Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
"#$%&'()*%+*,-(.#+*-(./($&)(.0&1+2)#
3$*%. T !"#, !"#$%&'(#)(*+&, !)(+&, -&"$'&, .$/)0'!4. 5$6(+%-&.
7*)&8&7%-&.9$:;+6&4.<(=$#>4.?@@AB4.?@?.%+$('*C#B
/'1*=(. !"#$%&'(#)(*+&, !)(+&, -&"$'&, .$/)0'!1, -&1:. 1#. '(D*%()(
9&C#'+*C(. 3$*%. E*F(C4. %(9$G*. :6&9. +#. ;#%+. D&=)(6)1(H. !B. I*6&+'*. *.
J*%(&'*.D:+./($&)(.0&1+2)#K.?B.L'+$&D&)&;-*.+#J#)1*.D#$%&'()*%+*,-#.
#+*-#K.MB.N%&>(.O.D$*'C*D.#+*-#.*.F:9&$#9'&%+*K.PB.Q+*,-*.,*'.*.#+*,-*.
9&G*6)1(1K.RB.S&$J(.*.%$#F(K.TB.Q+*,-&.8'(,#'1#.)1:>(6*4.+#.8(-)1:,(-4.
%(G#+(-.'(.'1#J(,-&J.1#8*-:4.>*)1#;-:.&.+#-%+&6*J(4.D&D*%.*86&$'#.
*. %#-:'9($'#. )*+#$(+:$#4. -(8()&. *J#'(. *. D&1J&6(B. /'1*=(. *J(. ?@?.
%+$('*C#.*.&>1(6)1#'(.1#.:.U*>)*&+#C*.V*)&8&7%-(.*%+$(G*6('1(.-(&.!MRB.
-'1*=(B
!"#$%&'(#)(*+&, !)(+&, 2, $34$5$", %&, 6$)"!7!,
,,,,,,,8&,!)(*+$9,$"(/!%)&:(/$9
/(&. ;+&. :. :6&9:. (:+&$*C(. *%+*,#4. :. &%&>*. /($&)(. 0&1+2)#. O.
D(D#. 36('(. "(6)(. 33B. :1#9*'1#'*. %:. 7*)&8&7. *. +#&)&=B. W&-. %:. 91#)(.
'1#=&6(.D&'+*7*-(+(4.-(&.*.%(J.G*6&+4.$#)(+*6'&.9&%+(+'&.$#C*D*$('*.
:.8'('%+6#'&14.%+$:,'&1.*.D&D:)($'&1.)*+#$(+:$*4.'1#=&6(.1#.7*)&8&7%-(.
J*%(&4.'(%+()(.D$*1#.'#=&.1#.*8(>$('.8(.D(D:4.:.'(%.%)(>&.D&8'(+(B.
E&. 9(1#. 9&9(+':. 6$*1#9'&%+. &6&1. -'1*8*. :. -&1&1. '(J. (:+&$*C(.
:D$(6&. D$:G(. C1#)&6*+. :6*9. :. 7*)&8&7*1:. /($&)(. 0&1+2)#4. -&1:. 1#. &'.
%+6&$*&. 9&-. 1#. >*&. '&%*+#)1. -(+#9$#. 8(. #+*-:. V*)&8&7%-&=. 7(-:)+#+(.
/(+&)*,-&=. %6#:,*)*;+(. :. X:>)*':4. =91#. 1#. :+#J#)1*&. D&)1%-:. ;-&):.
D#$%&'()*%+*,-#. #+*-#B. E$#>(. +(-&Y#$. *%+(-':+*. 9(. %#. (:+&$*C(. '#.
8(:%+(6)1(.%(J&.'(.D$*-(8:.0&1+2)*'#.7*)&8&7%-#.J*%)*.'#=&.:-(8:1#.
*. '(. &'&. D&. ,#J:. 1#. &'(. &$*=*'()'(. *. 9('(%. 1&;. (-+:()'(B. Z(J.
!
36('.W#6,*F4. !"#$%&'(#)(*+&,!)(+&,-&"$'&,.$/)0'!
'(%)&6.-'1*=#.%:=#$*$(.9(.F#.:.*8)(=('1:.'(=)(%(-.>*+*.%+(6)1#'.'(.
