PartIV

AnalysisofUndergroundExcavations

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Objectives
Analysisanddesignofundergroundmineexcavations
Priordeterminationofstabilityproblems
Notnecessarilytopreventdeformationandfailurebuttopreventlarge,uncontrolled
displacementsandfailurefromoccurringduringexpectedexcavationlife

Stressdistributionnearminingexcavationface
Designofsupportsystems

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UndergroundExcavations

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GeneralDescription
Insitustresses
Estimationoffield(insitu)stresses

Materialproperties
Materialconstitutivemodel

Supportsystems
Rockbolts,shotcrete,steelsets,etc.

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RockMassProperties
EstimationofYoungsmodulus,E
Intactrockstrength
GSI(Table)

Rockmassstrength
e.g.,HoekBrown
mi
Intactrockstrength
GSI(Table)

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RockMassProperties
E =173MPa, =0.3
Rockmassstrength=0.3MPa
HoekBrowncriterion
Insitustress=1.35MPa
Strengthtostressratio=0.22

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ApproximateGuidelines
c
0.3

0.17

0.05

0.5

p0

p0

p0

0.5

p0

p0

0.3

0.17

0.05

Fewstabilityproblems,nosupport
Designbyrocksupportinteraction
Carefulsupportdesign
Seriousstabilityproblems,careful
sequencingrequiredImpossibletosupport

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StressesatMiningFace
Redistributionofstressesduetoexcavation
3Dflowofstressesaroundadvancingface

2
Tunnel
displacement

Tunnel
advancement

Support
installation

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3DFaceStressDistribution
Examine3D modelofdrift

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ProfileofTunnelDisplacements

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ConvergenceConfinementMethod
ConvergenceConfinementMethod(CCM)
2Dapproach
Reasonablyestimatestunneldeformationspriortosupportinstallation
Estimatesloadsimposedonsupportsystemsinstalledaroundtunnels

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ConvergenceConfinementMethod
Idealizedconditions
Circulartunnel
Hydrostaticinsitu stressstate

Comprisesthreebasicparts
LongitudinalDeformationProfile(LDP)
GroundReaction/ResponseCurve(GRC)
SupportCharacteristicCurve(SCC)

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Whyuse2Danalysisfor3Dproblem?
Fewexisting3Dsupportmodelling tools
Absenceofmeshalgorithmforarbitrary3Dgeometries
2D relativelysimpleapproach
Givesreasonablygoodresults

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ConstructionofLDP
Variousmethods

Panet
Chern
Vlachopoulos &Diederichs
Axisymmetric FEManalysis

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Tunnel face

ExampleLDP Chern Equation

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ExampleLDP Chern Equation

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GroundReactionCurve(GRC)
Relatesradialdisplacementoftunnelwallstointernalpressureacting
ontunnelwalls

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GroundReactionCurve(GRC)
Generation
Elastoplasticsolutionsofdeformationaroundexcavation
Numericalanalysis(Phase2) twomethods
Supportpressure:progressivelyreducesurfacepressure(Panet,1982)
Materialsoftening(coresoftening):progressivelyreducemodulusof
deformation,E(Swobada,1979)

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SupportPressureApproach
Advancing Tunnel
r = (1-)o
ur / u

r
=0

0<<1

=1

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SupportPressureApproach
Characteristicline(Groundreactioncurve)
Crownandsidewall
1.8
1.6
1.4

Pressure

1.2
1.0

Crown
Side wall

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Displacement

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0.6

0.7

MaterialSofteningApproach
Initial stage

stage 1

stage 2

Final stage

Advancing Tunnel

E
E

Stiffness reduction factor

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SupportPressureApproach
Stagedmodellingofinternalpressure
Useoffieldstressvectordistributedloadplusstagedfactors
Plotofradialdisplacementsagainststages
PlotofGRCinExcel
Identificationofmaximumradialdisplacementandradiusofplastic
zone

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ExampleofGRC
Ground Reaction Curve
1.8
1.6

Internal Pressure (MPa)

1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0

0.5

1
1.5
Tunnel Convergence (%)

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2.5

CreationofLDP
Requires

Distancefromfaceatwhichsupportisinstalled
Maximumtunneldisplacement
Radiusofplasticzone
Tunnelradius
Radialdisplacementattunnelface

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CreationofLDP
EssenceofVlachopoulos andDiederichs approach LDPdependson
sizeofplasticzonearoundtunnel
Equations

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CreationofLDP
Step1:calculatePr
Step2:calculateratiouo/uMax
Step3:calculateuo
Step4:plotratioofwalldisplacementstomaximumradial
displacementasfunctionofdt
wheredt =X/Rt , X isthedistantfromthetunnelfaceandRt isthetunnel
radius

Step5:determinetunnelconvergenceattimeofsupportinstallation

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SupportCharacteristicCurve(SCC)
Relatespressureonsupporttoradialdisplacementsoftunnelwall
Hoek &Brown(1980)tables/equations provide
YoungsmodulusKs ofsupportsystem(compositeofconcreteandsteel
member)
Maximumcapacityofsupport

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SupportStiffness&Capacity

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ExampleofSCC
Support Characteristic Curve
0.8
0.7

Internal Pressure (MPa)

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

0.5

1
1.5
Tunnel Convergence (%)

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2.5

AlgorithmforCCM
Step1:determineLDP(Vlachopoulos &Diederichs)
Step2:fromdistanceofsupportinstallation,L,andLDPdetermine
tunnelradialdisplacement,us,attimeofsupportinstallation

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AlgorithmforCCM

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AlgorithmforCCM
Step3:onplotofGRC,placeSSC(startingatus)
Step4:determineintersectionofGRCandSCC thisgivesestimateof
finalloadactingonsupport(equilibriumconditions)

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SchematicDrawingofCCM
Twocurves
GRC
SCC

Factorofsafety

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FinalConvergence&FS

FS =pimax forsupport/pi atequilibriumcondition

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GeneralizedSupportDesign
RevisitPhase2modelforcreatinggroundreactioncurve
Modify includestagefactorthatgivesconvergenceattimewhen
supportisinstalled
Compute

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GeneralizedSupportDesign
PlotSupportCapacityCurvesforrequiredfactorofsafety
Alsoshowswhereactualsupportloadsarerelativetosupportcapacity
envelope
Ifactualsupportloadsliewithinenvelopesupportisadequate
Ifnotthenincreasesupportstrength

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SupportCapacityPlotsforLiner
PlotSupportCapacityCurvesforgivenliner

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SupportDesign ExampleV1
Tutorial Tunnelinweakrock
Simulationof3D

facebehaviour
Surfacesettlement
Applicationofliner

support
Materialsoftening

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MaterialSoftening
Materialsofteningratio,

Youngs modulus of
Softened Soil (kPa)

=(0,1)

180,000
120,000
80,000

Surfacesettlement

40,000
20,000

10,000
0.8

5,000
1,000

0.6

500
0.4

0.2

0
0

Settlement (mm)

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1-
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.9
0.95
0.975
0.995
0.9975

SupportInstallation
Installsupportatspecifiedsettlement
Softensystem(byspecified)atStage1
AddlineratStage2

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ContoursofTotalDisplacement

Stage1(softenedmaterial)

Stage2(installedsupport)

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ForcesinLinerSupport

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EndofPartIV

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