ENERGY SAVING - OPTIMISATION OF FINE-BUBBLE AERATION (PROJECT 1815) FINAL REPORT - MARCH 1984 P. Robertson, V. K. Thomas and B. Chambers 279-5 March 1984 Submitted to: Thames Water Authority Eastern Division The Grange Crossbrook Street Waltham Cross Herts EN8 8LX Environment Canada Ottawa Ontario KIA Ic8 Canada United States Environmental Protection Agency Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory Cincinnati Ohio 45268 usa Energy Technology Support Unit Building 156 AERE Harwell Oxfordshire 0X11 ORA EnglandSUMMARY The results of the monitoring programme have demonstrated the consistently improved efficiency of the modified nitrifying Plant. This unit has achieved an average aeration efficiency of 1.8 kg Og/kWh during the period March - December 1983, representing a 50% improvement over the control unit. Efficiencies may be even greater during the winter months. Approximately half of the improvement is derived from installation of a correct diffuser layout, the remainder of the Snergy savings being the result of the regulation of the air Supply by the control system. The modified plant treats 65% more Sewage than the control plant per unit aeration tank volume and Produces an effluent of similar quality. Despite the heavier Sludge load in the modified plant sludge production has been no higher than in the control unit. Sludge stability and dewatering characteristics from both nitrifying tanks are good and very similar. No difficulty has been experienced in suppressing nitrification in the non-nitrifying plant provided that the Sludge age and MLSS are controlled at suitably low levels. The unit treats about 2008 more sewage than the control tank per unit aeration volume. Surprisingly, the mass of sludge produced in the non-nitrifying tanks is very similar to that produced in the nitrifying tanks. However, the non-nitrifying sludge represents 2 larger volume and is both unstable and difficult to dewater. The aeration efficiency remains low. This may be due to Poor oxygen transfer into the mixed liquor in the non-nitrifying tank. Replication of the project at the Rye Meads site should result in an energy saving worth an excess of £100,000 per annum, with @ pay-back period for recovery of investment of about 2 years. About 3 x 108 kWh are used annually for aeration of fine-bubble diffused air systems in the UK. The correct design and operation of such systems could result in an annual saving of about 108 kWh together with a substantial increase in throughput of sewage at most works.PREFACE This project has received the encouragement and financial support of several organisations. This report has been produced to fulfil the contractual requirements of these organisations. Their names are listed below together with the appropriate contract reference numbers, Department of Energy (Energy Technology Support Unit) E/5C/CON/2638/ECU/ 109 E/5C/CON/2656/ECU/ 109 E/5C/CON/2672/ECU/ 109 Environment Canada OSE80 - 00168 CR 808855-01 This project has also received the co-operation and support of Eastern Division, Thames Water Authority, whose works at Rye Meads have been modified for the demonstration.SUMMARY PREFACE 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND AIR PRESSURE CONTROL SYSTEM eae INTRODUCTION 2.2. SIMPLIFICATION OF THE CONTROL SYSTEM 2.3. PLANT OPERATION 2.3.1. Introduction 2.3.2, Nitrifying Plant (Tank 5) 2.3.3. Non-nitrifying Plant (Tank 8) 3. RESULTS AY DISCUSSION OF RESULTS wat, MODIFIED NITRIFYING PLANT (TANK 5) AND CONTROL PLANT (TANK 9) 4.1.1. Effluent Quality 4.1.2. Operating Conditions 4.1.3. Activated Sludge Characteristics 4.1.4, General Performance 4.2. MODIFIED NON-NITRIFYING PLANT (TANK 8) 4.2.1, Effluent Quality 4.2.2. Operating Conditions 4.2.3, Activated Sludge Characteristics 4.2.4. General Performance 5. PROGRAMME OF FUTURE WORK 5.1. VARIABLE OUTPUT BLOWER 5.2. NEW AIR VALVES AND ACTUATORS 5.3. OTHER WORK Page ABuunen w owe "1 12 12 12 13 14 15 15 15 16THE CONTROL TANK APPENDIX 4 — MEASUREMENT OF THE OXYGEN CONTENT OF 31 UNITS APPENDIX 5 TABLES A5.1 - 45.13 39 FIGURE A5.11. INTRODUCTION This report covers the period from January to December 1983 inclusive. It is a continuation of the project Preliminary Report issued in April 1982 and the project Interim Report issued in February 1983 and is intended to be read in conjunction with those reports. The monitoring programmes for both of the modified tanks have been continued through 1983. The control system has enerally been operational although there have been continuing difficulties with the control system hardware. However, a significant and consistent improvement in aeration efficiency, as @ result of DO control, has been demonstrated for the modified nitrifying plant. Tank 8 has been operated in the non-nitrifying mode throughout the year, except during a period of industrial action by Water Authority personnel in February 1983. No diffulty was experienced in preventing nitrification during the Summer. The efficiency of this plant has remained low. This report describes the operational consequences of automatic DO control as a means of aeration efficiency optimisation, It has been possible to simplify the control system by reducing both the number of controlled zones and the Sensitivity of the programmable logic controllers. Since July 1983 the nitrifying tank has been operated with a single controlled zone and the number of controlled zones in the non-nitrifying unit has been reduced to three, The results obtained are summarised and discussed within the report and comparisons made, where appropriate, with the unmodified control tank, The data are presented in a separate appendix. An extensive series of measurements of the oxygen concentration in the off-gas from the two modified units is Summarised and discussed in Appendix 4. Other appendices deal with the condition of the diffuser domes and the deterioration in their pressure drop characteristics and studies of the sludge with regard to stability and dewatering characteristics.cs THE DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND AIR PRESSURE CONTROL SYSTEM 2.1, INTRODUCTION The aim of this project has been to increase the efficiency of fine-bubble aeration by supplying air only when and where it required by the activated sludge process. The diffuser layout has Deen tapered to match the changing oxygen demand through the tank as treatment progresses to prevent excessive aeration of the mixed liquor, especially towards the tank outlet. Diurnal variations in sewage volumetric flowrate and concentration and jong term effects, such as mixed liquor temperature changes from winter to summer, cause the load on the plant to change with time, Hence a variable air supply is required to match the oxygen demand exerted. The modified plants were therefore divided into separately controlled zones, 4 in the nitrifying unit and 5 in the non- nitrifying unit. The philosophy of the DO and air pressure control system at Rye Meads is outlined in Appendix 2 of the Project Interim Report. Each zone has an associated programmable logic controller, (PLC), which maintains the DO concentration at the end of that zone by regulating the volumetric air flow by means of an electrically actuated valve on the air main. Air Pressure is controlled at the lowest value consistent with adequate aeration by another PLC which operates a valve venting excess air to atmosphere. The optimism expressed in the Interim Report over the reliability of the actuators, following hardware modifications, has unfortunately proved to be unfounded. Further component failures and malfunctions have meant that the control system has not been fully operational on many occasions. The failures of the tank valve actuators have resulted in a loss of DO control in the affected zone or zones. Periodic failure of the vent valve actuator has resulted in total loss of control, requiring manual operation of the aeration units. Further hardware modifications have been incorporated by the manufacturers in new actuators, which were installed at Rye Meads in Jan/Feb 1984.Variations in pressure can occur rapidly, over a wide range, when tank valves open or close in response to DO changes because the reservoir of air in the main is relatively small. The Pressure control loop has the facility to actuate the vent valve very frequently and response to fluctuations may occur every 10 Seconds, The tank valves must also respond to variations in DO concentration and actuations may occur every 40 seconds. To achieve the maximum degree of control a variation in DO concen- tration of + 1% of saturation or in air pressure of + 60 mm WG can instigate a control action, based on a PI algorithm, to restore the parameter to its setpoint. The degree of DO control and aeration efficiencies achieved with this very precise control system have been described in the Interim Report. 