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U? i?U?I? o?A?F? U?b?M? d? s? W?O?IU ULNM q b WOJKH d qU wLA d
WOJKH d qU wLA d j v UNMO ULO UJ R iF UNCF l jGCM d
W? d?G? v? s?O?F jG{ X qb Xe Q iUI oOAF bM Wd fHM U?F b YO UF
iF UNCF s d_ bF fJL nK uuL

wJOUu_ Ud bMB WOU) e_
l? q?B?? w?zU?dN wJOUJO U UL aO s U u kick down w??J?F qIM UL
vK Kickdown U?L? q?L?F? q?H?_ s Ud bM qH l uKF t d s cG*
p r d UO s U bM qL( U bM UdK WMU QUO v UOG qI
qOKI q Wd vK e vK uB( rO WKU WDG{ uu W vK jGC bM
s? U?? w? dOuu* UL l s dOG WDu qB Vaccume W?K
K) b
c? d??? d??? d?U?? U?N?Q WK

K) bI V WK
K)U dQ UA UN WIKG WuD
Xe d* d U `H U oKG ULB d pc
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jI N P l{ vK UOG WUI WOF{
jGC rEM
ed* dD rEM
bO ULB
eF Wu
fJL WOJKH d qU
X W
C
WKd c
b qI UL
kick down UL
r qJ
d bM X
dL uJ V u UJ w WdL UI bF wJOUu_ d bM X h r
eOL WdL ZM ULOKF UOu V Xe c dOOG r UOIL s qOGA l{ w
W?u?I?? U? U{_ s WuL UNOK uuL ue s U u tQ wJOUu_ d bM X
uL U U{ pc Wud uL qOJA lML U U{ bB bQ lML U U{ WeK WOU
XeK d qB eOOL sJL v eOL Xe c u uJ tKK tHEM
r? tQ c d bM X d W lHd tOU UL d X WdL qOGA bM
d qIM YO dL bd UOL c bd VOU dL d bM Xe dL UO eON
dL bd UO v Xe s
d bM UD hOA
Ud lOL bM dO' qLF
F
V
tO U X WOL n{
iH
M Xe u
Xe dK b
a Xe dK
bO ULB q
qB dO bO ULB
uUF b
Wd( qI uU w d
tb ULB nE
uH jGC rEM UL
t
C* b
qLF Xe W
C
UOG wQ v UOG WK pd% V
F
V
UOG WK dU
dO' UB UO
6 b
uJ dO' U uU s
bO ULB q
WuJH bO ULB WK
dO' UB WuU j
tuJH dO' UB WuU

d; b U bF Q dO' qLF
F
V
tD{ fJ*dO
Ù dO u dO fJ
WO U X WOL n{
iH
M Xe u
ÒB UNUJ w dJ X
tUJ w uu dO ULB d

td( Wb bM tuA
F
V
Ud{ U dKH dO WO U X WOL n{
iH
M Xe u
tb tKOGA b ULB nE
oU jGC rEM UL

L
F
tKdH u e( dO
D l{ w UO qIM
V
Ù dO tKdH u
UOG WOI bM qLF

F
UAKJ b
R l{ w UO qIM
V
WHU wJF UOG WuL UA
s qIM bM WIK
F
V
Xe dK h Xe u h
iH
M Xe jG{
WHU UuL: b
WHU wU UOG UAK WuL bK
bK' dO
WHU W
C* bK
Anelectronic Automatic Trnsmission wdJ wJOUu Ud bM
tKL w bLF c wJOUu_ Ud bMB uD
Uu Ud oUM s uM c dF

U?O?u?uMJ bI WOdJ rJ b uD bM UOJOUJO qLF w WOJObON UULB vK
oUM s uM c qL b bLF Ud oUM s eOLL uM c U r tQ UO lOMB
b? u? v W U{U UuKF d U b UL s WuL u vK Ud
WOdJ rJ
wdJ_ wJOUu_ Ud bM UuJ

c?H?M v W U{_U ECU W?O?dJ rJ b input U??? W?u?L s UEM c uJ
UNM q WHO e_ c s bM output d_
sensors & input UuKF* b U:
Pwm Solenoid Valve / Torque Converter gJ qH WKu% vK lu jGC rOEM f
lu jGC rOEM vK ULB c qLF UL s U u f: c Lock up Clutch

d U O q u % s q L F r r q J A w 5 u U L g J q H W K u % v K
UL?B c r?OLB? uJ g?J qH? WKu?% vK lu? jGC? l ? WbF?* WC?M
w 5 u UL wU UD W dz WIK q J v K W O bF t O H WD u uI u J Y O
figy3/6y6 r
Speed Sensors td U

