ES : fea es 8 *.. Writing Equations ore orese os Coen ees z around the Earth, Note how the eee Puc a eT) eC ESe TI! PM nel Rant en Rae tere . Tau Meche eae eet EUS or mnt betes icenn teeters teal tres Ce oe ote Rete LTS Re cme eee Ty | Peet eae en er caea ne eeente? | EU Soccer cana eee TTS boos ote a CR Eanes isc ire taa it erate es a eee eR eee a chemical reactions, can be represented as chemical Cent ire Mae Te TeeRer OM Con Tee rope ena teas CCRT a ae eee oUt a ace POS LMUL UN mea aestreU Coe ae RT Rt tee? SUNS ake ee a oT iccellccdlicial hack ale een REC RSL csr ts eel t cash " foto OU) Curent126 i i 8.1/ Chemical Equations i 5 What is a chemical equation? * In chemistry, an equation represents what occurs in a chemical we reaction. We can write an equation by using words or chemical }—sodiummetal formulae. The most important thing to remember is that an equation must represent a reaction known to take place. The word equation (equation in words) for the reaction between sodium and chlorine © is written below. react form odium chloride Word equation sodium + chlorine —» sodium chloride We can also make use of chemical formutae to write the chemical i" ‘equation Chemical equation Na+ q, — NaCl L 2 The arrow We write the substances a We write the reacting : Substances or reactants on the | means‘teact | formed or products on lefchand side of te equation. [| t0 form the right-hand side of the equation In this case, sodium (Na) and |The reaction | Here, sodium chloride . Chlorine (Ci are the reactants. | proceeds from | (NaCN is the only product. left to right. Notice that on the left-hand side of the equation, there are two + ie chlorine atoms but on the right-hand side of the equation, there hem-Aid only one chlorine atom, This means that the equation is not 4 balanced. An equation is balanced when there is an equal number th teprsentsa ig of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation. In the h rpeeenisa il next section, you will learn how to write a balanced chemical (aq) represents an aqueous: equation. tolution, Le dissolved in water Writing Balanced Equations Did you know that common satis An equation is usually written using chemical formulae, unless actually sodium chloride? you are instructed to write a word equation, There are four steps in writing a balanced chemical equatio og 1._ | Write down the formulae of the reactants and products. 2. | Check the number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation. Ifthe equation is not balanced, proceed to step 3. 2_| Balance the equation by placing numbers in front of the formulae of the substances in the equation, The number "t's not written, 4_| Include the state symbols in the eqExample 1 Making use of these four steps, we can write the balanced chemical ‘equation for the reaction between sodium and chlorine, 2 | Check the number of atoms of each element on both | There are two chlorine atoms on the left-hand sides of the equation. side but only one chlorine atom on the righthand side. This means that the equation is not balanced. 3 | Balance the equation. To balance the number of chiorine atoms, we need to put a '2' in front of the ‘NaCI. The equation is sill nct balanced because there are two sodium atoms on the right-hand side and one | Na + Clp —> 2NaCI sodium atom on the left-hand side. To balance the equation, we need to put a2’ in front of ‘Na’. 2Na + Ch, —» 2NaC 4 | Add the state symbols. 2Na(s) + Cio(g) —» 2NaCls) ‘The balanced equation reads as Two atoms of sodium react with one molecule of chlorine to form two formula units of sodium chloride’. Example 2 hem-Aid Methane gas (CH) is often used as fuel for Bunsen burners in % laboratories. Methane burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide When balancing equations, and water vapour. Write an equation for this reaction. Aeerehunge ctor s Solution: Write down the formulae of the reactants ee ek en and products methane oxygen carbon dioxide water vapour 2. | Check the number of atoms of each element reactants products ‘on both sides of the equation, rey iti. ‘hydrogen atoms 2 hydrogen atoms 2oxygen atoms 3 oxygen atoms 3 | Balance the equation. CHy + 202 —> CO> + 2H,0 4 | Add the state symbols, Note that the state symbol for H,0 is'g' because water vapour {a gas) is formed, Hala) + 20x4g) —> COx(g) + 2H20(0) What does the balanced equation read as? ral122 Test Yourself'a.1 Question Copper(l) oxide reacts with ammonia to give copper, water and nitrogen. What must the values of x, y and z be in order to balance this equation? 3CuO(s) + 2NH3(g) —> xCuls) + yH,00) + 2NQo) 8.2 | lonic Equations Many substances, especially ionic compounds, are soluble in ater. An fonic equation is a simplified chemical equation that shows the reactions of such substances in water. How do we write ionic equations? When aqueous sodium chloride is added to aqueous silver nitrate a white precipitate of silver chloride is formed. This reaction cat be represented by the chemical equation below. Word equation _sodium chloride + silver nitrate —> silver chloride + sodium nitrate Chemical equation —_-NaCaq) + AgNO,(aq) —> AgCKs) + NaNO,(aq) in : i i" sodium chloride silver nitrate white precipitate of silver chloride In sodium nitrate solution Fig. 8.2 This reaction produced silver chloride precipitate Sodium chloride, silver nitrate and sodium nitrate are soluble in water. They exist as ions in solution. If we write