2.2, SIMPLIFICATION OF THE CONTROL SYSTEM It is desirable to reduce the complexity of the control system to encourage the replication of this project. A reduction in the number of control points results in lower capital costs, If the frequency of control actions is also reduced then the operational lifetime of equipment should improve. Practical and theoretical investigations have been undertaken to establish the minimum number of control zones and their size and the location and frequency of actuation consistent with the production of an acceptable effluent without an unreasonable loss in aeration efficiency. As a first step automatic control of the re-aeration zone in Tank 8 and the two small zones at the outlet from each of the modified tanks was ceased. The valve supplying Tank 5 zone 4 was Positioned manually such that an average DO concentration of 4 mg/1 was achieved. The valve supplying Tank 8 zone 5 was opened fo @ position where an average of 2 mg/l of DO was maintained. With this arrangement there are lengthy periods, especially in Tank 5 zone 4, when much higher DO concentrations occur. However, for these final zones, the air flow rates are small compared to the tank total flow rates and the over-aeration isnot significant. The air flow rate has been set at the minimum value recommended by the diffuser manufacturers in the re-aeration zone of Tank 8. Figures 1 and 2 show the air flow rates required by the control system to maintain the DO setpoints in Tank 5 for the Periods 4th-7th December 1982 and 3rd-6th June 1983. The diurnal variations in air supply required by the first 2 zones in Tank 5 are relatively small. It would appear that a suitable valve Position can be selected for each of these zones to provide sufficient air to generally maintain the required DO concentration of 1 mg/l, without excessive under-aeration or over-aeration. The valves supplying air to these two zones have been set manually since June 1983. An indication of how accurately the distribution of diffusers has been matched to the average oxygen demand of the Sewage in the nitrifying unit can be obtained from the very similar range of air flowrates per diffuser occurring in zones 5.1 and 5.2. The difference between winter and summer air requirements may be accommodated by manual adjustment of the valves to maintain the DO profile. It has been necessary to alter those valve positions twice in the last six months. The nitrifying aeration unit has been operated with a single control Point, at the end of zone 5.3 for the 6 month period June - December 1983. Effluent standards have been maintained during this time, Additional flexibility may be gained by controlling the air supply to two points within the tank and future work will involve operation with an extra control point in the first pass of Tank 5 which will direct the combined air flowrate into zones 5.1 and 5.2. In the non-nitrifying unit, (Tank 8), the diurnal variation exerts a change in demand in each of the three zones 8.2, 8.3 and 8.4, as shown in Figures 4 and 5. There is no suitable valve aperture for any zone which would provide sufficient air to effect treatment in that zone without significant periods of over-aeration. It was not possible therefore to reduce thevolume under controlled aeration in Tank 8. However, it is possible that the number of control points can be reduced to two by combining, for example, zones 8.2 and 8.3 as a single controlled zone. The very frequent switching of the air-flow control valve actuators have been proposed as a reason for their repeated failures, Software modifications to eliminate this possibility were made to the remaining PLC's in August 1983. These modifications introduced a wider bandwidth and a less sensitive response to deviation from the DO and pressure setpoints. By this means the frequency of actuation has been decreased by about an order of magnitude overall. Despite this the control system retains the ability to respond very rapidly when necessary. 2.3. PLANT OPERATION 2.3.1. Introduction In the control unit, (Tank 9) an increase in the load on the tank results in a decrease in DO concentration because the rise in the oxygen demand is not matched by an increase in the air Supply. In the modified units an increase in oxygen demand is met by the variable air supply, the DO is maintained and it is the airflow rate rather than the DO concentration which exhibits a daily variation. Both modified tanks have an overall variation in air flow demand of approximately 2:1, the greatest load being experienced around midnight. Figs 1 to 5 show the distribution of air to the individual zones in Tank 5 and Tank 8. 2.3.2. Nitrifying Plant (Tank 5) Under the normal loading conditions treatment is virtually complete before the control position at the end of the third zone, The respiration rate in this region is low and the control system is supplying zone 5.3 with the minimum airflow required to prevent diffuser clogging. When the load is increased, through either increased sewage flow or concentration or both, the additional oxygen demand exerted on the unit is invariably most apparent in the third zone.At the inlet to the tank the activated sludge is always respiring at or near to its maximum rate, whatever the load, and there is little response to a change in conditions. Within certain limits there is a maximum oxygen demand that can be satisfied in zones 5.1 and 5.2 however much air is supplied. If the load on the tank exceeds this amount then a greater oxygen demand is exerted in zone 5.3. The respiration rate is increased and the control system must supply more air to maintain the required DO concentration. Figs 1 and 2 show the air distribution as directed by the control system to the zones in Tank 5 for typical winter and summer operation respectively. Respiration rates measured throughout Tank 5 at various ML temperatures under normal and high loading conditions are shown in Table 2.1, Table 2.1. Respiration rate profiles of Tank 5 activated sludge compared to ML temperature and plant loading (Respiration rates as mg 02/min.kg sludge) ML Temp °c 10° 12.513 15 16 20 Plant Loading High High Normal Normal Normal Normal Sample point: end anoxic zone 140 178 206 255 353 end 5.1 140 186 169 239 end 5.2 140 199 end 5.3 115 45 end 5.4 114 105 57 Recycled sludge 46 60 60 The increased ML temperature in the summer months results in @ higher maximum respiration rate at the tank inlet. The total oxygen demand that may be satisfied within the first two aerated zones is therefore greater in the summer and more air must be Supplied to them by the control system. Consequentlynitrification is more often achieved before the control point in the third zone in summer than in the winter and the air supplied to zone 5.3 is more frequently the minimum recommended flowrate. If the additional air supplied to the first two zones to match the increased respiration rate exceeds that saved in the second pass there will be a relative fall in efficiency, because the plant is underloaded. Under normal plant operation a greater sewage flow could be directed to the nitrifying unit in summer than in winter to maintain optimum efficiency. Maximum aeration efficiency can in theory be achieved by loading the plant so that nitrification is only just complete at the outlet. This situation has been more closely approached during winter operation. Hydraulic constraints at Rye Meads Prevent extra sewage loading during the summer. From July to December 1983 Tank 5 has operated with a single control point, situated in zone 5.3. Effluent quality has not deteriorated with this arrangement and the aeration efficiency is only very slightly reduced. Airflow distributions for a typical Period in December 1983 can be compared to those in December 1982, when the full control system was in operation, in Figs 3 and 1. 2.3.3. Non-nitrifying Plant (Tank 8) The average diurnal variation in the air supply required by the non-nitrifying unit to maintain the DO profile is similar to that for the nitrifying unit. However, the air required by each zone in Tank 8 varies more widely than in Tank 5, particularly in the first pass where the oxygen demand is greatest. In contrast to Tank 5 an increased load in Tank 8 seems to result in an increased respiration rate throughout the tank. The DO concentration is restored by an increased air supply to each zone dictated by the individual zone PLC's. Figs 4 and 5 show typical air distributions to zones 8.2, 8.3 and 8.4 during June and December 1983. The sludge population in Tank 8, which is capable only of carbonaceous oxidation, is apparently more able to respond toD9 FL dway sonbr paxiy 2861 s2quia09q 248IN 146iN 2U6IN 1481 ‘PLN we PIN 4g PHN wg PIN wy Lauoz Syuey pL | 2 Zauoz € 0u0z gue, 2861 HRaW30IG WZ 8 Wy NAAML|G WALSAS TOULNOD 3HL A G3L93HIG SV G INV L OL ATddNS HIV NI NOLLVINWA 4or doz 4984410 7 J 0 warsdg jonuog ov aus Aa pauddag ay 18 09 {or yo 49574410 wy 1 waists jostu0g {ov aut Ag Jog | patctaus ary 09 {or 95nd mo aT og p warsss jonuoy aut Ag 72” | padans Jos “Launoldoe Qo Sb=dwal sonbry paxyy —_eagL aune. 9 ag uy pst Tauoz 7% syuep oz oe lwaisks jonueg jo ayi ha dog Pauddng any 09 zeuoz 0 : osnyyig syweL - yee Ny oe | wasss jonuog aus Aa 19h F padding ay jos o9 eau0z syue, OF doz}, asnyna “WT 7] & waists jonuog au Ag aloe payddng any 405 09 £861 ANNI HOB PE NAIMLIE W3SAS TOHLNOO 3HL Ad G3L93HIG SV ANVL OL ATddNS WIV NINOLLWINWA *Z auNDIdDo Zi =dwel sonbr] pax eg 61 1aquiesaq YB 1yB1N 1U6IN 1461N PIW WSL PIN Wee PIN WEL “PLA WZL T TT T T 1euoz or swe, | 3 1 asnyig. 4 0€ id J op] Padang any HO 0s waishs. 09 jonuog Zz au0oz ol a wet doz] wasn WT OF L paniddng ay 4 Ov 40s 09 £ou0z on 4asnyyig gvey ' uo oz uN waishg waisks jonu0g jonuog oe ays Ag Top | Pandang ay os €861 YIAWIOIG WISI ~ Zi SANVLOL ATddNS HIV NINOILVINWA “e 3uNDIdQo St = dway sonbr7 paxiy, Wet aunp ny PE pug as o. i Jenna ww Zvez 9 yuey a po 7 eae op aut Ag payidding ap os jor Gouz gyuey oz ae oe 19804419 {ov uraishg jonueg os aul Ag og | Poudang ny ot yauez g yueL on — oz oe uw oy > warsag jonuoy ays Ag os pauddng ay 09 €861 ANNI Wp 8 15L N33MLI8 W3LSAS. TOULNOD 3H1 AG G3193HI0 Sv 8 YNVL OL ATAdNS YIV NINOLLVINWA “bp auNDISQo ZI = dua, soni Pax saquiedag ust ae met wet oe 1asnyig Zauoz gyuey 7 02 1uWw'T Jog > waists jonuog au Ag ] ov panddng ay os yo eeu0z gyuer 02 1 s9snyyig 2 1a" VF | warshg jonuog 4 ov eu Ad Jog | Pacdns aw +09 2 peuoz gyuey 7] OF 1 4asnyyig ee rr) 708 | waists jonuog 4 op oud Ad dng any + 0s too €861 YIGW3ORG WSL 2 NZL NIIML3e W3ISAS TOULNOD 3HL A@ GALDAUIG SV 8 NVL OL ATddNS HIV NINOILVINWA “S 3UNDIdincreases in load than the nitrifying sludge and is presumably not exhibiting maximum respiration rates, even towards the sewage inlet. The high sludge loading and low sludge age imposed on Tank 8 result in a sludge which is much more active than a jess highly loaded sludge. The Tank 8 sludge has, in general, a higher respiration rate than the Tank 5 sludge. Since the maximum respiration rate is not apparently attained throughout most of Tank 8 for long periods the efficiency of operation is generally low. The unit is currently treating all of the available sewage flow and sustained increases in sludge loading are difficult to achieve. Operation at lower MLSS concentrations may improve efficiency. Tt has not been possible to cease automatic control on any of the zones in Tank 8 except the small outlet zone, since the jarger variations in oxygen demand experienced throughout the tank preclude the selection of a suitable median valve position and air supply. 