UL td w b
r r qJA w sOL UEM c w
Wheel Sensor odD vK F Wd UOI f
Engine Sensor d; Wd UO f
o?d?D? v?K? ??F? W?d? d??L? W?d s q UO vK UL c qLF
WOdJ_ rJ b v qB WOzUdN U qJ vK sOzdI sOd sOU qOu vK qLF
U s ozU qL WuEM o UNCOH
Wd U dO qL W q s ECU
r?J?? b S pc Wd iOH
q s qdH W vK jGC uu W vK jGC
UL c UNU Wd iOH
q s d_ cHM v WOzUdN U UQ uI WOdJK
Ud bM l sOL sc qB 6L2y3 figy3/6L1 r qL r qJA w WMO
Ud bM vK WuGC UL vI YO Ud bM vK X U WDu rz qJA
UL sO UU UuK b w WObFL WOHB vK bM c wzUH d WDu
tCM WIK
Temperature Sensor d( W UO f
WOzUdN U v WUI* Wb c qu% r wJObON qzU d W UO w f: c WHO
6b1y3 r qJ w 5 d( W UO f WOdJ_ rJ b v qB
UIK?G qO?GA U?H u?J Ub?M U_ q?I r? nK? qH l? uu* qO?GA? UH? l qB?
switch on
kick down switch U WOKLF WU) qOF W
C
, ozU q s uu W vK jGC od s p jI U WOKL bM W

C* c qLF
U s UEM c w UOdJ qLF UNMJ UOJOUJO UF UEM w W
C* c qLF
U? q s d_ cHM v d qd w ECU W?O?dJ_ rJ b v UbB
6S16 qJA w UL Wd* Wd
Starter Lock- Out Contact Switch nK qOGA qH UH
e?H? l?M?* p oAF dO' U nK WDu qLF c d; qOGA lM vK UH* c qLF
rJ b v wzUdNJ UO qOu vK qHI c qLF WIAF XU U UO
UL jI 5F{ vK
Parking)(p) l{ vK Wd* uJ UbM nu l{
N l{ vK UOI UB uJ UbM UO( l{

vK rJ b qLF WOzUdN U WUL UO c uJ rJ b v wzUdN UO u bM
qOGA b nK pOUu v wzUdN UO qOu q s p RELAY nK rEM v U UB
d??? d??? wFO fOUMG s uJ YO UEM c qL WId 6S1Y3 q?J sO dL
r?? W?O?b?F?L? WOHB fOUMGL sO uJL wOUMGL ULK WO NP s?O?F{u vK qLFK
w?? r?J??? b v WOzUdN U qOu wUU WOHB c s WOzUdNJ dzb
q?O?G?A? r?O nK pOUu v UO qu c RELAY q?H?I? v? W?OzUdN U qOu vK qLF
dL
CAN WOdJ_ WFDI
WOdJ_ rJ b v UNUQ uI w UuKF* s WuL: UI WJ s U w

v? U?N?K?d? d?_ s? WuL v U c W'UF0 uI WOzUdN U qJ vK ECU
d; qL dE UI UNu0 qLFK d_ cHM
dO' UO UB
v p U tb oOAF l{ YO s wJOUu_ dO' l{ bb% vK UBF c qLF
W?U?) r?J??? b? u??% U?N WKB* WOdJ_ lDI s WOdJ rJ b
w Zd b vK dO' UBF
Parking P nu ZUd
Reverse R wHK) UOG ZUd
Neutral N UO( l{u ZUd
Drive D Ud oOAF ZUd
v_ Wd
WOU Wd
WU Wd
Economy E W UH* s tUB_ Wd( ZUd

Sports WFd WO{Ud Wd( ZUd
Electronic Control Unit ECU rJ b UOU
UIU ZdL qIF c uI tKb Wd UuKF vK u wdJ qI s U w
WUIL rJ b uI dc WIU Input WHK