'1#=&6:.D#$%&'()*%+*,-:.#+*-:B
L:+&$*C(.D&)(8*.&9.+#8#.9(.0&1+2)*'(.D#$%&'()*%+*,-(.#+*-(4.-&1(.
D#$%&'()*%+*,-:.'&$J:.:89*G#.'(.$(8*':.=)(6'&=.#+*,-&=.D$*'C*D(4.
D$:G(.&9=&6&$#.'(.'($(%)#.D&+$#>#.8(.#+*,-&J.&$*1#'+(C*1&J.*.1(,*J.
#+*,-*J.'&$J*$('1#J.#=8*%+#'C*1#.%:6$#J#'&=(.,&61#-(.:.%*+:(C*1*.
9&J*'*$(1:F#=.#+*,-&=.$#)(+*6*8J(B.
"$#9'&%+. 0&1+2)*'(. D#$%&'()*8J(. :. &9'&%:. '(. '#-#. 9$:=#.
*'(,*C#.D#$%&'()*8J(.[\B.ZC]#)#$4.QB.X#6*'(%^.(:+&$*C(.6*9*.:.+&J#.
;+&.0&1+2)*'(.J*%(&.D$&J*,#.#+*-:.-&1(.'#.%(J&.;+&.'#.(D%+$(]*$(.
&9. ('+$&D&)&=*1#. 6#F. %#. :D$(6&. :. '1&1. +#J#)1*4. D(. %#. J&G#. $#F*. 9(.
-&9.'1#=(.%:%$#F#J&.#+*-:.-(&.'&$J(+*6':.('+$&D&)&=*1:.&+6&$#':.
J#+(7*8*C*B.
3(-&.%#.:.0&1+2)*'&1.-&'C#DC*1*.,&61#-(.-(&.&%&>#.J&G#.:&,*+*..
-&'+*':*+#+. 6#)*-&=. '(%)1#Y(. _)&8&_1#. ,&61#-(. [")(+&'4. L:=:%+*'4.
L$*%+&+#)4.E&J(.L-6*'%-*4.3B./('+.*.\B.ZC]#)#$^4.(.*.%(J.(:+&$.6*9*.
:.$(%D$(6*.*8J#Y:.ZC]#)#$(.[J(+#$*1()'(.6$1#9'&%'(.#+*-(^.*./('+(.
[7&$J()*8(J. :. #+*C*^. D&)(8*;+#. sui generis. 8(. D$&J*;)1('1#. +#J#. &.
&%&>*.*.,*':4.(:+&$*C(.*%+*,#.-(-&.+&.'#.8'(,*.9(.1#.0&1+2)*'&.91#)&.
%*'+#8(.:6*9(.9$:=*].J*%)*+#)1(4.6#F.:.91#):.`N%&>(.*.,*'a.D$#D&8'(1#.
&$*=*'()':.-&'C#DC*1:.*.&$*=*'()'*.D$*%+:DB.
E&.1#.1#9('.&9.$(8)&=(.8>&=.-&1*].%#.&'(.:.*8)(=('1:.'1#=&6#.
-&'C#DC*1#. &%&>#. '#. &9):,:1#. 8(. -$&'&)&;-&. *;,*+(6('1#. '1#=&6(.
91#)(B. W$:=*. '#. J('1#. 6(G('. J&+*6. 8(. &6(-(6. D$*%+:D. '()(8*. %#. :.
(:+&$*,*'&1. '(-('*. 9(. %(J&J. ,*+(+#)1:. &)(-;(. ]&9. -$&8. J*%(&'#.
D$&%+&$#. 0&1+2)*'#. -'1*=#B. S(*J#4. %6#. #+*,-#. +#J#. -&1#. %)*1#9#.
J&=:. %#. :*%+*':. D&+D:'*1#. $(8:J1#+*. +#-. '(. D&8(9*'*. 0&1+2)*'#.
D#$%&'()*%+*,-#.-&'C#DC*1#.&%&>#.*.,*'(B.
b. '(,*':. '(. -&1*. 0&1+2)(. :. %6&J. 91#):. D$*J1#'1:1#.
7#'&J#'&)&;-:. J#+&9:. (:+&$*C(. 6*9*. '&6&. 8'(,#'1#. D&8'(+#.
7#'&J#'&)&;-#.9#6*8#.`'(+$(=.-.%+6($*.%(J&1aB.<(.0&1+2):.+&.8'(,*.