3. RESULTS The results obtained during the period from February to December 1983 are presented in Appendix 5. Little useful data was collected in January 1983 due to numerous software problems and during most of February the water industry strike led to the control system being switched off. Summaries of monthly average data from March to December are shown in Tables A.5.1, to A5.10. Table A5.11 contains the same data which has been averaged for the whole period. Table A5.12 is a comparison between the performance of Tanks 5, 8 and 9 under various operating conditions compared to the design estimates. Data is included for the March to December average, most of February, March to June average and July to December average. A comparison of the unit energy used for treatment is shown in Table 45.13. This table covers the same periods as above,4. DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS 4.1. MODIFIED NITRIFYING PLANT (TANK 5) AND CONTROL PLANT (TANK 9) 4.1.1. Effluent Quality Tanks 5 and 9 produce effluents of comparable quality. The BOD and suspended solids concentrations of the effluent from Tank 5 are always as good and often better than those from Tank 9. The degree of denitrification was consistently higher in the modified tank, being about 35% compared to 20% in the control tank, The monthly averages show that a measurable amount of ammonia was present in the Tank 5 effluent. This usually resulted from isolated incidents in any particular month and has on occasion been attributable to a failure of the control system but at other times has been thought to be due to slight inhibition of nitrification or an unusually high oxygen demand. The relatively short retention time in the tank may mean that there is insufficient time for complete oxidation to occur even though the dissolved oxygen concentration may not be limiting. 4.1.2. Operating Conditions The control tank and the modified tank have both been operated at approximately 4,500 mg/l mixed liquor suspended solids. The recycle rate has been maintained at 1:1, based on average sewage flow, for the modified tank and 0.85:1 for the control tank. The sludge age for Tank 5 has not been controlled at a specific value but is a result of maintaining the mixed liquor solids level by altering the surplus flowrate. This was also the case for Tank 9. Tank 5 operated with a sludge age of between 10.1 and 13.7 days with an average value of 11.7 days. During the period that reliable surplus sludge figures were obtained, the sludge age for Tank 9 varied between 15.0 days and 26.9 days with an average value of 19.7 days. Tank 5 has treated an average of 48.6 1/sec sewage Per 1000 m3 aeration tank volume compared to 29.5 1/sec Sewage per 1000 m3 aeration tank volume for the control tank, This represents anincrease in flow per unit aeration tank volume of about 65%. The average sewage flowrates and recycled sludge flow rate have meant that the hydraulic residence time in Tank 9 is 53% longer than in Tank 5. The modified tank has been operated with two final settlement tanks on stream but could have operated satisfactorily, with respect to settlement, with only one final tank, However, during storm periods hydraulic difficulties were experienced due to restrictions in the aeration tank/final tank connecting channels. The control tank has been operated normally with "1-1/2" final tanks, The settled sewage feed to the control tank is usually stronger in terms of BOD and ammoniacal nitrogen than that which is fed to Tank 5. Thus the Tank 9 sewage has a higher oxygen demand per unit volume than that supplied to Tank 5. However, the sludge loading has been 60 to 70% higher in Tank 5 than in Tank 9. 4.1.3. Activated Sludge Characteristics The sludge settleability has been excellent in both Tank 5 and the control tank, The SSDI had an average value of 2.1% for the modified plant and 1.9% for the control tank. Reliable sludge production figures were not available for Tank 9 until June 1983. This was due to an inaccurate surplus Sludge flow meter. A new meter was installed and calibrated by the manufacturers and also checked by a lithium chloride tracing method. The sludge production figures for Tank 9 during November and December are not accurate because other tanks in the same system were being taken off stream and brought on again after essential meintenance work. The sludge production during June to October was 0.87 kg/kg BOD for Tank 9 and 0.88 kg/kg BOD for Tank 5+ Thus, although the sludge loading in Tank 5 has been 0.10 d-1 compared to 0.06 d-1 for Tank 9 there has been very little difference in sludge production rates. Dewatering, and stability tests have been carried out on the sludges and are summarised in Appendix 3. These results show that there is very little difference between the sludges from 10Tanks 5 and 9. Both are stable and easily dewatered. 4.1.4. General Performance Despite continuing problems with the DO control system during the period covered by this report, substantial improvements in aeration efficiency have been maintained. The average aeration efficiency of Tank 5 has been 50% higher than Tank 9. Effluent quality has been maintained and the sludge Produced has excellent settling and dewatering characteristics. During the period of industrial action, Tank 5, which was being operated without DO control, still achieved an improvement in efficiency, compared to Tank 9, of 25%. This shows that about half the energy saving achieved is due to the correct diffuser jay-out and the increased sewage flow per unit volume of aeration tank. During this time the sewage had a significantly higher BOD than the average and was much closer to the value used as a design estimate (see Table 12). Hence Tank 5 was more heavily loaded than has subsequently been the case. When the control system was in operation it may have been possible to improve the aeration efficiency at certain times by increasing the settled Sewage flowrate. This strategy was considered to be undesirable as it represents an option not always available to potential relicators. Tank 8 was operated as a nitrifying plant during the strike Period and achieved roughly the same efficiency as Tank 5. Since the control system simplification in June there has been a decrease in efficiency of approximately 5%. This may be entirely due to modifications to the control system but could have been exacerbated by increasing problems with the control hardware. Moreover, the average mixed liquor temperature after the alterations was about 3.50C higher than previously. The plant was originally optimised to achieve maximum efficiency at winter loadings while maintaining effluent quality and hence operation at slightly lower efficiencies in the warm weather Periods must be expected. A comparison of the energy used per unit volume of sewage 1treated is presented in Table 13. During March to December Tank 5 used 58% less energy per unit volume of sewage treated than Tank 9. This reduction in energy was smaller when the control system was not operational during the period of industrial action. 4.2, MODIFIED NON-NITRIFYING PLANT (TANK 8) 4.2.1, Effluent Quality Tank 8 has been operated in a non-nitrifying mode since March 1983 and has consistently produced an effluent with less than 3 mg/l of oxidised nitrogen. The average effluent BOD was 9.1 mg/l during the period March to December but has been deteriorating since October, reaching 16.5 mg/l in December. The effluent suspended solids concentration also increased from October, reaching a maximum of 30.3 mg/l in December, while the average for the whole period was 10.2 mg/l. There has always been a small but measurable concentration of anionic detergent in the Tank 8 effluent. This compares with Tank 5 and 9 effluent detergent concentrations which were always at the limit of detection. This would tend to imply that treatment of the detergent is just complete as the effluent leaves the final settling tanks. There was a slight increase in the effluent detergent concentration as the effluent quality declined towards the end of the period although the influent detergent concentration remained constant. 4.2.2. Operating Conditions Tank 8 proved to be much easier to convert to a non-nitrifying mode than had been found previously and the high summer mixed liquor temperatures did not result in any signifi- cant degree of nitrification. The tank has been operated at an MLSS concentration of about 1800 mg/l which has resulted in a sludge age of about 2.7 days. The recycle rate has been maintained at about 1:0.6, average settled sewage flowrate: recycled sludge flowrate. The volumetric loading of the tank has been about 90 1/sec per 1000 m3 aeration tank volume. This 12represents a 200% increase in flowrate per unit volume compared to the nitrifying control unit. The tank was operated until mid-September with two final settlement tanks onstream, but was subsequently operated with only one because the other was required for other duties. This factor was the major cause of the deteriorating effluent quality observed from October onwards. (See Fig. A5.1, T8 effluent solids vs time). On two separate occasions large quantities of activated sludge were discharged to the effluent channels from the final tank. The surplus sludge flowrate had to be maintained at high values compared to the other tanks, but although the volume of sludge produced was large, the actual mass of sludge was not very different to that from Tanks 5 and 9. 