L UuKFL b s tO WUI UuKFL
w?J? U?N? U?D? u? U? w? U?N??O??B? v?K qLF Zd u U l UNO XK w UuKFL c
U_ UU uI qL b qL qLF dL U WHK
L dL qL d l VUM
v W U{UdL qL d vK UM UNO WUI d cOHM WHK
L d_ cHM v WOzUdNJ
wJObON qzU uG{ dOOG q s WOzUdNJ UULB qL w rJU uI rJ b Q p
iOH
q s dO a wJObON qIF U wJObON qzU o b U qOKI q s
vK UM jGC u U r Wd U
d; Wd
qOL d
dO' s uKD* eFU p W dO' X d W
UO Wd
6S16 r qJ dO UB lu Ub w dOOG Zd l nOJU rJ b uI

Out Put d_ cHM UU
Starter Relay nK rEM
Starter nK v qu wzUdNJ UO qB q tHO S K8 r qJ w `{u u UL
s? r?J? b v qB w rJ b s tKB w UuKFL vK UM dL qOGA q s
6S1y3 qJ dL nK qOGA edL qHI s Input U b
Y66/1
X11/4
S16/10
K38
CAN
Y3/6y1
N15/3
S16/6
Y3/6y2
Y3/6y6
Y3/6/1
Y3/6/2
Y3/6y3
Y3/6y4
Y3/6S1
Y3/6B1
Y3/6y5
r qJ
Test Coupling For Diagnosis U_ WAO

hH WOKL r rJ b l WKB uJ UEM h WOKL bM WAOH c b

UN vK qLFK UNFu W dF UEM w UD_ s Y rU_ WAO l hH UN qOu
tAOH c 4X11 r qJ sO
Wd* UI
w? d?O?? U?B? u?J? U?bM WOKLF c b WdL d s dO qB r WU c w
Parking P nu l{
UULB WuL
W?O?U?? U?_ q?L UULB c e uF dO w Wd dOOG w WuLL c WHO
qJA w UL
v??K? q??L? F? 6y3y3
Y3/6/2
Y3/6/1
Y3/6Y5
Y3/6Y6
U?O?G vK dO' oOAF
Y3/6Y1
Y3/6Y2
v? u?u?K? d?H?? b

Y3/6Y3
Y3/6Y4
5d
qLF 6y5y3 ULB
v??K? d??O? ' o??O? A? F? v??K?
Ud
qLF 6y4y3 ULB
v??K? d??O? ' o??O? A? F? v??K?
Ud
r qJ
6y2y3 6y1y3
U??U??L? s? U?? w?
jGC tOu rOEM
Wd iOH
vK qLF UAKJ UH UL s U u 6y6y3
wdJ_ wJOUu_ dO' qL b
oOAF b WU
dL `L YO UIKG edL qHI uJ N UO l{ P nu l{ w dO UB uJ UbM

dL qOGA `L c Starter Relay nK rEM v UNKu w rJ b v WOzUdN U
oOAF WU
r?? U? o?d? s? p? r dO oOAF b Drive D l?{ v?K? d?O UB uJ UbM
c 6y3y3 ULB v U wDF w oOAF l{ w dO U UNLKF rJ b v UNU
UOG vK dO oOAF vK qLF
UO U WU c w dL vK lu qL e uu W vK ozU jGC UbM
Wd v WU UO Q rJ b v WOzUdN U qu w Wd U s vK Wd v
o?d? s? W?F?d WU WdU WU
Wd UUL v U U vK rJ b qLF vK
U?b?M? d? U?? o?K?G? X? U?? `H c wJObON qHI Xe dL UL
Wd qI WOKL b
b? v? W?d?? w??? s? U? q?d? o?zU q s uu W vK jGC qOKI bM
WOJObON UULB v U WOdJ rJ b qd UbM XK b WdL Wd U rJ
W?d?K Xe U v dL UNKF WOUF WdK WKu UL Xe WOL qOKI q s
Q UO v UOG qI Wd iOH
wUU q_
Economy W E WUB_ Wd(
uu vK qLF YO dO oOAF r W E UB_ l{ vK UOG WUI l{ bM
uuK d W qU WuKDL Wd v
Sport S WFd Wd( ZUd
W v dD WOU Ud v uu vK WFd WO{Ud Wd ZUd w qLF r

