*) " Conservation Equations A for Mass and Momentum 2-1 The two forms of a af , at - at “Sn + Oy wi and of , buf out auf ox Oz, are equivalent because the second form can be a as af , Ouf , def , uf _ af, af of , Ou, av, dw at Oe * By tae = Ot Oe +o twa tft ay t Be) The last term of the right hand side is zero because, in incompressible flow, the du continuity equation is = + 3 = The divergence theorem tells that J[[ {sw dav = fff anes where A is any vector and 7 is a unit vector normal to the surface S bounding the volume V and pointing outwards. Tn steady flow, assuming that 2F = 0, we have Ouf | Ovf | Swf _ on + by te =? ‘We consider vector A of components (uf, vf, wf). From the divergence theorem, we deduce Il Waas <02 2. Conservation Equations for Mass and Momentum where S is a closed surface. This equation shows that the flux of f¥ through a closed surface is zero. The conservation form bears its name from this result, 2.2 Fora steady, incompressible, two-dimensional flow the Navier-Stokes equa- tions are ou bv mth 7° _ lap, (a , Bu a pox on oye 1 dp Pv Fv - aa (Tes +5) 2-3. In tensor notation, the conservation form of the Navier-Stokes equations for an incompressible flow is Ou; , duu _ dp , Box Oey ois Pa tO Or; + bn, with ojj = 2Siy and Si; is the rate of strain tensor 1 (du; , au Sy= 55 +52 2 \ dz; 7 Ox For an incompressible flow, we assume that the viscosity coefficient is constant (uniform in space) so that oi; a Oe, > Bay PHS) a Duy = ale (es Puy Puy = Mae + aaoe, The second term of the right hand side is zero because = ——- Puy D (%) and injOn, Ox, \Or, 2 — Q. Therefore, in an incompressible flow, we have the continuity equation is ——* Of due xy On,2. Conservation Equations for Mass and Momentum. 3 2-4 The quantity Fg is expanded as F+AG+9) Fa+ fo + fol + OF Using the property a + 6 = a + 6 we have Fo=Fa+Fo+ f+ oF The properties of the averaging operator give T5=T5 because F and J are non random variables. We also have fg’ = fg’ because f is a non random variable. In addition 9’ = 0 and we obtain fg Fg =0 0. Finally, we obtain fo=fo+ Fe It is important to note that there is no reason to have f7g’ = 0. Similarly, we have J . Oui 2-5 The continuity equation for the instantaneous flow is =~" = 0. We take the OB . . , oF OF . ensemble average of this equation. Observing that 5 = <7 we can write the continuity equation for a ensemble averaged flow as . ou; da; ~° This shows that the ensemble averaged flow is divergence free. By subtracting the continuity equation for the ensemble averaged flow from the continuity equation for the instantaneous flow, we obtain Out Oa: This equation means that the fluctuating flow is also divergence free. 0 2-6 The conservation form of the Navier-Stokes equation is4 2, Conservation Equations for Mass and Momentum This equation is valid for instantaneous flow. We take the ensemble average of this equation by observing that weaausa WU; = Wily + uy, The ensemble averaged Navier-Stokes equation is joe, bins OO dus POP Oey ~~ Be, * Dag \" Ox, In an incompressible flow, p and p: are constant, therefore the ensemble averaged Navier-Stokes equation is oe , Om DO ( =) Pa Oe, Oa "S25 Gi , Oty, OW Op, 8 (Ou Po TP Re toe, ae, * Ba; \" Ge; Compared with the Navier-Stokes equation for laminar flow, this equation . a duu! . , i contains the additional term Pa Generally, this term is grouped with the viscous stress term on the right hand side of the Navier-Stokes equation oP , 8 fH or ax; * Ba; (se pus ‘The quantity —pu'jw/; appears as an apparent turbulent stress which is called Rey- nolds stress. The origin of this term is the non linearity of the convective term. The Reynolds stresses represent the effect of turbulence on the ensemble averaged flow. By using the continuity equation for the ensemble averaged flow, the ensemble averaged Navier-Stokes equation can also be written in non-conservation form oP, 8 fot a Bn, * Be; Me, 2-7 Fora three-dimensional