4.2.3. Activated Sludge Characteristics The average sludge settleability in Tank 8 has been much worse than that in the nitrifying units. For the first three months of non-nitrifying operation the settleability was much the same as Tanks 5 and 9 but in June the SSDI values started to fall and for the last five months has averaged 0.9%. This is shown Graphically in Figure A5.1 in Appendix 5. The sludge production from the unit is much lower than expected and on average less sludge is produced than in the nitrifying units. This is not in agreement with the generally accepted theory that the higher the plant loading the greater the Sludge production rate. The plant operates with a sludge loading about seven times higher than the control tank. Dewatering, settleability and stability trials have been performed on Tank 8 sludge and the results are presented in Appendix 3. The settleability and stability of the sludge are very poor compared to Tanks 5 and 9 and if stored for any length of time the sludge will probably cause odour nuisance. The sludge does not dewater very easily and the cost of chemical conditioning would make some disposal options very expensive. So although the sludge Production rate is much less than anticipated the waste sludge occupies an excessive volume and might present severe disposal problems. 134.2.4. General Performance For the period from March to December when Tank 8 was operating as a non-nitrifying tank the overall efficiency has been about the same as the control unit, Tank 9. In the first four months of operation the aeration efficiency was better than the control tank but during July the efficiency decreased and remained low for the rest of the period. This was not entirely due to control system malfunction as the effect was more severe than that observed on Tank 5. It was determined that it would be difficult to reduce the number of control zones in Tank 8 but the frequency of operation of the control system was reduced in the same way as on Tank 5. This procedure did not have a very marked effect on Tank 5 efficiency and no reason has been found for the greater effect seen in Tank 8. Although the aeration efficiency is much lower than the design estimate, the energy used per unit volume of sewage treated is much lower than Tanks 5 and 9 being only about two thirds of the Tank 5 value and about 37% of the Tank 9 value. It was also observed that the sludge settleability deteriorated as the aeration efficiency decreased during the summer of 1983. It is not known whether these events were connected and the reasons for their occurrence remain unclear. Aeration off-gas measurements (Appendix 4), have provided some information on the poor efficiencies measured in Tank 8. The oxygen transfer rate (from gas bubble to liquid) is very low compared to the nitrifying unit. This means that a large Proportion of the air supplied to the bottom of the tank leaves the surface of the liquid without becoming available for oxidation processes. It was considered that the poor oxygen transfer may have been due to ‘coarse bubbling’ at the inlet to the tank. However, calculated @K,a values are uniformly low from inlet to outlet. If the concentration of surfactants, including anionic detergent has not been sufficiently reduced at the aeration tank outlet, then the © factor will be low throughout the tank. However, it is unclear why the @ Kra value 14at the inlet to Tank 8 should be lower than Tank 5 unless the effect is due to detergent load on Tanks 8 being higher than Tank 5, because of the higher sewage flowrate. 5. PROGRAMME OF FUTURE WORK 5.1. VARIABLE OUTPUT BLOWER At the present time air is supplied to the modified units from a single fixed output, 'Rootes’ type blower. Excess air is vented to atmosphere to maintain the lowest pressure consistent with effective aeration as determined by the control system. By this means estimates of theoretical energy savings have been made. In order to achieve any real energy saving electrical power must only be used to compress and supply that air which is required to satisfy the oxygen demand exerted. A variable output blower is required for this purpose. Two positive displacement, variable output blowers, purchased by Thames Water Authority are due for installation at Rye Meads in March/April 1984 and will enable real energy savings to be achieved and measured. The blowers are sized to provide sufficient variable capacity to supply additional aeration units so that the benefits of the design philosophy may be extended to more of the installed aeration tanks. Modifications to the control system will be necessary to operate the new blowers automatically. It is envisaged that, following commissioning, @ period of 2-3 months operation will give useful information on the actual energy savings achievable. 5.2. NEW AIR CONTROL VALVES AND ACTUATORS The difficulties experienced in achieving reliable operation of the airflow valve actuators have prevented consistent automatic plant operation. The actuator manufacturers have recently introduced modifications to their designs which they believe will prevent recurrence of the failures previously encountered. Frequent repairs to the tank valve actuators, which are mounted above the aeration units in very humid conditions, have led to concern regarding corrosion of electrical components within the actuators. 15New actuators, incorporating an updated circuit design, were installed at Rye Meads in January and February 1984. At the same time the butterfly valves, which were reduced by 'sleeving down’ from 8" and 6" to 3" and 2" respectively, when the plant was commissioned, were replaced with streamlined valves designed to give better flow characteristics. The experience gained in plant operation has provided data on typical airflow requirements through each valve which has enabled the suppliers to select an appropriate valve bore for each location. As a result of their recommendations the 3" valve supplying zone 5.3 was replaced by a 4" valve and the 3" valve supplying 8.3 was replaced by a 2" valve. Other valve bores remain as before. Valves supplying air to zones 5.4, 8.1 and 8.5 will not be electrically actuated. These zones have not been part of the DO control system for some months and infrequent manual valve operation is considered adequate. It is hoped that replacement of the valves and actuators will result in reliable operation of the whole control system for the remainder of the project. 5.3. OTHER WORK Other long term experiments will continue. Particular importance is attached to measurements of oxygen transfer rates by "off-gas" analysis in both modified tanks close to the sewage inlet and in Tank 5 close to the ML outlet, when the oxygen demand is high. The aerator performance will also be monitored as previously by pressure-drop measurements on the diffuser domes, 6. CONCLUSIONS Both of the modified tanks have been in operation with a reasonable degree of DO control since March 1983. Operational data has been collected up to December 1983 as part of the monitoring programme. Both units have demonstrated stable modes of operation throughout this period with the control system 16responding to diurnal and long-term fluctuations in plant conditions. The nitrifying tank has consistently produced an effluent of high quality, similar to that of the control tank, while treating 65% more sewage per unit tank volume. In energy terms the modified nitrifying tank is 50% more efficient than the control tank. An average efficiency of 1.8 kg0z/kWh has been achieved. Almost half of this improvement is due to the design at the diffuser layout which enables an increased sewage flow to be treated. The remainder is the result of fine control of the air supply by the automatic DO and pressure control systems. Simplification of the control system to include the use of only one control point in the tank may have contributed to a slight fall in efficiency of about 5%. The plant operation has been optimised for winter conditions. Additional energy savings could be made if the tank were more heavily loaded during the summer months by diverting sewage flow from other units. Surprisingly the increased load imposed on Tank 5 has produced no penalty in terms of sludge production compared to the control unit. Both tanks produce a very similar sludge with good stability and dewatering characteristics, Non-nitrification has been easier to achieve in Tank 8 than anticipated although low MLSS and sludge age values are required to maintain this mode of operation. The sludge loading is seven times greater than in the control tank and four times greater than in the modified nitrifying unit. Carbonaceous treatment is believed to be only just completed by the end of the tank. However a reasonable effluent, which met the design limits, was Produced until the autumn when the use of only one final settling tank resulted in solids loss and deterioration of effluent quality. The relatively poor settleability of the non-nitrifying sludge has exacerbated the problem. Tank 8 does not produce the mass of sludge which had been predicted for such a heavily loaded Plant. However, the volume of sludge produced is large and it is unstable, difficult to dewater, and soon becomes malodorous. 17The non-nitrifying unit treats three times as much sewage as the control tank per unit volume under aeration. The improvement is purely one of throughput: the energy required per kg oxygen demand satisfied is no less than is required for nitrification for the unmodified tank. The failure to improve the energy efficiency in Tank 8 is apparently due to the poor oxygen transfer from the gas phase which seems to be an inherent feature of the more heavily loaded plant. The results of the off-gas oxygen concentration measurements have provided an insight into the extent to which oxygen is transferred into solution from the gas phase. A surprising result has been the significance of the effects of "coarse- bubbling" in fine-bubble diffused air systems. 