WKJKNL uu
bu WK
Wd* UN dF w uI b
Ud bM w WOI u eN WHO w U
UNHzU UNze d eF WKu qL WId d
w s q WHO d wJOUu Ud bM v UU
W
C*
5u
XU uCF
bu U& iUI
WOJKH d WuL qL b d
UNHzU d U b UL d wdJ wJOUu Ud bM w
bu
W?O?zUNM WuL
WOzUNM WuL
Wd dOOG uI lb dbL F v d bM s b e qI UNHO
b?I? q?I? W?u?L?? r?O?L?B nK UO qL d UL U bIL YO s b
WFb F l u dL l u V WOzUNM
b
vK U VUD `B bu c W bF
wUd lb wHK) lb wU_ lb 5 eO1
WOzUNM WuL: WOOzd e_ dF
tUIK tOd uL WHO dF
WOKBH* uK WHK< u_ 5 eO1
uOM U WuL qL WId e dF
WO dH d qL UG WLE_ iF dF
WOHK) WOU U; UB VOd WHO dF
Wb( Ud* w lb WLE

UNL Ue b WbIL w dL u wDF WdL WbI w Wb UdL rEF w dL lI
WKu Wd* WbI uJ WU( V t WFU eN dLK l WbI* w wU eO u
WdLK wUO qJA qOJA
dLK bO' bd
bD WU w Ud WUL
w W?OU ?F? uJ? sJL?O W?dL? s W?Fb ?F? l u V?? lb? WId? vL?
F w WOHK F XU wU_ lb UdL uM c s UdL vL WFb F
wUd lb Ud vL lU r lb U wHK lb Ud vL WFb
x x x x ud vMF U UA
WOOzd e
b?M? d?? s? bI qOu uI w WOJOUJOL e uL w WOzUNM WuL
F l u dL l u V d_ Wd s UNLOLB nK WFb F v d
WOU WOU e_ s WOzUNM WuL uJ WFb
WOKBH* u dJ uL uL
u; d WuL
WO dH d WuL
F bL
drive shaft uL
w? U{ uJ lb u; d WuL v d bM s b e qI tHO
w? n?u?& u?u? V?U?G? w? U??? u uL uJ YO wHK) u;U lb WU
q?J? U?O?? q?I? e?d iOH `L t UL Ud Wd r s qKI U2 Wd* WO{
b?M? V?u? b? v?K? l?I? d?O?B? u?L? u?J?O? w?U? l?b? Ud w U
WuL v d bM s dU Wd( qIM uL UM uJ UUO Ud
qu uL u eKO wUd lb Ud w U qJ w UL WOzUNM d
qJ w UL wU u; dOB d wHK) u;
qJA
qJA
U v wHK) u; qB
W?? D? ?u?? U?? O? ?? ? q?? J? ?O?
d??? ? s?J?1 U?d??
v?? K? ? W?? ? ?d??* d??O? W??? O? ?
Ud bM UodD
UO qJO v U uJO
u?L? R? w?J?
V?? d?E q w t
qJA
5??? K? O? v??K? u??? ?

ULK d WOKBH WK UM uJ VO dJ uLF WOM Wd(U ULK 5KBHM
wKFH wuD dOGU `L WIeM WK UM uJ V pc u; qO W w dOGU
qJ uLFK
5K s VUG w uL Vd
uLF r WIeM WK 5OKBH
qJ w UL tH
u s UuMB uLF r uJ
b? s? w?U? u???? u?
Ud lD? bKB uJ u?M
WOKBH WK td b vK rK
qJA
WO?KBH? WK? VO?d W?M?K W?H

WOKBH WK d dD vK rK
s? b??? u??L? s?? W?F??D? l?? W?O??U?
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WIeM* WKu qOJA d
qJA
W?UM wK UN bL qL
UN uI dF UL b e s
e?d?L? d?D? u? q?L??? U?L? o?d?D? U?b? W?H?K???L? d??K? o?O?A?F?? U?O?K?L V WOb
uLF u e c sJ U dOB uL uJ V e b VM e

q?L?L e Ud bM s U
u?L? d?O?B?I? c?F? W?U w XU
w? r?b? l?D b v uLF Wze sJL
WO{ v X jO qL WDu ju
qJ w UL WdL
qJA
q? e??L? u?LF e uJ
?G?? s? s?J?L? U?L? e??? W{d
WKuD UdL w qC qJA eO
e R e b w UOJOUM UOJOU Wu dJ bL uJ V
l uL qJ WuL WOKL r Ud v R b UL dJ bL vK WF u UN U v
WOKBHL t
center support bearing jOu qL;