unsteady flow, the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS) are Oe tay PoE OG:2. Conservation Equations for Mass and Momentum: 5 If the flow is two-dimensional and steady, the RANS are Ou Ov dz Oy ~ du du | ap, Af du) Of du pun, Pa, = FE + oe (oe) + 5 (ug oe) ov, 00 _ Op Z(.2- FP) + 2 (nde — mi?) Pon oy = ay Bn Man OM By Hay” In these equations the overbars are dropped for simplicity. The components of the ensemble averaged velocity are u and 1; the ensemble averaged pressure is p. 2-8 The continuity equation for the instantaneous flow is Ou dv. dw ant By tae 79 If this equation is simplified on the assumption that the flow is two-dimensional, we would obtain au, Ov Ox” By Taking the ensemble average, we obtain x oe a ea Subtracting this equation from the equation for the instantancous flow, the continuity equation for the velocity fluctuations is + 0 Ou! av H+ =0 Ox” Oy This result is not correct because the velocity fluctuations are three-dimensional; it is incorrect to apply the hypothesis of two-dimensional flow to the continuity equation for the instantaneous flow. ‘The correct procedure is to start with the complete continuity equation for the instantaneous flow Ou | Ov | dw ant By * Be 79 Taking the ensemble average ot Bt ay t oe 7°6 2. Conservation Equations for Mass and Momentum. and subtracting from the equation for the instantaneous flow we obtain Ov! | aw! Oy | Oz If the flow is two-dimensional, the ensemble averaged equation is ao ow Oy Oz The equation for the fluctuating flow, however, does not simplify. 2.9 (a) For an incompressible, steady, inviscid flow the momentum equations are Ou ht Ot. 19 “Sn dy Oe ~~ poe av dv Ou _ Lap "55 + Sy tO = hay Ou | Ow Ou 1p On Oy Or 7 pda Let dg be an element vector tangent to a streamline. The components of ds are (dx, dy, dz). The length of ds is ds. By definition, we have ulm ele we Vods ° V ds’ V ds where V is the modulus of velocity V = Vu? + v? + w?. The momentum equations are multiplied by dx, dy and dz respectively Ou ou ou 1dp de — aos wu ta + udx ay + wie ra av av dv 1p udys” + ody + udys = aay! 1 ap —- Paz poz Using the relations udy = vdx, ude = wdy, wd = udz we obtain du Ou ou, _ lap wag tt Made tug de = be dv av av, ap ugzpds + uF dy + vp de = pay! Ow Ow dw 1 Op wade twa yt wards =~ 5a de2. Conservation Equations for Mass and Momentum 7 Adding these three equations, we have 1aVv2 1av? 1aVv? 1 dp 1 dp 1dp 5 de + 5 dy + de = —= Pag — Pay — Pa, 2 On 3 ay Ut 2 be ae pdy pac” Remembering that dz, dy and dz are the components of an element vector tangent toa streamline, the above equation can be written as where the symbol d means a variation along a streamline. Then, the total pressure 2 Pi = p+ p&p is constant along a streamline. The total pressure, however, is not necessarily the same along two different streamlines. (b) Another (more elegant) demonstration of the above result is given below. For an inviscid flow, the momentum equation written in vector form is DV_i1 Dep? DV _ av + Dt a 3 The identity (V - V)V = ve +0 x V where dis the vorticity 3d = V x V (V.v)Vv. Z = | Hl gives another useful form of the acceleration a bv _ ot Dt ~ at Then, for a steady flow, the momentum equation becomes 2 +0 tax 2 ve suxt=-lyp 2 Pp By multiplying this equation by an element vector d tangent to a streamline we obtain d ( + +) = 0 because the term @ x Vis orthogonal to 7 and therefore & x V is orthogonal to d5. 2-10 Foran incompressible, inviscid, irrotational flow, we define a potential func- tion ¢ associated to the velocity vector ¥ by V = V¢ so that the condition of8 2. Conservation Equations for Mass and Momentum. irrotational flow is automatically satisfied due to the identity V x (Vd) = 0. Now, the continuity equation is V - V == 0. In terms of the potential function this equation is V - (V7) = 0. With the identity V - (Vd) = V7 we obtain Ve =0 which shows that the velocity potential satisfies the Laplace equation.