18APPENDIX 1 CALCULATION OF DERIVED PARAMETERS Most of the equations used to calculate the derived Parameters in this report were described in the Interim Report of this project in Appendix 1. The calculation of akza values was not included in that appendix and are shown below. The nomenclature used is given overleaf. Under given conditions the rate at which oxygen will dissolve in water is proportional to the local saturation deficit of dissolved oxygen such that:- Sore UnCcsneec)) (ay) dt Vv The interfacial area is difficult to determine and so an overall mass transfer coefficient, kia has been defined as kta = kL é (a2) The transfer coefficient in mixed liquor is generally different to that in clean water and the ratio of kya in mixed liquor to kLa in clean water is termed a. All kta values determined in mixed liquor are products of aand the oxygen transfer coefficient and are referred to as akza. akia values were determined using the off-gas technique, where the oxygen content of the gas leaving the surface of the Mixed liquor was measured at constant airflow. Under these conditions akya is given by akpa = 2. X1 = Xo (a3) Vo Com = C In order to carry out the calculation the value of Csm must be determined. This is given by:- Com = Cy (P+ 0:58 = Py) (Xo + xq) any (760 = Py) (24) 19kLa values are usually quoted at 20°C erd to convert kia at the actual temperature to kia at 20°C the following formula is used:- knar2o] = ktacr] . 1.024(20-T) (a5) 20akpa NOMENCLATURE Calculation of the Overall Mass-transfer Coefficient kia Time Concentration of dissolved oxygen in the liquid at any time Saturation concentration of dissolved oxygen in equilibrium with air at normal atmospheric pressure Average saturation concentration of dissolved oxygen in equilibrium with the arithmetic mean of the volumetric proportions of oxygen in the air entering at a depth equivalent to a pressure, h, and leaving the liquor at any time t. Mass-transfer coefficient of the liquid film Overall mass transfer coefficient Interfacial area between air and liquid Volume of liquid Flow rate of air Atmospheric pressure Saturation vapour pressure of water Temperature of the liquor Density of gaseous oxygen Proportion of oxygen in the air entering the liquid Proportion of oxygen in the air leaving the liquid Head of water above the aerator Ratio between the kia value obtained for waste water and the kLa value obtained in clean water Overall mass transfer coefficient in mixed liquor 21 (h) (mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1) (m/h) (hot) (m2) (m3) (m3/h) (mm Hg) (mm Hg) (ec) (mg/1) (mm Hg) (n-1)With the exception of the oxygen demand calculation described below all other calculations remain as detailed in the Interim Report. The oxygen demand equation for the non-nitrifying unit, Tank 8, has been modified to incorporate an additional term representing the sludge contained within the reaeration zone and the oxygen required for endogenous respiration. The oxygen demand satisfied in the non-nitrifying unit is thus: Oxygen demand = 0.0864 qsl0.75(BODj-BODe) + (CMLssV + CrsssV2) + 4.3(Ny-Ne)] (kg/d) (a6) where as = settled sewage flowrate (1/s) BOD; = BOD concentration in settled sewage influent (mg/1) BODe = BOD concentration in effluent (mg/1) MLSS concentration (mg/1) RSSS concentration (mg/1) v Aeration tank volume (m3) Vo = Re-aeration zone volume (m3) Nj = Ammoniacal nitrogen concentration in settled sewage effluent (mg/1) Ne = Ammoniacal nitrogen concentration in effluent (mg/1) Equation A6 has been used throughout the period of this report for oxygen demand calculations for the non-nitrifying tank. 22APPENDIX 2 INVESTIGATION OF THE CONDITION OF DIFFUSERS AFTER INSTALLATION IN_THE MODIFIED AERATION TANKS INTRODUCTION Sections of eight diffuser domes mounted on removable pipework were installed in both modified tanks as described in Appendix 3A of the project Interim Report. These sections were located in Tank 5 at the beginning of zone 1 and the end of zone 3 and in Tank 8 at the inlet to zone 2. These positions correspond to areas of high and low loading in Tank 5 and to high loading in Tank 8. The pipe sections are suspended just above the floor of the tank and air is supplied, via a rotameter from the air main, at a nominal flow rate of 15-20 l/min per diffuser. Four of the diffusers from each location have been periodically removed from the tank for examination and have been subjected to the pressure-drop test described in the Appendix of the project Preliminary Report. RESULTS The results of the pressure-drop measurements, corrected for the static head of water above the diffuser, are shown in Table A.2.1, The figures in mmWG are the average of the pressure-drops recorded for the four diffusers tested from each section at each of the two flowrates of 15 1/min and 50 1/min, Tank 5 Zone 1 These diffusers were covered with a layer of sludge approximately 2-3 mm deep. This coating appeared within weeks of the installation of the diffusers but did not become noticeably thicker over the 21.5 month period of observation. Occasionally, white slime growths were apparent, those more often occurred on the sludge adhering to the pipe sections and diffuser base plates than on the diffusers. The white deposits on the interior of the diffusers was again observed. 23029 09S o9€ oze 0s (utW/T) ole 062 one og SL ayed moTsute @ eu0z g yuey o€e Ole oo€ oo€ ose 0s (utw/T) ove 062 one 061 061 SL a3ed moTsute € 9u0z ¢ quey oge 06€ ole ole ozz 4 0g (4rw/T) oe oz ooze OL Ont 061 SL aqe4 moTgute | eu0z ¢ yuez (OM wu) suoTaeutW4e39p doup-aunssaud Jo sytnsay “i-2y atqez se aL sreL (s43u0w) suotzesado ut awry, 2h‘Tank 5 Zone 3 These diffusers have remained free of all but very slight traces of sludge over the 21.5 month period of observation. No slime growth has been apparent. Again the white deposit on the underside of the diffusers has been observed. Tank 8 Zone 2 These diffusers have been in operation in Tank 8 for 13.5 months. Over this period they have become progressively covered with sludge and a slime which resembles that found in the settled sewage channels. Combined deposits are now 5-10 mm deep. The surface of the coating is not uniform but has numerous depressions, several mm in diameter, presumably formed by the passage of air from the surface of the diffuser. The material is more gelatinous than that attached to the diffusers taken from the nitrifying environment. CONCLUSIONS A gradual deterioration in diffuser-pressure drop characteristics has occurred during the 21.5 month period of observation at the removable diffusers in Tank 5 and the 13.5 month evaluation of Tank 8. The results obtained from the apparently uncontaminated diffuser in Tank 5 Zone 3 imply that the deterioration is not caused by any obvious surface layer. The deterioration of the pressure-drop characteristics of the diffusers taken from Tank 5 has occurred more rapidly since February 1983 when the DO concentrations have been more regularly maintained at low levels. The diffusers taken from the non-nitrifying environment have declined in performance in the test to a much greater extent than those in Tank 5. The increased pressure-drop across the diffusers is particularly apparent at high air flowrates. Any increase in system pressure is detrimental to economic energy usage. For the modified units an additional 10 kWh/day is required to supply air to each tank for an air main pressure rise of 0.1 mW.G. 25Microscopic examination of diffusers has revealed that sludge coatings do not penetrate more than 1-2 mm into the surface and the exact cause of the increased pressure-drop is still unclear. However, accumulations of sludge on diffuser surfaces may lead to "coarse-bubbling" and reduced aerator Performance. There is visual evidence, of coarse-bubbling in zones 5.1 and 8.2. 26APPENDIX 3 SHARACTERISATION OF ACTIVATED SLUDGES FROM THE MODIFIED TANKS AND THE CONTROL TANK Three reports have been produced on the dewatering and stability characteristics of the activated sludges from Tanks 5, 8 and 9. A summary of the results obtained is presented in Tables AB.1 and A3.2. The fraction of sludge solids lost on ignition was very much the same for all three sludges in April and August but in Pecember the fraction lost was much lower for Tanks 5 and 9 sludges than previously. This implies that these sludges were more mineralised in December than before. The filtrability of the fresh sludges was determined using the Capillary Suction Time measurement (CST). In all cases the filtrability of the sludges from Tanks 5 and 9 were similar to each other. The filtrability ip August was better than on the other two occasions, this was also true for Tank 8 sludge. However, Tank 8 sludge has always exhibited a very poor filtrability compared to the other two sludges. The filtrability of the sludges before and after Storage for between five to seven days was measured using the multi-radii CST apparatus which determines an estimated specific resistance to filtration, Tank 5 showed a 2 to 5 fold increase in Specific resistance to filtration while Tank 9 showed a1 to 4 fold increase which tends to suggest that the Tank 9 sludge is slightly more stable. However, Tank 8 sludge was very unstable and showed an increase of between 2 to 19 fold in specific resistance on storage. The specific resistance was always far higher than for Tanks 5 and 9, being at least an order of magnitude greater before storage. 