the chemical equation in terms of ions, we get Nar(aq) + CH(aq) + Ag'(aq) + NO,(aq) —» AgCils) + Narfaq) + NO, (a) ‘The fons marked in red (Na’ ions and NO,” ions) have not taken part in any chemical reactions. They are still ions in solution at the end of the reaction. Such ions are called spectator ions. Since only silver ions and chloride ions have reacted, the equation for the reaction can therejore be simplified as shown below. Tonic equation grag) + CH(aq) —» AaCls) ‘The above equation is called an ionic equation. An ionic equation shows the ions taking part in a reaction and the products formed. It Ieaves out the spectator ions that do not react.Ie How do we write an ionic equation? The steps in writing an ionic equation are: mo 1 | Write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction. Include the state symbols, 2 _| Identify ionie compounds that are soluble in water (you may refer to page 196 to check solubility af compounds). These compounds become ions in water. Rewrite the chemical equation in terms of ions. 3 | Cancel out the spectator ions 4 | Write the ionic equation. (q_hem-Aid Example 1 Q When hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide solution the products formed are sodium chloride and water. Write the ionie equation for this reaction ‘some covalent compounds form ionsin water, 9 hydrochloric acid (CD, Solution. Write the balanced chemical equation. | HCi(aq) + NaOH(aq) —> NaCllaq) + H,000 H'laq) + Crfaq) + NaY(aq) + OH(aq) 2 | Revite the equation in terms of ions for substances that are soluble in water. —> Nat(aq) + Crag) + 4,00 3 | Cancel out the spectator ions. Hilaq) +-chteq) + NaHaq + OH{eq) —> Matagr + Cte + 1,000 4 | Write the ionic equation. H'(aq) + OF (aq) —> H,00) Example 2 When zinc is added to copper(I) sulphate solution, copper and zine sulphate are formed. Write the ionic equation for this reaction, Solution: Link Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 5 an ital. Find out more about alta and odds in chapter ol ‘Write the balanced chemical equation. 2n(s) + CuSOs(aq) —> Culs) + ZnSOx(aa) 2 | Rewrite the equation in terms of ions for substances that are soluble in water. Zn(s) + Cu(aa) + SO4"(0a) —> Gufs) + 2n*(aq) + 504729) ‘3 | Cancel out the spectator ions. Zn(s) + CuMaq) + $7-Taa) > Cus) + 2raq) + SOP 15) 4 | Write the ionic equation 2n(s) + Cu*(aq) —> Cuts) + 2n"*(aa)2 Example 3 ‘A solution of sodium carbonate reacts with sulphuric acid to form sodium sulphate, carbon dioxide and water. Write the tonic equation (or this reaction enn Eavaton xs Solution: 1 | write the balanced chemical | NazCO(aq) + H:SOa(aq) —> NeSOs(aq) + COn6@) + #200) equation. D | Rewrite the equationin terms | 2Nat(aq) + COs*(aq) + 2H"@q) + SOz*24) ‘of fons for substances that are —> 2Na‘(aq) + 50,*1aq) + COLKa) + H0(H soluble in water. } | cancel out the spectator ions. | 2waHauy + CO*aq) + 2H'(aq) + SOxfer) > Dilertaat + SOE) + COxAa) + 1:00) 4 | Write the ionic equation. cO*4aq) + 2Ht(aq) —> COala) + H2000 cay Key ideas 4, & chemical equation is used to represent a chemical reaction, 2) & chemical equation is balanced when there is an equal number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation. 3. An ionic equation shows the reaction between ions. Questions 1. Which of the following equations are balanced? a) No(g) + 3Ha(a) —> 2NHs(@) bb) 2Alls) + Fe03(6) —> 2Fels) + AhOsG) ANO,(g) + H0() + 202(g) —» 4HNO;() 2. Identify the spectator ions in the following reactions ‘a) NazSO,(aq) + Ba(NO3)o(aq) —> BaSOq(s) + 2NaNOs(aq) b) CaCO) + 2HCKaq) —> CaCh{ag) + Hz0(0 + COXA)Concept Map Representing a Reaction De ry ere Cea Peet ey Foundation 4, Balance the following equations and include the state symbols. You may check the solubility of 1. Phosphorus(V) chloride dissolves in water to the substanees on page 196 form phosphoric acid, H,PO, and hydrochloric aci. a) Fe » Cl, —» FeCl What she vale fy and =the anced 0) SO, + ACOH); —» AL(SOs + LO equation for this reaction’ © PoYiad + cr n> Pech PCL(S) + 41,00) —> yH,PO,(aq) + 2HCI(aa) 4) W(aq) + COS — H.0'+ CO, xys A214 e225 Challenge e424 D415 1. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sulphuric acid (H.S0,) react to produce potassium sulphate (K;S0,) and a ‘al eta eR au Grass water Which ofthe following shows the font equation hydroxide and hydrogen gas, Which of the following shows the correct chemical equation? A I(ag) + OFGaq) —> 00) \ 8 H'(aq) + OHEq) —» HHL0() A Na(s) + HOD —> NadH(ag) + HHA@ € at shea ee, 8 Na(s) + HOM) —> NaOHlag) + Hie) D Kean) + SOPGq) » Hey — KHSO,(s) © 2Nals) + 2H,0() —> 2NaOH(aq) + Hy(@) 1D 2Nals) + HOW) —> NaOH(aq) « Haig) 2, When aqueous sodium phosphate, NasPO,, was added to aqueous calcium chloride, CaCl, calcium phosphate was precipitated. a) Write the formula for the ionic compound, 3, Write balanced chemical equations for each of the following reactions. State symbols are not required, a) calcium + chlorine —» calcium chloride calcium phosphate, formed. b) hydrogen + nitrogen —> ammonia ) 1) Write the chemical equation for the reaction ©) ethane (CoH) + oxygen between calcium chloride and sodium phosphate. —> carbon dioxide + water vapour li) Write the ionic equation for the reaction in (b)()Another chemical that is destroying the ozone layer is nitrogen monoxide (NO) which reacts with ozone in the same way as CFCs. Write @ word equation to show the reaction between nitrogen monoxide and ozone.