by
the following expression, where f is the focal length of the receiving lens
and R is the radial distance in the focal plane as measured from the optical
axis.

2) MIE SCATTERING:
The

Mie model takes into account both diffraction

and diffusion (absorption, refraction and
reflection) of the light around the particle in its
medium.

The

dimensionless size parameter (X)

(here we need refractive
index of the particle)

where d is the particle diameter,

and m is the refractive index of
the particle.

Laser diffraction gives the following advantages:

Flexibility.
This

method is rapid producing an answer in less than

one minute, unlike other techniques.
A wide dynamic range(0.1- 2000 microns)
The method is non-destructive and non-intrusive.
Hence samples can be recovered if they are valuable.
Dry powders can be measured directly, although this
may result in poorer dispersion than using a liquid
dispersing medium.
This method gives more detailed particle size
distributions than the other techniques stated.

Contd
Speed

of measurement -- single measurements can

be made in 400 [micro]sec, allowing the dynamics of
drug delivery from aerosol devices to be followed.
Measurement repeatability -- the ability to acquire
data rapidly allows many thousands of measurements
to be averaged when reporting a single result,
delivering excellent repeatability when compared
with techniques that deliver results based on one-off
measurements.
Range of applicability -- sprays, dry powders,
suspensions and sprays can all be characterized using
the same technique, allowing different formulation
types to be compared in a realistic way.

Samples collection

Experimental set up

Procedure and analysis

Results and Discussions

Thank you