D&6$(+(-.,&61#-:.-(&.-&'-$#+'&1.*.'#D&'&6)1*6&1.&%&>*B.
Z6#. %:. +&. $(8)&8*. -&1*. &9. +:J(,(. 0&1+2)*'#. _)&8&_1%-#. J*%)*.
8(]+*1#6(1:.%:89$G('&%+.-(9.1#.:.D*+('1:.&)(-&.#+*-#+*$('1#.'1#=&6#.
J*%)*B.L:+&$*C(.1#.+&=(.%61#%'(.+#4.'(%+&1#F*.9(.;+&.61#$'*1#.D$*-(G#.
'1#=&6:.J*%(&4.D$*J1#'1:1#.91#):.*J('#'+'&.+:J(,#'1#B.
;!9!'/(,6!"#$%&'(#)(*+!,!)(+!
"$6&.D&=)(6)1#4.'(%)&6)1#'&.<(5$)%(,(,9(#&$%(,6=),->,.$/)0'!1,*J(.
D$*D$#J':.:)&=:B.Z*+:*$(1:F*.0&1+2)*':.7*)&8&7*1%-:.J*%(&.:.%&C*&c
?
36('.W#6,*F4. !"#$%&'(#)(*+&,!)(+&,-&"$'&,.$/)0'!
36('.W#6,*F4. !"#$%&'(#)(*+&,!)(+&,-&"$'&,.$/)0'!
36('.W#6,*F4. !"#$%&'(#)(*+&,!)(+&,-&"$'&,.$/)0'!
A#$7&,+&$,6$*!'$,!)(+!,(,E=3$"!3%$#)(
S(.+&J#.%#.=$(9*.+$#F#.D&=)(6)1#4.'(%)&6)1#'&H.`N%&>(H.D$*'C*D.
#+*-#. *. F:9&$#9'&%+*a4. :. -&1#J. (:+&$*C(. '(. %(G#+. '(,*'. '(%+&1*.
D&1(%'*+*. :. -&1#J. %J*%):. 6()1(. %]6(+*+*. =)(6':. +#8:4. -&1(. )#G*. :.
+#J#)1:. 0&1+2)*'#. D#$%&'()*%+*,-#. #+*-#4. +1B. 9(. 1#. &%&>(. D$*'C*D.
F:9&$#9'&%+*.*.#+*-#B."$*+&J.(:+&$*C(.`D$*'C*Da.J*%)*.:.+$&%+$:-&J.
8'(,#'1:4. +1B. -(&. *86&$4. C*)1. *. D:+B. N'(. 6#F. &691#. %. &%)&'C#J. :.
0&1+2)*'&1. J*%)*. D&-(8:1#. 8(;+&. ZC]#)#$&6(. #+*-(. '#. :%D*1#6(.
(7*$J*$(+*. -&'-$#+':. &%&>:. -(&. D$*'C*D. #+*-#B. `3(-&. ZC]#)#$. +6$9*.
-(-&. '&%*+#)1. 6$*1#9'&%+*. J&G#. >*+*. %(J&. &%&>(4. 8(. '1#=(. &'(. '*1#.
%:>1#-+. :. J#+(7*8*,-&J. %J*%):. $*1#,*4. 6#F. 1:. &9$#Y:1#. *8. D&8*C*1#.
g(-+:()*8J(h4.&9'&%'&.%]6(F(.1:.%(J&.-(&.g1#9*'%+6&.*'+#'C*&'()'*].
,*'(h4. (. '#. -(&. :8$&-. ,*'(B. m&)1(. :. ZC]#)#$(. '*1#. %]6(F#'(. -(&.
J&F. %(J&&9$#Y#'1(4. '#=&. 1#. *%-)1:,*6&. D&6#8('(. %. &%1#F(1#J.
6$*1#9'&%+*4.()*.'#.*.%.-$#(+*6'&J.91#)&+6&$'&;F:.&%&>#Ba[AA^
/(&. ;+&. 1#. 6#F. D&-(8()(. ('()*8(. ('+$&D&)&;-*]. +#J#)1(. #+*-#4.
*%]&9*;+#. 0&1+2)*'*]. %]6(F('1(. +6&$*. *'+#=$()'&. *%-:%+6&. ,&61#-(4.
(.,*'.1#.D$*6*)#=*$('*.'(,*'.8(.%D&8'(1:.&%&>#B.E&J.J#+&9&)&;-&J.
