Student Number: Name: UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FINAL EXAMINATIONS, DECEMBER 2012 1 CIV102HIF — Structures and Materials- 2 An Introduction to Engineering Design 3 me Examiner --- M.P.Collins ic Permissible Aids: Notebook, calculator and set-square. 1. The truss shown below supports a pedestrian bridge and is made from steel hollow structural sections with a yield stress of 350 MPa. The truss spans 24 m and when the bridge is crowded with people supports the three 80 KN loads shown. 1(a). Calculate the axial force in each member of the truss due to the 80 KN loads. Neatly write your calculated forces above the appropriate members in the drawing. Use the convention +ve for tension and -ve for compression. (8 marks) 1(b). The three top members of the truss are HSS 178x178x4.8, the four bottom members are HSS 127x51x4.8 while the eight diagonal members are HSS 127x127x4.8. Is the truss safe under the 80KN loads? Yes or no? At what value of the loads will the truss be on the boundary between safe and unsafe? (6 marks) Page 1 of 81(c). Using the method of virtual work calculate the vertical deflection of joint E due to the application of the 80 KN loads. Fill in the table below. Note that the table lists the members for only one half of the truss. (10 marks) a& [Force | Area |Stress| Strain| Lengte ose ee Work xP wn lo le ee een luc 6 2 : S| pe ee RN | mm” | MPa] rnmfin| va | mm | AN Zz BD 2 DE & 3 RB Bc 2 - co ea DE AC ° cE Ss 1(@). Calculate the natural frequency of the bridge when crowded with people and comment on the stiffiness of the bridge. (4 marks) Page 2 of 82. The 550 mm deep timber box beam shown below has 64 x 286 Hem-Fir No.1 grade flanges glued together by 19 mm thick Hem-Fir plywood webs. The beam spans 12 m and supports the 35 KN point load. The self-weight of the beam can be neglected. 2(a). Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam. Calculate and show important values. (6 marks) pe ooitt 35 kN 2(b). Calculate using Navier’s equation the maximum longitudinal flexural stress, 6, which occurs in the flanges of the beam. (4 marks) Page 3 of 72 (c). Calculate using Jourawski’s equation the maximum shear stress that occurs in the plywood webs of the beam and the maximum shear stress in the glue joining the webs to the flanges. (6 marks) 2 (d). Determine the rotation of end A of the beam caused by the 35 KN load. The value of E can be taken as 10500 MPa. (4 marks) 2(e). Determine the downwards deflection of point C caused by the load. (4 marks) Page 4 of 73. Through some miracle of time travel you find yourself in Alexandria during Cleopatra's reign. She has commissioned you to build a new monument higher than the famous lighthouse. Your preliminary design, shown below, consists of a square (8x8 m), hollow (0.4 m thick walls) granite block tower 125 m high. There is a stairway in the interior of the tower and a viewing platform on the top. 3(a). If the granite weighs 26 kN/m? what will be the uniform compressive stress in the masonry at the base of the tower caused by the self-weight of the tower? (5 marks) 3(b). In a severe wind storm with wind speeds of up to 150 kilometres per hour the horizontal wind pressure applied to the tower will be about1.50 KN/m? if the drag coefficient is 1.50. Thus the tower will need to resist a horizontal force of 12 KN/m. Draw diagrams showing the shear forces and bending moments caused by these wind forces. (6 marks) 3(c) Use Navier’s equation to calculate the stresses caused at the base of the tower by the wind moment. Will cracks form in the masonry on the upwind side? (6 marks) Page 5 of 83(d) If the effective elastic modulus, E, of the masonry is 25 000 MPa what will be the deflection of the top of the tower when the 1.50 kN/m2 wind pressure is acting. (6 marks) 3(e) Suggest how the design of the tower could be improved so that higher wind speeds could be resisted. (4 marks) Page 6 of 84. Shown below is the preliminary design of a reinforced concrete beam which will be part of the foundation for a six storey building. The purpose of this so called “grade beam” is to spread out the two 1250 KN column loads over an area of ground large enough to ensure that the ground is not overloaded. It has been decided to use concrete with a crushing strength of 40 MPa and reinforcing bars with a yield strength of 400 MPa. 4(a) Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam. Calculate and show important values. (6 marks) ise hu 1as0 ky 282m 30m om i lI | | 100m 4(b) The cross section of the beam and the preliminary choice of longitudinal reinforcing bars is shown in the drawing below. Check if stress in the 30M top bars and the 25M bottom bars will remain below the allowable stress of 240 MPa and if necessary increase the number of bars. Also check that the compressive stress in the concrete does not exceed 20 MPa. For simplicity assume that the effective depth of the reinforcement, d, equals 870 mm for both positive and negative moment regions.(10 marks) Page 7 of 84(c) On the shear force diagram indicate the regions of the beam that will require shear reinforcement. Further indicate those regions where more than the minimum amount of shear reinforcement is required. Finally calculate the smallest spacing of the 10M stirrups that will be required in the beam. Note that A, is 200 mm’. (10 marks) Page 8 of 8