WdL qJON qB d v WdL WO{ v X eL WKuD bL r w b
UND w WJOL WOUD WK s uJ
q?J?A? w? U?L? W?O?K?O d qL
v uL s wU e bM
e? vK wHK e qL qLL
V??K?? q?L??L? e? b??L? U??
UG s tUL WHOKG WOU WOUD
WOdD u
qJA
slip Yoke WIeM* WKu

qH vK uL d UbM
f?H? w dBI uD uLF UL V Ud bM uL ed sO WUL dOG
WIeML WKu b pc dE q w F v eF qIM tOd bM UIAF vI X u
WOuD dOG l nOJ tu dOOG uLF `L w
b?? W??K? W?Ou bU wU tD vK uH b uL s WIeML WKu uJ
U?N?K?b? u?H?? W?O?u?D? b?U? u?J? W??UM

v? d? t?d? j?d? W??K?? q? u?L?F? q?b?
U q bL uLF oeM sJL uL
qJ WMOF UU WK
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qJA
bM v uL d jd b w

qL uLF We Wd WOKUI WOKBHL u lL V wHK uL Ud
WUOB pH VOd WKN uJ Ud dOOG bM dH UM WOzUH UbB
UNLOI sJL UO WUM w WbL WOKBHL u s WHK ULOLB u UM
wK UL lMB U VOdK UF
Wd U s WuMB WObF UM WKu UNM WuMB* U* V
WOe WU UM XOe V
b Wd WLEM dO b Wd WLEM UM V
d?? U??L? b?L? U?U?N? jd UO iF w WdL WOKBHL u b
bL vK UNbI eOL uIL UDL q WMO u s WuMB w tOu UE w uJ UNUb
UJ WKOK XOe v U w WObB WOzUH OL s WUM e UbB
U vB Ub We qOLU ULK `L WUO v U
v qB b We qOLU ULK `L bL w b WObFL WOKBHL u U
WUF WKu UA WObFL WOKBHL u u d s W
universal joints WUF u

q?B?? s?O?J? s?O?b?U?F?? s?Ou s uJ
WOU WuA qB Ud bMB v WuA
W{dF WFD sOJH sO jd uLF
u? W?d?? W?d?? `?L?? W??UB eJd WF
p?c? q?J q?J?A? w? U?L? U?U
b?M? b?zU?I? u??L? s? b? e qI sJL
q?J?A? u?L? U?I?M?L? u?L v d
qJA
v?K?? d??? U?I?M?L uL lOD ULMO dL
UJ qOKI p WKBL WF d vK Wd qOL wd Vd Wd qH

qJ
qJA
qJA
U??L? u?J? UbM b Wd w UE b uN WDO WUF u uO r s

e cc UIML uLF Wd U WU Wd bzUI uLF b UbMF b WUI vK
W bI vK UIML uLF Wd w cc bI bLF bIL fHM bu WHK w qI
d? W?O?D?? W?d? vK bLF UIML uLFK WOb Wd p w V suL sO qOL
d?O?G?? W?U?L c uLF ed v WKBL s WuLF WUL WU w tN s w WKBL
p s ZM b UM dLU
U?IM?L? u?LF? W?d? cc?
W?d?? U??? s?? r?d?? v?K??
qJA w UL bzUI uLF
Zb dUE c vK VKGK
s?u?J?? s?J?L? b?U?? q U UK
qJA
UKBL uJ YO b WK
WOU WKu cc UG r v WKu s ZM c cc U WU c w uL fH w
qJ fUFL UU bIL fHM
qJA
cv joints Wd WU u
W?U?F? W?K?u s UeOOL UIML bzUI UNOze sO b Wd qUL UL UN pc XOL
W??U Wd b UIML uL bzUI uLK b Ud UNO qUL w WUF
Ucc oOF v F Wd cc u YO U qJA wU lb Ud w
UNL WU Wd u bb ULOLB UM tOu WOKL e
We* WUF WKu
b bM qJ qJA w UL b qBHL sOb sOU sOK s U w
sOKBL sO WLEM dO WO Wd QAM ULMO Wd fHM UIML uLF bzUI uLF b
qJA
qJA
WdJ WKu
q?U? h?H? q? U?d? s? U? n?U??
U??L? M? O? ?G? l? h?H?I? b? ? U?d?J?
w?? U?? q?b? v? W?d?? U?d?J? l?O?D???
s? s?u??L? sO eF qIM GU WOu U
dE b Wd w cc QAM UdJ
qJ uLF ed s UdJ bF U
qJA
5b WK
s? U?F??? W?d?J? WKu UNOd w tA
q? d??? q?U? v?K? W? sO W dJ
W??K? u?? ?? w?? n??K? ? U???? W??O?u? U??
s?O?b? ? s? b? e? q?I??M? w?U
qJ
u; d WuL
U?d?J? u?O?M?? U?? W?u?L?? U?C vL
uL s Wd qIM UMM s U w uOM
q?u?? U?NHO WO dH d WuL v
qJA
u?L Wd qu W b?IL Wd U