'(,#):.&'.&%+(1#.61#$('.*.:.#+*C*B.b.,#+6$+&J.D&=)(6)1:4.'(%)&6)1#'&J.
`Q+*,-*.,*'.*.#+*,-*.9&G*6)1(1a4.(:+&$*C(4.%)*1#9#F*.0&1+2)*'#.:%D&$#9'#.
('()*8#. ZC]#)#$&6#. *. /('+&6#. *'+#$D$#+(C*1#. #+*,-&=. 9&G*6)1(1(. :.
%61#+):. *%D$(6'*]. D$#J*%(. J&9#$'#. D%*]&)&=*1#. 6&)1#. *. :. %61#+):.
E&J*'#. -&'C#DC*1#. #+*,-&=. ,*'(4. D&-(8:1#. 8(;+&. 1#. (9#-6(+'(.
*'+#$D$#+(C*1(. #+*,-&=. ,*'(. J&=:F(. +#-. '(. +#J#)1:. (9#-6(+'#.
D#$%&'()*%+*,-#. ('+$&D&)&=*1#B. b. &6&J. 9*1#):. (:+&$*C*. 1#. :%D1#)&.
:-(8(+*. '(. 8'(,(1('. 9&D$*'&%. 0&1+2)*'#. 7*)&8&7*1#. $(8$1#;#'1:.
+#;-&F(. -&1#. %:. 6#8('#. :8. D$&>)#J. $(896(1('1(. 9&G*6)1(1(. *. ,*'(.
:. /('+&6&1. *. ZC]#)#$&6&1. #+*C*B. 38. '1#8*'*]. 1#. ('()*8(. 1(%'&. 8(;+&.
0&1+2)(. ('()*8:. 6&)1#. '#. &=$('*,(6(. '(. %]6(F('1#. 6&)1#. -(&.
*'+#'C*&'()'&=.,*'(4.6#F.1#.D$&J(+$(.D&9.(%D#-+&J.%(J&&9$#Y#'1(B.
`b. %61#+):. *'+#=$()'&=. *%-:%+6(. 0&1+2)(. 6*9*. %6#8:. *8J#Y:. &'&=(.
;+&.1#.:.ZC]#)#$&6&1.*./('+&6&1.#+*,-&1.-&'C#DC*1*.>*)&.$(896&1#'&.*.
gD$#D:;+#'&. %#>*hB. Z+&=(. &'. '#. =&6&$*. &. g,*':h. *)*. g9&G*6)1(1:h4. '#=&.
&. g,*':. *. 9&G*6)1(1:hBa[ R^. E&. :-(8:1#. -(-&. *. '(. -&1*. '(,*'. 0&1+2)(.
D$#6)(9(6(.('+*'&J*1#.*8J#Y:.7*)&8&7*1#.%6*1#%+*.*.7*)&8&7*1#.>*+-(B
"$7'!9,$3%$#&,(89!F=,%$"9!,(,#"!E!
E&.9&)(8*.9&.*8$(G(1(.*.:.D#+&J.D&=)(6)1:4.'(%)&6)1#'&J.`S&$J(.
*.%$#F(a4.:.-&1#J.%#.+#J(+*8*$(.&9'&%.'&$J#.*.%$#F#B.m#F.:.D$6&J.
36('.W#6,*F4. !"#$%&'(#)(*+&,!)(+&,-&"$'&,.$/)0'!
1#.6#F.:.D&=)(6)1:.-&1#.+$#+*$(.&9'&%.'&$J#.*.%$#F#.'(=&6*1#;+#'&4.
'(*J#. 9(. %:. %$#F(. *. *%D:'1#'1#. ,&61#-(. '#$(896&1'&. D&6#8('*. %.
+$('%C#'9#'C*1&JB. 0&1+2)*'#. ('()*8#. ,*'(. )1:>(6*. $(8&+-$*6(1:. 9(.
%#.(:+#'+*,'(.)1:>(6.J&$(.+#J#)1*+*.'(.*%+*'*.&.,&61#-:.-(&.&%&>*4.
-&1#=(.+$#>(.(7*$J*$(+*.:.%-)(9:.%.'1#=&6&J.*%+*'%-&J.'($(6*B.E&.