4 polyelectrolyte dose of between 1.5 to 2.5 ke per tonne of ary solids was required to condition sludge from Tanks 5 ana 9 for successful mechanical dewatering. Generally, Tanks 5 and 9 produced sludges with comparable characteristics which would be suitable for mechanical dewatering 27s*9 a4 €€ dnt nh te 6"8 gre ne ua@wgoaa sh an Lt nOL eb 2h Le 8°0 tL isnony OL Loa 5 gfe og ee 9° OnE eb ere g'9z Trud¥ shep 2 03 ¢ owty aut, (ed% 64 38 B4/u 2,01) oTsroeds peyewrasg ~ A3tTrQeatta (S) wu OL 1s9 etdues YOTRe49TTS 03 soueqstsoy say Jo kaFtvqeuntey oreL o°sg Eel hg 2°&@ eng eng he athe (2) uotgTuBt uo 4807 uorqoeay SeBpnts Jo Aarttqesatty pue Aattrqeag “1 Ey eTqeL eSpnts 6 aSpnts aSpnts in aSpnts eSpnts aapnts a3pnts e8pnts aSpnts ¢ eTdues muey quel uel uel uel aueL uel yuey ued 2660 - s'0 sth ae 9 or9 0 daquacsq ve SL os et @ 7 eb nh gz ge se d asngny an ob el a 6 sz ee eb eS 0 Tray 6 mueL g ueL Ss mue, (S@_euu09/3%) (gg 82397) aquoK (2d4 6h 4® B4/U 2,01) WOTIeAZTTY 09 soueystsay oTjToSds paqemTzsy — Jau0TaTpucd Jo esog puewep quetnBe0g -2*Ey ataerwith a low dose of chemical condition. Tank 8 produced sludge which was unstable, malodorous on storage, and unlikely to be Suitable for mechanical dewatering even after the addition of high dosages of chemical conditioner. fhe tests used to characterise the sludges were performed by Baskerville Technical Services, Bigods Hall, Gt Dunmow, Essex 50APPENDIX 4 MEASUREMENT OF THE OXYGEN CONTENT OF THE OFF-GAS FROM THE MODIFIED AERATION UNITS INTRODUCTION A knowledge of the oxygen content of the gas bubbles leaving the surface of an aeration unit gives a direct measure of the oxygen actually transferred into solution and available for treatment. This information can be used to derive oxygen transfer rates and values of kia, the mass transfer coefficient in ML, at various air flowrates. In non-uniformly mixed tanks the rate of oxygen transfer and utilisation will depend upon the degree of treatment achieved and off-gas measurements can provide estimates of the variation in the value of the factor as a function of position in the tank. The off-gas oxygen concentration is a valuable measure of Plant performance since it can provide information on oxygen transfer rates under normal plant operating conditions. Measurements of the off-gas oxygen concentration throughout both modified aeration tanks have been made. METHOD Steady-state conditions must be achieved if measurement of the oxygen content in the off-gas is to be meaningful. This involves the selection and maintenance of a suitable air flow rate for a period of approximately 0.5 hour to enable DO concentrations to stabilise. A period of relatively constant sewage flow is necessary to provide a constant hydraulic load on the tank. The gas leaving the surface of the liquid is collected in an aluminium hood. The hood is 0.5 m wide and spans the width of the aeration zone. The off-gas collected is sampled via a tube from the hood and is drawn into a paramegnetic analyser to measure the oxygen concentration. During the measurement a record is made of the air flowrate, Pressure and temperature, the mixed liquor temperature and DO a”concentration, the sewage flowrate and the atmospheric pressure, The temperature of the air bubbles has been assumed to be the Same as the ML temperature. Measurements made in the supply downpipe at the floor of the aeration tank indicate that the air temperature very quickly approaches the ML temperature, 4 series of measurements have been made in each location to Provide information about the variation of oxygen transfer with air flowrate. RESULTS The results are shown in Tables Au.1 and A4.2 for Tanks 5 and 8 respectively. The variation of kta, at 20°C, as a function of air supply and position in aeration tank is shown in Figs AN.1 and Au.4. Oxygen transfer rates per diffuser at Several typical flowrates are shown in Figures Au.2 and A4.5, Figures A4.3 and Au.6 illustrate the range of akta values measured for typical daily operational air flow throughout the tanks. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS Tank 5 The value of akya at 20°C varied between 2 and 20 h-1 in Tank 5. akia varies mainly as a function of air flow-rate. There is also a trend towards higher ak_a as the tank outlet is approached (Fig. A4.1). The percentage of the oxygen from the air bubbles that was dissolved in the mixed liquor varied between 7 and 14%. In most locations and at most air flowrates approximately 10-12% of the oxygen supplied was transferred into solution to be available for treatment. This shows good general agreement with the overall oxygen utilisation figure of 10.5% achieved for Tank 5 between March and December 1983. When these figures are converted to zero ML DO concentration, the Percentage of oxygen transferred into solution, at the maximum concentration during force, shows a clear trend towards increased transfer at the Tank outlet, most of the improvement occurring in zones 3 and 4, 32Fig. A.4.2 shows the oxygen transfer rate per diffuser at several air flowrates throughout Tank 5. As treatment proceeds the oxygen transfer rate increases as the effect of a decreases. However, the increase is not a linear function of position in the aeration tank. There is a fairly uniform oxygen transfer rate over most of the aeration tank with a substantial improvement towards the outlet. This implies that there is no significant increase in the a factor value until the sewage treatment is almost complete. The value of « is related to the concentration of surfactant present, since high detergent levels will hinder oxygen transfer into solution across the air-liquid interface. When the activated sludge process has reduced the detergent concentration sufficiently, the transfer rate of oxygen into solution is improved and the value of a increases. In the first zone of Tank 5 there is a slight enhancement in the oxygen transfer rate. Some 'coarse-bubbling’ is apparent in this region and there is evidence to suggest that oxygen transfer into solution is not so adversely affected by surfactants when the air bubbles are large. Fig. A¥.3 shows the range of a kLa values through Tank 5 at typical operational air flowrates. The daily maximum and minimum values are those associated with the maximum and minimum air flow rates determined by the control system to satisfy the varying oxygen demand. Values of a kia remain relatively stable in the first two zones of the tanks. A wide range of values can occur in the second pass as the air flow is varied to match the demand. The meana kia value achieved throughout the unit is about 9 h-1. Tank 8 Calculated values fora kia at 20°C ranged from 1 to 15 h-1, varying with air flowrate and position in the aeration tank as shown in Fig. A4.5. The proportion of the oxygen transferred into solution varied between 6 and 12%. The average value was approximately 8% which agrees quite well with the figure of 7% derived from the monitoring programme averages for March-December 1983 (See Appendix No 5, Table A5.11). 33Tank 8 does not show the same improvements in extent or rate of oxygen transfer at the maximum driving force that were apparent in the Tank 5 data, until very close to the tank outlet. Figure A4.5 illustrates that for most of the length of the aeration tank, the rate of oxygen transfer into solution per diffuser is virtually constant, for a fixed airflow. The detergent load imposed on Tank 8 is approximately 2.5 times that on Tank 5, per kg of activated sludge. Low Concentrations of detergent are usually detectable in the effluent from Tank 8, implying that carbonaceous oxidation may not be completed in much less than the sewage contact time. Thus, surfactant concencentrations may be sufficiently high to restrict oxygen transfer through most of the tank resulting in the Poor oxygen transfer rates observed. Irrespective of the air Supply a sewage contact time of at least 1.6 hours is apparently necessary before sufficient treatment is achieved to cause any significant increase in the transfer rate. Wot surprisingly the oxygen transfer rates in the reaeration zone are similar to those measured in zone 5 at the end of the aeration unit. The greater degree of diffuser sliming in Tank 8 zone 2 has ied to more pronounced coarse-bubbling in that zone than in Tank 5 zone 1. This may have reduced the effect of the surfactant on the air-liquid interface, giving greater oxygen transfer in that region. There is no evidence of coarse-bubbling elsewhere in the tank. At the sewage inlet many factors combine to affect the transfer rate of oxygen into the mixed liquor. It is probable that the sewage and sludge are not well mixed before the 10 m baffle in zone 2 making measurements in this area difficult to interpret. Fig. A4.6 shows the range of operational daily values of a- kta throughout the non-nitrifying unit. The variation is small except in zone 2 where there is a large increase in aka especially at high airflow rates. This may be the result of the increased extent of coarse-bubbling at high air flowrates caused by coalescence of bubbles at the diffuser surface, The averagevalue of aka achieved in Tank 8 was approximately 5 h-1, CONCLUSIONS The oxygen mass transfer coefficient in Tank 8 is always jess than that in Tank 5 for a similar air supply flowrate and location. Thus less air is dissolved in Tank 8 mixed liquor than would be the case in Tank 5 mixed liquor for the same air flow. More of the air supplied to Tank 8 is wasted to the atmosphere and hence the aeration efficiency is lower in this unit. The low DO level and high respiration rate in Tank 8 tend to produce a Sreater driving force for oxygen solution, which should result in improved efficiency rather than the reverse. Hence the reasons for the poor transfer of oxygen into Tank 8 mixed liquor remain unclear. The suppression of oxygen transfer due to thee-factor effect will be much greater in Tank 8 than in Tank 5 due to the higher detergent to sludge load. This may be the cause of the poor results obtained. The 4-factor is also related to the concentration of floceulent solids in mixed-liquor and can exhibit a range of values which is characteristic of a particular activated sludge Plant. Flocculent solids may influence oxygen transfer rates by altering the air/liquid contact time. Extra-cellular polymers Produced by the sludge may also affect the gas/liquid interface. In fine-bubble diffused air systems the depression in the mass transfer coefficient is expected to be greatest close to the Sewage inlet. The value of a increases towards the end of the tank as treatment proceeds and the composition of the tank liquor more nearby resembles clean water. The improved transfer rates found in the first aerated zones of both modified tanks has been 2 Surprising result of these investigations. One explanation may be that the enhanced oxygen transfer from the larger bubbles Produced in these zones has obscured the effects of surfactant on the fine bubbles and hence upon thea-factor. If this is so then coarse-bubble aeration near to the sewage inlet of an aeration tank produces an efficiency benefit rather than a penalty. 