1#.D&%#>*C#.6(G'&.9('(%.-(9(.%#.'(.+&J.D&9$:,1:.J&G#.D$*J*1#+*+*.
%6&1#6$%'&.#)*J*'*$('1#.*%+*'#B.b.+&J.%#.D&=)#9:.0&1+2)*'(.7*)&8&7*1(.
(:+#'+*,'&%+*4. -&1(. %#. '(8*6(. *. `#=8*%+#'C*1()'*. D#$%&'()*8(Ja4.
9:>&-&.$(8)*-:1#.&9.5#*9#==#$&6#.*)*.Z($+$&6#B.
b. 8(-)1:,-:. (:+&$*C(. 9(1#. -$(+-:. %*'+#8:. *8)&G#'&=(. +#.
1&;. 1#9'&J. *%+*,#. `&'#. J&J#'+#. :. -&1*J(. 9&. *8$(8(. 9&)(8*.
*86&$'&%+.0&1+2)*'#.J*%)*4.+1B.'1#=&6.&$*=*'()'*.9&D$*'&%.7*)&8&7*1%-&1.
('+$&D&)&=*1*.*.#+*C*aB
Zavrni osvrt
/'1*=(. 3$*%. E*F(C. D$#9%+(6)1(. J*':C*&8'*. ('()*+*,-&c%*'+#+*,-*.
D$*-(8.('+$&D&)&;-#.*.#+*,-#.J*%)*./($&)(.0&1+2)#4.D$*.,#J:.(:+&$*C(.
D&-(8:1#.6*%&-:.$(8*':.:D:F#'&%+*.:.D$#9J#+.%6&1#=(.*%+$(G*6('1(B.
S#. G#)#F*. D&'(6)1(+*. 6#F. $#,#'&. :. D$*-(8:. -'1*=#4. &691#. *%+*,#J.
%(J&.&'&.;+&.%J(+$(J.D&%#>'&.6(G'*J.*.8('*J)1*6*J.:.0&1+2)*'&1.
7*)&8&7*1*4.&9'&%'&.:.(:+&$*,*':.D$*-(8:.+#.7*)&8&7*1#B
!B. L:+&$*C(. *%D$(6'&. :&,(6(. *. '(=)(;(6(. 9(. 0&1+2)*'(.
D#$%&'()*%+*,-(. 7*)&8&7*1(. '*1#. `(-(9#J%-(4. ,*%+(. 7*)&8&7*1(a4. '#=&.
7*)&8&7*1(. -&1(. '(%+(1#. -(&. (:+&$&6. &9=&6&$. '(. 9#D#$%&'()*8(C*1:.
,&61#-(. :. 6$#J#':. +&+()*+($*8(J(B. E(. D&6#8('&%+. %. -&'-$#+'&J.
9$:;+6#'&cD&6*1#%'&J. %*+:(C*1&J. ,&61#-(. ,*'*. 0&1+2)*':. 7*)&8&7*1:.
%$&9'&J. '#-*J. J&9#$'*J. 7*)&8&7%-*J. %J1#$&6*J(B. "(9(. J*. '(.
D(J#+4. '(. D$*J1#$4. /*#$-#=(($9&6&. 7*)&8&7*$('1#4. -&1#. 1#. 9:>&-&.
D&6#8('&. %. '1#=&6*J. #=8*%+#'C*1()'*J. D*+('1*J(4. ()*. *. %. &'*J.
;+&. %#. :. +&. 6$*1#J#. &-&. '1#=(. 8>*6()&4. *)*. D&)(8*;+(. %:6$#J#'#.
#=8*%+#'C*1()*%+*,-#. 7*)&8&7*1#4. -&1(. %:. D&6#8('(. %. ,&61#-&6*J.
&+:Y#'1#J4.&>1#-+*6(C*1&J.*.%6#&DF&J.:=$&G#'&;F:.:.%6*1#+:B.S&4.
+&. ;+&. 0&1+2)*'(. 7*)&8&7*1(. 9*1#)*. *%]&9*;+#. %. J&9#$'*J. 7*)&8&7%-*J.
D$(6C*J(4.'#.8'(,*.9(.*J.1#.%)*,'(.*)*.>)*%-(.*.:.-&'(,'*J.$1#;#'1*J(B.
0&1+2)(4. '(*J#4. '()(8*. -&'(,'*. &9=&6&$. '(. 9#D#$%&'()*8(C*1:.