35The interpretation of the data from the off-gas measurements is not straightforward. More work is necessary, especially at high sewage loading rates to complete the full range of measurements. The results may be helpful in aeration tank design since information may be obtained on the best layout of diffusers to deliver to required volume of air at the optimum flowrate per diffuser. 36x Mm ie 5 % a % 98 # # t e 8 i e # i we g a : (urw/3) cs) 888-330 i sooetieety GAP gelBSateay 98Z.S30oedt masalBlean TCE? coe a) vtbtda Mie aosy'* owen yo sey woitaxo eased wonkto 5 ad nOTHITY souezera (5 mweL) muey Bur AssaatH PAIMse4 peretoy put uorqesqueoucs uaBhxe Se8-539 “|-ny oTaez 37Oft-gas oxygen concentration ang related resu: Non-niteitying tane: (tame 8) 19:2 Po od (£ Satin) 6 3 3 Mrfiow per 38 138 Seng 135 85,<— ().285 1) poor sep yreauag arey moj4 sy 09 os ov oe oz o1 T T r = T T T a (9902 48)" Fy wig'6L uig'6p wg'ep wig-08 NOILV907 LNW1d 8 3LVY MOTd HIV JO NOLLONNS V SV 3 INV NI (9902) °T49 INVL ONIADINLIN§ bY AUNOIS<+— (w) 19u] abemag wosy aouersig — oer oct Olt OOL—— 0s “§hKL Gihsii—ias—iss T T T T T T T T T T T T 1UIUr Gt = —* . nn “ a a or Jog eu, — uy mois sty _—— ._— a oz 10E = xem Luu gy = segarey A asnyyia v7 mors ay Jag are, _— moj any v oo oe ¥'G auoz £°5 ouoz 2G au0z 1g auoz au0z ayxouy S3LVYMOT4 HIV TVH3AIS LY NOLLW9O1 INVId SA YaSNddIG Had BLVY YFASNVUL N3DAXO 3H 4O HdV¥O (5 NV) YNVL ONIASINLIN ‘Zpv aNNOIS = 00 0482 Jy (uw 6) sasnyyiq/arey sajsues, UaBAXO<— 191u) abemag wos, aouers! Co (dh I Oe ees CS ee) T T T T T T T T T wwii Auea 0 2 “| | aE x, (9902 18) eo x x. * Kea x a / OL r ready 5 wnwixey : Auleg ¢#—— ee —_. years yi aL '$ au0z £9 euoz | z'g auoz 1g auoz Jouoz, ayxouy! NOLLVINWA TVNUNIG 40 3DNVY TWOIdAL 3HL ONIMOHS NOLLV901 LNW Id 4O NOLLONMA V SV (9902 38) Fy? 40 HAVES (G ANVLJ ANVL ONIAAINLIN: “E'bY BUNDLE+ (1.2251) POOH seD 430 yreauag arey Moly sy oor | Ove ee Oo 4 (9902 32) ° 10 | aL gez ‘SEL NOILV907 LNW1d B TLVY MO1d UIV SAB ANVL NI (9902 3) °F ANVL ONIAMINLINNON “b'bV ANNI<— (w) 2914} abemag wos) aouersiqg. —— {Ot ears O01 ergs 08 Jmsen OG famsete OC graetes 9 Waetetz OS etetn OV Aetetes OS aeret OZ wrest 101) oo T T T T T T T T T T T UNM] SL = ° sasnyyig sag ie a, mo} any N,—?! ? o1 1 MUL OE = a. 495m}! sag 2104 mold ay / \ ae 1 MIT Gp = sasnyyig. tag a1ey mold ay oz gg auoz yg 2u0z £8 au0z zg au0z ‘auoz uonesay-oy SALVY MOTd HIV TVHAAIS LV NOILV901 LNV1d 40 NOILONNA <= — 00 0487 22 (ujus/6) sasnyyiq sag a1ey JeysueI| UaBAXQ VW Sv YaSNSdIO Hd ILVY YB4ASNVYL N3DAXO 4O HdVO (8 INVL) INVL ONIASINLIN'NON “SPV aUNDIS<= (uw) 1214} abemag wo. aouersig oO 0oL = 06 Bk SEC ia 0 T T T T T T T T T T T o8 vane ot a) {9902 38) ® Tyo o— | os: Gg au0z vB au0z £8 auoz- ZR au0z is auoz uonevay-04 NOILVINWA TVNYNIG JO FONVY TWOIdAL 3HL ONIMOHS NOILV907 LNVId JO NOILONNA V Sv (9,02 12) € 14° 40 HdVUO (8 ANVL) HNVL ONIASINLIN-NON “9'pv 3HNOISTable A5.1. Summary of average results obtained in modified plants - March 1983 Settled Sewage BOD (mg/1) Ammoniacal-N (mg/1) Suspended solids (mg/1) COD (mg/1) Soluble phosphate (mg/1) Anionic detergent (mg/1) ine : Settled sewage flowrate (1/s) Recycled sludge flowrate (1/s) MLSS (mg/1) Airflow rate (1/s @ NTP) Surplus sludge flowrate (1/s) Temperature of aerated liquor (°C) Effluent Quality BOD (mg/1) Ammoniacal Nitrogen (mg/1) Suspended solids (mg/1) COD (mg/1) Oxidised-N (mg/1) Soluble phosphate (mg/1) Anionic detergents (mg/1) Derived Data SSDI Volumetric loading (1/s per 1000 m3) Sludge loading (days~!) Sludge age (days) Hydraulic residence time (h) Oxygen demand satisfied (kg/d) Theoretical power requirement (kWh/d) Oxygen Utilization (4) Aeration efficiency (kg 02/kWh) Denitrification (%) Sludge production (g/g BOD applied) 39 Nitrifying Tank 5 109.9 32.2 124.1 279 9.8 85.3 89.5 4950 668 1.05 14.1 aw coSheoe MENOoLL 2.2 46.6 0.09 10.87 2.91 1802 1045 10.4 1.72 32.3 1.02 Non Nitrifying Tank 8 139.5 85.9 2199 646 Wit ro w Condaaa Ses Se etSunoka 0.93 Control plant Tank 9 99.6 124.9 4565 1388 11.0 nwo es8 elton Meow Floas & SooTable A5.2. Summary of average results obtained in modified plants ~ Apr Settled Sewage BOD (mg/1) Ammoniacal-N (mg/1) Suspended Solids (mg/1) COD (mg/1) Soluble phosphate (mg/1) Anionic detergent (mg/1) Operating Conditions Settled sewage flowrate (1/s) Recycled sludge flowrate (1/s) MLSS (mg/1) Airflow rate (1/s @ NTP) Surplus sludge flowrate (1/s) Temperature of aerated liquor (°C) Effluent Quality BOD (mg/1) Ammoniacal Nitrogen (mg/1) Suspended solids (mg/1) COD (mg/1) Oxidised-N (mg/1) Soluble phosphate (mg/1) Anionic detergents (mg/1) Derived Data SSDI Volumetric loading (1/s per 1000 m3) Sludge loading (days~!) Sludge age (days) Hydraulic residence time (h) Oxygen demand satisfied (kg/d) Theoretical power requirement (kWh/d) Oxygen Utilization (%) Aeration efficiency (kg 02/kWh) Denitrification (%) Sludge production (g/g BOD applied) 40 il 1983 Nitrifying Tank 5 Non Nitrifying Tank 8 Control plant Tank 9 84.0 29.9 105.0 239Table A5.3. Summary of average results obtained in modified plants ~ Ma Settled Sewage BOD (mg/1) Ammoniacal-N (mg/1) Suspended solids (mg/1) COD (mg/l) Soluble phosphate (mg/1) Anionic detergent (mg/1) Operating Conditions Settled sewage flowrate (1/s) Recycled sludge flowrate (1/s) MLSS (mg/1) Airflow rate (1/s @ NTP) Surplus sludge flowrate (1/s) Temperature of aerated liquor (°C) Effluent Quality BOD (mg/1) Ammoniacal Nitrogen (mg/1) Suspended solids (mg/1) COD (mg/1) Oxidised-N (mg/1) Soluble phosphate (mg/1) Anionic detergents (mg/1) Derived Data SSDI Volumetric loading (1/s per 1000 m3) Sludge loading (days~') Sludge age (days) Hydraulic residence time (h) Oxygen demand satisfied (kg/d) Theoretical power requirement (kWh/d) Oxygen Utilization (%) Aeration efficiency (kg 02/kWh) Denitrification (%) Sludge production (g/g BOD applied) ut y 1983 Nitrifying Tank 5 Bows was ese bh Gb 92.7 4831 Non Nitrifying Tank 8 Control plant Tank 9 116.6 29.8 98.7 246 121.2 129.6 4ST4 1352 13.4Table A5.4. Summary of average results obtained in modified plants = June 1983 Settled Sewage BOD (mg/1) Ammoniacal-N (mg/1) Suspended solids (mg/1) COD (mg/1) Soluble phosphate (mg/1) Anionic detergent (mg/1) Operating Conditions Settled sewage flowrate (1/s) Recycled sludge flowrate (1/s) MLSS (mg/1) Airflow rate (1/s @ NTP) Surplus sludge flowrate (1/s) Temperature of aerated liquor (°C) Effluent Quality BOD (mg/1) Ammoniacal Nitrogen (mg/1) Suspended solids (mg/1) coD (mg/1) Oxidised-N (mg/1) Soluble phosphate (mg/1) Anionic detergents (mg/1) Derived Data SSDI Volumetric loading (1/s per 1000 m3) Sludge loading (days~!) Sludge age (days) Hydraulic residence time (hn) Oxygen demand satisfied (kg/d) Theoretical power requirement (kWh/d) Oxygen Utilization (4) Aeration efficiency (kg 02/kWh) Denitrification (#) Sludge production (g/g BOD applied) we Nitrifying Tank 5 91.8 29.6 95.0 254 7.8 8.4 89.4 90.0 4262 608 1.07 15.9 owtsuon Rho NRO 1.9 48.8 0.09 10.1 2.84 1631 922 10.3 1.8 36.2 1.09 Non Nitrifying Tank 8 Gono Control plant Tank 9 86.2 30.3 94.5 2hy 109.8 127.8 4317 1313 1.09 16.0 row owdtrow nok ero 24 29.6 0.05 18.4 4.3u 2385 2125 7.0 1 17.2 1.09Table A5.5. Summary of average results obtained in modified plants = July 1983 ; Non Control, Mere Nitrifying plant an! Tank 8 = Tank 9 Settled Sewage BOD (mg/1) 81.1 81.8 85.6 Ammoniacal-N (mg/1) 28.8 28.8 29.8 Suspended solids (mg/1) 100.0 100.0 104.5 coD (mg/1) 225 225 238 Soluble phosphate (mg/1) 8.4 8.4 - Anionic detergent (mg/1) 7.9 7.9 Operating Conditions Settled sewage flowrate (1/s) 95.1 154.5 115.6 Recycled sludge flowrate (1/s) 95.0 95.8 12m.4 MLSS (mg/1) 3783 1762 3902 Airflow rate (1/s @ NTP) 657 631 1327 Surplus sludge flowrate (1/s) 0.94 3.13 1.31 Temperature of aerated liquor (°C) 18.7 18.2 18.8 Effluent Quality BOD (mg/1) 2.5 5.2 2.6 Ammoniacal Nitrogen (mg/1) 0.3 27.8 0.2 Suspended solids (mg/1) 4.9 6.1 7.3 coD (mg/1) 32 40 31 Oxidised-N (mg/1) VW. 1.7 21.1 Soluble phosphate (mg/1) 9.5 8.6 10.0 Anionic detergents (mg/1) 0.2 0.4 0.2 Derived Data SSDI 2a 1.2 Volumetric loading (1/s per 1000 m3) 51.9 95.8 . Sludge loading (days~!) 0.4 0.38 0.06 Sludge age (days) 10.7 3.0 15.0 Hydraulic residence time (h) 2.68 1.77 4.30 Oxygen demand satisfied (kg/d) 1599 997 2333 Theoretical power requirement (kWh/d) 977 933 2188 Oxygen Utilization (4) 9.4 6.1 6.8 Aeration efficiency (kg 02/kWh) 1.6 wt 1 Denitrification (#) 33.4 - 2u.2 Sludge production (g/g BOD applied) 0.97 0.87 1213 ASTable A5.6. Summary of average results obtained in modified plants - August 1983 Settled Sewage BOD (mg/1) Ammoniacal-N (mg/1) Suspended solids (mg/1) COD (mg/1) Soluble phosphate (mg/1) Anionic detergent (mg/1) Operating Conditions Settled sewage flowrate (1/s) Recycled sludge flowrate (1/s) MLSS _(mg/1) Airflow rate (1/s @ NTP) Surplus sludge flowrate (1/s) Temperature of aerated liquor (°C) Effluent Quality BOD (mg/1) Ammoniacal Nitrogen (mg/1) Suspended solids (mg/1) CoD (mg/1) Oxidised-N (mg/1) Soluble phosphate (mg/1) Anionic detergents (mg/1) Derived Data SSDI Volumetric loading (1/s per 1000 m3) Sludge loading (days~!) Sludge age (days) Hydraulic residence time (h) Oxygen demand satisfied (kg/d) Theoretical power requirement (kWh/d) Oxygen Utilization (%) Aeration efficiency (kg 02/kWh) Denitrification (%) Sludge production (g/g BOD applied) da Nitrifying Tank 5 101.5 30.3 100.4 231 9.4 9.3 90.8 95.0 4042 676 0.78 19.2 oSanheron Rok ofs0f5nd05n Shihab 171 103 odo Non Control Nitrifying plant Tank 8 | Tank 9 101.5 121.0 30.3 31.6 100.4 95.3 231 250 9.4 - 9.3 144.8 106.8 89.7 128.8 1728 3932 742 1360 3.13 0.64 18.9 19.2 1.7 4M 28.3 0.2 6.3 10.6 42 36 1.8 24.7 8.6 10.3 o.4 0.2 0.8 2. 