,&61#-(. :. #+*,-&J. D#$%&'()*8J:4. ()*. +(1. %#. D#$%&'()*8(J4. 8(.
$(8)*-:. &9. '#-*]. %)*,'*]. D&-:;(1(4. &%)('1(. '(. ('+$&D&)&=*1:. -&1(.
%6&1(. :D&$*;+(. '()(8*. :. J#+(7*8*C*B. "&. +&J#. %#. 0&1+2)*'*. &9=&6&$*.
'(.'(19:>)1(.#=8*%+#'C*1()'(.D*+('1(.%:6$#J#'&=.,&61#-(.$(8)*-:1:.
&9. J'&=*]. 9$:=*]. 7*)&8&7%-*]. &9=&6&$(4. -&1*. :. D&)(8*;+:. +(-&Y#$.
!@!
36('.W#6,*F4. !"#$%&'(#)(*+&,!)(+&,-&"$'&,.$/)0'!
*J(1:.%)*,'(.*)*.*%+(.D*+('1(B.L:+&$*C(.+(-&Y#$.9&>$&.:&,(6(.9(.+(1.
0&1+2)*'.J#+(7*8*,-*.D#$%&'()*8(J4.*8.-&1#=.D$&*8)(8*.#+*,-*4.'*1#.D)&9.
'#-(-6#. %D#-:)(C*1#4. '#=&. `%+&1*. :. %:=)(%1:. %(. ;*$&-&. %]6(F#'*J.
)1:9%-*J. *%-:%+6&Ja4. ;+&. %#. *J(. 8(]6()*+*. 0&1+2)*':. %$#+'&J.
%D(1('1:. ZC]#)#$&6#. 7#'&J#'&)&=*1#. *. +&J*%+*,-#. J#+(7*8*-#. *)*4.
-(-&.(:+&$*C(.:.8(-)1:,-:.-(G#H.`0&1+2)(.D&9:8*J(.7#'&J#'&)&;-&.
'&6&. :+#J#)1#'1#. D#$%&'()*%+*,-#. J#+(7*8*-#. '(. '(,*'. 9(. $(86*1(.
J#+(7*8*-:. &%&>#. -&1(. 1#. :. %-)(9:. %. *%-:%+6&JBa. n)#9('. *8. +#.
D#$%D#-+*6#4.0&1+2)*'.D#$%&'()*8(J.D$#9%+(6)1(.D&-:;(1.(7*$J(C*1#.
&%&>#4.'1#8*'(.9&%+&1('%+6(4.%)&>&9#.*.D$(6(B.L:+&$*C(.1#.%.D$(6&J.
:61#$#'(.:.6$*1#9'&%+.*.(-+:()'&%+.+&=.D&-:;(1(B
?B. 38. (:+&$*,*'*]. ('()*8(. *8$('1(. 1#9('. 0&1+2)(. -&1*. :. %6&1*J.
D$&J*;)1('1*J(.,6$%+&.%+&1*.'(.96&%+$:-&J.:D&$*;+:B.E&.%:4.%.1#9'#.
%+$('#4.-(-&.1#.6#F.$#,#'&4.`;*$&-&.%]6(F#'&.)1:9%-&.*%-:%+6&a4.(.
%.9$:=#.7*)&8&7%-(.+$(9*C*1(.%.-&1&J.&'.'#.D$#%+(1#.9*1()&=*8*$(+*.:.
+$(G#'1:. &9=&6&$(. '(. D*+('1(. -&1(. J:. *%-:%+6&. D&%+(6)1(B. b. +&J.
%J*%):. (:+&$*C(. :%D*1#6(. D$*-(8(+*. 0&1+2):. -(&. &'&=(. -&1*. :J*1#.
-$#(+*6'&.9*1()&=*8*$(+*.%.+$(9*C*1&J4.'#.*8'#61#$(6(1:F*.D$*+&J.&'&.
;+&.J:.=&6&$*.*%-:%+6&B.N'.'(.+(1.'(,*'.&9.+$(9*C*1#.D:'&.:8*J(4.
()*. *%+&9&>'&. D$*J)1#'&J#. 9&9(1#. D:'&. %6&=(. *86&$'&=(B. W&%+(.
1#. %)*1#9*+*. '1#=&6&. &D]&Y#'1#. %. E&J&J4. /('+&J. *. ZC]#)#$&J. 9(.
>*%J&. %#. :. +&. :61#$*)*B. <(+&. 0&1+2)(. '*1#. #-)#-+*-. '*. -&JD*)(+&$4.
'#=&.*86&$'*.J*%)*)(C4.-&1*.%6&1:.J*%(&.C$D*.*8.*%-:%+6(.*.D$&61#$(6(.
1#.:.'#D$#%+('&J.9*1()&=:.%.+$(9*C*1&JB.N'.1#.:.+&J.%J*%):.D$*J1#$.
%+6($()(,-&=.&D]&Y#'1(.%.+$(9*C*1&J4.*8.-&1#.%#.:8*J(.&'&.;+&.1#.:.
'1&1.6$*1#9'&.*.+&.9()1#.$(86*1(B.
MB. m$*1#9'&%+. $#C#'8*$('&=. $(9(. '*1#. %(J&. :. +&J#. ;+&. 1#. :.
'1#J:. 61#$'&. *8)&G#'(. *. *'+#$D$#+*$('(. 0&1+2)*'(. D#$%&'()*%+*,-(.
J*%(&.'#=&.*.:.+&J#.;+&.(:+&$*C(.'(8'(,:1#.-(-&.%#.+(.J*%(&.J&G#.
1&;. 9:>)1#. *;,*+(6(+*. :. %:&,#'1:. %. (:+&$*J(. -&1*. D$*D(9(1:. *%+&J.
J*%(&'&J.-$:=:.-(&.*.&'B.E&.%:.D&=)(6*+&.QB.n*)%&'.*.eB.\($*+(*'4.
-(9.1#.$*1#,.&.'(%+&1('1:.9(.%#.E&J*':.J*%(&.$#*'+#$D$#+*$(.`1#8*-&J.
$(8:J)1*6*J. %:6$#J#'&J. ,&61#-:. *. D&-(G#. '1#'(. (-+:()'&%+. *.
8'(,#'1#.:.+$(=('1:.8(.$1#;#'1*J(.'(.D*+('1(.-&1(.J:,#.9('(;'1#=.
,&61#-(aB. S#J(. %:J'1#. 9(. >*. *%C$D'*1(. :%D&$#9>(. 0&1+2)#. %.
'#&+&J*%+*,-*J. J*%)*&C*J(. *8'*1#)(. '(. %61#+)&. 9('(. J'&=&;+&.
8('*J)1*6&4.(.;+&.>*.%(J&.D&+6$9*)&.0&1+2)*':.&$*=*'()'&%+4.9&.-&1#.
&'.9&)(8*.:%+$(1'*J.7*)&8&7%-*J.9*1()&=&J4.,:6(1:F*.D$*+&J.61#$'&%+.
%(J&1.%+6($*B.
W$:=&. J&=:F#. 9:>)1#. *;,*+(6('1#. 0&1+2)*'#. J*%)*. D&6#8('&.
1#. %. QB. Z+#*'4. '(. ;+&. (:+&$*C(. %. D$(6&J. :D&8&$(6(B. e#9'&J. %:. *.
9$:=&J. 8(1#9'*,-*. 7#'&J#'&)&=*1(. *. +&J*8(J4. 5:%%#$)4. ZC]#)#$.
!@?
*. E&J(B. L)*4. 9&-. -&9. Q9*+]. Z+#*'. '(. D&,#+-:. J*%(&'&=. D:+(.
%+&1#.5:%%#$).*.ZC]#)#$.*.+#-.8(+*J.E&J(4.-&9.0&1+2)#.1#.&>$(+'&B.
3%C$D'*1(.('()*8(.+*].$(8)*,*+*].D:+&6(4.()*.%(.%)*,'*J.J&+*6(C*1(J(.*.
-$(1'1*J.C*)1#J4.>(C*)(.>*.%*=:$'&.'&6&.%61#+)&.'(.7*)&8&7%-:.J*%(&.
*. /($&)(. 0&1+2)#. *. Q9*+]. Z+#*'4. D&=&+&6&. (-&. >*. %#. D$*+&J. :8#)&. :.
&>8*$.*.'1*]&6&.8('*J('1#.8(.%6B.36('(.&9./$*G(4.6#)*-&=.;D('1&)%-&=.
J*%+*-(. *. -($J#)*F('*'(B. S(9(+*. %#. 9(. F#. '(%. (:+&$*C(. 1#9'&=.