89.7 28.8 0.46 0.08 3.0 26.9 1.78 4138 1158 25 69 1129 2ir2 6.0 110 0.72Table A5.7. Summary of average results obtained in modified plants - September 1983 Settled Sewage BOD (mg/1) Ammoniacal-N (mg/1) Suspended solids (mg/1) COD (mg/1) Soluble phosphate (mg/1) Anionic detergent (mg/1) Operating Conditions Settled sewage flowrate (1/s) Recycled sludge flowrate (1/s) MLSS (mg/1) Airflow rate (1/s @ NTP) Surplus sludge flowrate (1/s) Temperature of aerated liquor (°C) Effluent Quality BOD (mg/1) Ammoniacal Nitrogen (mg/1) Suspended solids (mg/1) COD (mg/1) Oxidised-N (mg/1) Soluble phosphate (mg/1) Anionic detergents (mg/1) Derived Data SSDI Volumetric loading (1/s per 1000 m3) Sludge loading (days~!) Sludge age (days) Hydraulic residence time (h) Oxygen demand satisfied (kg/d) Nitrifying Tank 5 Rows aadStss ae boo 88.1 91.1 4552 613 0.86 17.5 owltnon Rate” ol 2.2 48.1 0.09 13.3 2.84 1695 Theoretical power requirement (kWh/d) 921 Oxygen Utilization (%) Aeration efficiency (kg 02/kWh) Denitrification (%) Sludge production (g/g BOD applied) 45 10.7 1.8 37.7 0.80 Non Control Nitrifying plant Tank 8 = Tank 9 103.0 111.2 30.0 31.8 91.5 85.7 227 aut 7.8 - 6.6 - 142.3 106.7 96.2 125.2 1693 4323 683 1327 3.05 0.85 17.5 17.4 8.3 27.2 5.7 42 1.8 8.2 0.4 0.9 2.0 95.6 28.7 0.46 0.06 3.1 22.7 1.87 aus 1186 2509 1019 2096 6.7 7.3 1.2 ez) = 24.7 0.70 0.69Table A5.8. Summary of average results obtained in modified plants - October 1983 ifyi Non Control Nirri"® nitrifying plant Tank 8 Tank 9 Settled Sewage BOD (mg/1) 110.0 110.0 119.4 Ammoniacal-N (mg/1) 31.9 31.9 34.0 Suspended solids (mg/1) 102.4 102.4 91.3 coD (mg/1) 258 258 274 Soluble phosphate (mg/1) 8.8 8.8 - Anionic detergent (mg/1) 8.7 8.7 Operating Conditions Settled sewage flowrate (1/s) 88.1 137.2 104.9 Recycled sludge flowrate (1/s) 90.0 92.4 133.7 MLSS (mg/1) 4537 1721 aye Airflow rate (1/s @ NTP) 649 701 1408 Surplus sludge flowrate (1/s) 0.93 3.29 1.27 Temperature of aerated liquor (°C) 16. 16.2 16.3 Effluent Quality BOD (mg/1) 2.7 11.4 5.0 Ammoniacal Nitrogen (mg/1) 0.2 29.4 0.2 Suspended solids (mg/1) 3.7 8.5 11.2 coD (mg/1) 34 50 36 Oxidised-N (mg/1) 19.9 1.7 22.6 Soluble phosphate (mg/1) 10.1 8.8 10.7 Anionic detergents (mg/1) 0.2 0.3 0.2 Derived Data SSDI 2.1 1.0 1.7 Volumetric loading (1/s per 1000 m3) 48.1 92.4 28.3 Sludge loading (days~!) 0.10 0.47 0.07 Sludge age (days) 11.8 2.8 15.4 Hydraulic residence time (hn) 2.86 1.92 4.32 Oxygen demand satisfied (kg/d) 1815, 1167 2586 Theoretical power requirement (kWh/d) 938 1085 2271 Oxygen Utilization (4) 10.8 6.4 Td Aeration efficiency (kg 02/kWh) 1.9 1 lod Denitrification (4) 32.9 - 28.7 Sludge production (g/g BOD applied) 0.84 0.75 0.99 46Table A5.9. Summary of average results obtained in modified plants - November 1983 Nitrifying Tank 5 Settled Sewage BOD (mg/1) Ammoniacal-N (mg/1) Suspended solids (mg/1) CoD (mg/1) Soluble phosphate (mg/1) Anionic detergent (mg/1) Mey Rows womans ar ed Operating Conditions Settled sewage flowrate (1/s) 82.9 Recycled sludge flowrate (1/s) 90.0 MLSS (mg/1) 4621 Airflow rate (1/s @ NTP) 632 Surplus sludge flowrate (1/s) 1.03 Temperature of aerated liquor (°C) 14.6 Effluent Quality BOD (mg/1) 3 Ammoniacal Nitrogen (mg/1) 0 Suspended solids (mg/1) 4 COD (mg/1) 30 Oxidised-N (mg/1) 18 Soluble phosphate (mg/1) 9 Anionic detergents (mg/1) 0 Derived Data SSDI 2 Volumetric loading (1/s per 1000 m3) 45 Sludge loading (days~!) 0 Sludge age (days) 1" Hydraulic residence time (h) 2 Oxygen demand satisfied (kg/d) 1755 Theoretical power requirement (kWh/d) 961 Oxygen Utilization (4%) 10.7 Aeration efficiency (kg 02/kWh) 1.8 Denitrification (%) 40.0 Sludge production (g/g BOD applied) 0.85 az Non Nitrifying Tank 8 lw womens ar eS rm 134.4 83.3 1787 Control plant Tank 9 122.7 33.3 101.2 280 99.7 132.8 5039 1346 0.97 14.6 =nw cSdfwoow bho be 1.6 26.9 0.06 16.8 way 2545 2011 T.T 1.3 35.7 1.05Table A5.10. Summary of average results obtained in modified plants - December 1983 Settled Sewage BOD (mg/1) Ammoniacal-N (mg/1) Suspended solids (mg/1) cop (mg/1) Soluble phosphate (mg/1) Anionic detergent (mg/1) Operating Conditions Settled sewage flowrate (1/s) Recycled sludge flowrate (1/s) MLSS (mg/1) Airflow rate (1/s @ NTP) Surplus sludge flowrate (1/s) Temperature of aerated liquor (°C) Effluent Quality BOD (mg/1) Ammoniacal Nitrogen (mg/1) Suspended solids (mg/l) CoD (mg/1) Oxidised-N (mg/1) Soluble phosphate (mg/1) Anionic detergents (mg/1) Derived Data SSDI Volumetric loading (1/s per 1000 m3) Sludge loading (days~!) Sludge age (days) Hydraulic residence time (h) Oxygen demand satisfied (kg/d) Nitrifying Tank 5 Rows @eotate 8 9 458: 65: 1 eStSaoe 4 1 174 ayo ao 5.9 0.0 9 3 1,03 2.8 Lo bod 2.1 6.1 0.10 0.8 2.89 4 Theoretical power requirement (kWh/d) 997 Oxygen Utilization (%) Aeration efficiency (kg 02/kWh) Denitrification (4) Sludge production (g/g BOD applied) 18 1 3 0.3 1.6 9.9 0.92 Non Contro. Nitrifying plant Tank 8 = Tank 9 114.0 31.7 116.1 257 9.0 - 8.6 - 139.0 103. 86.1 133. 1590 4435 654 1397 3.18 2. 12.8 12. 16.5 30.9 30.3 70 0.4 9.1 0.7 0.8 ile 86.1 EG 0.53 oO. 2.4 10, 1.89 4a, 1072 2614 992 1995 6.3 7 oy es - 31. 0.79 do 1 3 2 14 7Table A5.11. Summary of average results obtained in modified plants - March - December 1983 Settled Sewage BOD (mg/1) Ammoniacal-N (mg/1) Suspended solids (mg/1) COD (mg/1) Soluble phosphate (mg/1) Anionic detergent (mg/1) Operating Conditions Settled sewage flowrate (1/s) Recycled sludge flowrate (1/s) MLSS (mg/1) Airflow rate (1/s @ NTP) Surplus sludge flowrate (1/s) Temperature of aerated liquor (°C) Effluent Quality BOD (mg/1) Ammoniacal Nitrogen (mg/1) Suspended solids (mg/1) COD (mg/1) Oxidised-N (mg/1) Soluble phosphate (mg/1) Anionic detergents (mg/1) Derived Data SSDI Volumetric loading (1/s per 1000 m3) Sludge loading (days~!) Sludge age (days) Hydraulic residence time (h) Oxygen demand satisfied (kg/d) Nitrifying Tank 5 ree Rows works3 Wa baa 89.1 91.6 4464 636 0.98 15. owed row oak we 4 ° 1 noon wea Lol 2 1726 Theoretical power requirement (kWh/d) 964 Oxygen Utilization (%) Aeration efficiency (kg 02/kWh) Denitrification (%) Sludge production (g/g BOD applied) 49 10.5 1.8 4.9 0.91 3 0 Non Nitrifying Tank 8 103 30. 105. 251 8. 8. 142. 1807" 648 1, zany CmaSSoo aa2San0S. ° +6 ba ba oboe eho Control plant Tank 9 109.9 31.8 99.4 256 109.5 129.0 4353 1359 150 2553" 2085 1,2 20.3 0.97Table A5.12. Comparison of design and actual performance of modified plants and comparison with performance of Tank 9 Nitrifving Tank 5 Sewage flowrate (1/s) Settled Sewage BOD (mg/1) Settled Sewage (NH3-N) (mg/1) Effluent Oxidised-N (mg/1) MLSS (mg/1) Oxygen demand (kg/d) Air flowrate (1/s NTP) Aeration Efficiency (kg02/kWh) Non=nitrifying Tank 8 Sewage flowrate (1/s) Settled Sewage BOD (mg/1) Settled Sewage NH3-N (mg/1) Effluent Oxidised-N (mg/1) MLSS (mg/1) Oxygen demand (kg/d) Air flowrate (1/s NTP) Aeration Efficiency (kg02/kWh) Control plant Tank 9 Sewage Flowrate (1/s) Settled Sewage BOD (mg/1) Settled Sewage NH3-N (mg/1) Effluent Oxidised=N (mg/1) MLSS (mg/1) Oxygen demand (kg/d) Air flowrate Aeration Efficiency (kg02/kWh) 50 Design Estimate 85 130 33 22 5000 1975 565 2.3 140 130 33 3700 1320 465 1.9 March-Dec 1983 Average 89 104 31 18 4464 1726 636 1.8 142 104 31 2 1807 1170 648 1.2 110 110 32 23 4353 2553 1359 1.2 25 Jan- 22 Feb Average 85 127 32 21 5229 1929 805 1.5 89 127 32 31 4547 2174 out 96 135 31 26 noua 2527 1381 1.2Table A5.12. (continued) Comparison of Design and Actual Performance (before March-June) and after (July-December) the number of control points and frequency of operation were reduced March-June 1983 July-December 1983 Mitrifying Tank § Sewage flowrate (1/s) 90 89 Settled sewage BOD 102 105 Settled sewage NH3-N (mg/1) 30 31 Effluent oxidized=N (mg/1) 19 18 MLSS (mg/1) 4628 4354 Oxygen Demand (kg/d) 1735, 1720 Air flowrate (1/s NTP) 619 647 Aeration Efficiency (kg02/kWh) 1.9 1.8 Non-nitrifying Tank 8 Sewage flow rate (1/s) 142 142 Settled sewage BOD (mg/1) 102 105 Settled sewage NH3-N (mg/1) 30 31 Effluent oxidised=N (mg/l) 2 1 MLSS (mg/1) 1947 1714 Oxygen demand (kg/d) 1237 1126 Air flow rate (1/s NTP) 590 687 Aeration efficiency (kg02/kWh) 1.4 1.1 54Table A5.13. Comparison of unit energy used for treatment in modified plants and control plant Nitrifying Tank 5 1). 25 Jan-22 Feb 1983 Sewage flowrate (l/s) 85 Energy used in aeration (kWh/d) 1259 Energy used per unit volume 0.171 sewage treated (kWh/m3) Ratio of unit energy 7 Nitrifying Tank 5 2). Mar=Dec 1983 Sewage Flowrate (1/s) 89 Energy used in aeration (kWh/d) 964 Energy used per unit volume 0.125 sewage treated (kWh/m3) Ratio of unit energy 1.56 Estimated ratio based on 2.4 design figures Nitrifying Tank 8 89 1472 0.191 1.12 Nitrifying Tank 8 142 981 0.080 Control Tank 9 96 2161 0.261 1.53 Control Tank 9 110 2045 0.215 2.69 42 Comparison of Unit Energy used for treatment in modified plants before and after control points and frequency of operation were reduced Tank 5 3). March=June 1983 Sewage flowrate 1/s 89.9 Energy used in aeration (kWh/d) gut Energy used per unit volume of 0.121 sewage treated (kWh/m3) Ratio of unit energy 1.66 4). July-December 1983 Sewage flowrate (1/s) 88.5 Energy used in aeration (kWh/d) 979 Energy used per unit volume sewage 0.128 treated (kWh/m3) Ratio of unit energy 1.51 52 Tank 8 142.4 896 0.073 142.0 1038 0.085Effluent Solids (maf?) on oz oe or lass oz weang uO 4ueL jeul4 | —>}<————— weang uo syuey jeury z £861 H3QW30R0 — HOMWW ‘ALITIGVATLLSS 8 SAINOS LN3NISAIBANVL 1Sv UNI