9('(. *8'#'(9*+*. %+:9*1&J. :. -&1&1. F#. +#J#)1*+&. :%D&$#9*+*. +&. 96&1#.
J*%)*)(C(4.-&1#.%:.J#Y:%&>'&.D&6#8*6()#.'#.%(J&.61#$(.*.7*)&8&7*1(.
'#=&.*.)1:>(6.D$#J(.-($J#)*F('%-&1.9:]&6'&%+*B
/&'(,'&4. +$#F#. J&=:F#. D$&9:>)1#'&. *%+$(G*6('1#. 0&1+2)#.
&9'&%*. %#. '(. %:9>*':. '1#=&6#. 7*)&8&7%-#. J*%)*4. +1B. '(. :+1#C(1#.
-&1#. 1#. *86$;*)(. '(. 9$:=#4. ()*. *. '(. '1#=&6&. %]6(F('1#. *. *86$;(6('1#.
D&'+*7*-(+(B. L:+&$*C(. :. %6#8*. %. +*J#. %D&J*'1#. D$#9%+(6'*-#. +86B.
`7#'&J#'&)&;-&=. $#()*8J(a4. J#Y:. '1*J(. D&%#>'&. ;6*C($%-&=.
7*)&8&7(.eB.Z#*7#$+(4.()*.*.D$#9%+(6'*-#.D&)1%-#.;-&)#.D#$%&'()*%+*,-#.
#+*-#4. -(&. ;+&. %:. E(9#:%8. Z+2C8#'. *. L'9$8#1. Z8&%+#-B. /&)*-&.
1#4. J#Y:+*J4. 0&1+2)(. 7*)&8&7. :+1#C(&. '(. 0&1+2):. +#&)&=(. *. D(D:4.
+$#>()&.>*.+(-&Y#$.%:%+(6'&.*%+$(G*+*B.E(-6(.>*.*%+$(G*6('1(.%*=:$'&.
D&-(8()(.(-+:()'&%+.*.G*6&+'&%+.0&1+2)*'#.D#$%&'()*%+*,-#.J*%)*B.
S(. -$(1:. '#. J&=:. '#. *8$(8*+*. '(9:. 9(. 1#. &6&. 91#)&. -&9. '(%.
'(=&61#;+(1.1&;.%6#%+$('*1#=.*%+$(G*6('1(.>&=(+&=(._)&8&7%-&=.&D:%(.
/($&)(.0&1+2)#4._)&8&7(.-&1*.1#.D&%+(&.D(D(B.
H5&%,I!5*(E
3%:%.1#.>*&.D$#%:9('
<9$(6-&. TOMAC, A7"&E!%/!, 2, $3, +$9=%(#)&, 3$, 5/!"%(+&1,
S&$J(+*64.<(=$#>4.?@@AB4.PiP.%+$('*C#B
S&6(. -'1*=(. <9$(6-(. E&JC(. '&%*. 8'(-&6*+. '(%)&6H. A7"&E!%/!,
2, A3, +$9=%(#)&, 3$, 5/!"%(+&B. f*1#,. 1#. &. 61#$%-&1. +#J(+*C*4. D(. F#J&.
D&9%1#+*+*. 9(. %:. &>$(F#'1(. :. -$;F('%+6:. ,#%+(B. b. D&6*1#%+*. %:.
D&8'(+*. 6#)*-*. &>$(F#'*C*4. D$*J1#$*C#. %6B. "(6(&. *. %6B. L:=:%+*'4. ()*.
*. J'&=*. 9$:=*B. b. 7$('C:%-&1. %#. )*+#$(+:$*. D&%#>'&. %D&J*'1#. "(:).
d)(:9#)4. :. +()*1('%-&1. n*&6(''*. "(D*'*4. :. #'=)#%-&1. d]#$%+#+&'. *.
E&J(%. \#$+&'4. :. '(%. D&J()&. 6#F. 8(>&$(6)1#'*. 5*'-&. 5*'-&6*FB.
Z6*. %:. &'*. :. J('1#J. *)*. 6#F#J. &>)*-:. D*%()*. *. %6&1#. *%D&6*1#9*. O.
-$*6:9(6#.D:+&6#.6)(%+*+&=.G*6&+(.*.$(8)&=#.%6&=(.&>$(F#'1(B.
!@M