w?{d?F? U v WdLK wuD U s
i?O?H??? u?I? U?L? ?F UL db
v sO d ULMO dOGB UdL w v sO Wd qI W d eF U b Wd

UMUA w
u??L? d WuL uJ Ue
oOAF WU w UMML s wU s
bzUI d u uOMU dOGB d vL rz
WOKBH WK ju uL l B uJ
UdJ U vL qJA wIK uJ dOJ d
d? l? w?I?K?? d?? q?L?F? w?I?K? d
qJA
w{dF U v Wd U qu vK uOM

W??D? u? u??L? b?L? l? w?I?K?? d?? q?B??
qJ WO dH d WuL
u; d WuL w Wd( qu UId UM
b U WIdD c X b qJ Wb d bU v WIdD
w UJ W v UNUM qJ V nMB WOdL d bU WOU WIdD
u? s? W?H?K?J? q U WDO w q?J? W?L?O?I?* UM WOd< d
qJA
qJA
qJA
qJA
d u s U{u{ d WU q UN b WKOK UN d

R? U2 qzU vMM s qJ uJ q?J WOeK( UM WOd< d
U?L WLOI* UM s WU d uJ wUU UN dF* s lDI WU U v
U{uC s qKI U2 wb qJA oOAF b v R s qO
qJA YO s WOeK( UM _ WuON UM tA qJWuON WOd< d
wU d ed s iH uOM d ed uJ lUI U uOM U ed
w WOU{ eO WuON d wDF c uL ed iOH s UMMJ1 U2
WuL: WU s be U2 qIM W fHM d uOM d uJ WOUJ
e?O?( s? b?e? U?2 Ud d qH bL* uLF U) oHM u iOH WOUJ
uK' w d W du
UHDFM* bM UuB odD vK UNdI s be U2 UO qI ed iOH WOUJ
W?O?U?? U?N??D bKB wJzU VKB s WOzUNM WuLL WOdL d lMB
fJJ uL d L UM UN dF w WOUF UL dE qPK UNUI Ue
ULOK UIOAF iF UNCF l d oAF V U{uC qOK vK uBK WU ue
w?U? v? V?O?d?? w? U?D? R? s?O?dK uD wdz bM UM Vu f YO
W?F?U?B? UdA uI uOM d wIK d sO oO U UM dJL vK v U{uC
w b nK pc UF UNLO d uI uOM wIK d UF UNM q sOOK d UU
UF sOM dOOG eK ULNM
Differential
WOdH d WuL
b?M?F? U?H?D?FML w dO bM WOU WOKb F Ud d WUF w UNHO

n?D?F?M?L? s? WOU WN vK WF u F lDI q?J? w? U?L nDFM w WdL dO
uJ w WOKb F tFDI w WUL s d WU

fH vK F XU U WdL ed v d
u?J? s?K? U??U? U?B? iF UNCF l WKB uL
b?M WHK WU ULNM q lDI ULNOd WUF UJU
v odD vK sOKF b oeM V UHDFML
v R c d UN oK
U qP bF U
Wd* dO w U du b
d; b s e bI
u?? v?K? U?O w WFb F Vd pc
nB vL qBHM u vK WK q Vd UL b
qJA
WuL od s UNCF l UL UB qB uL

b?M? W?O?b? U?L?N??d? ?? l? U???U? s?O??K??F? v?K? w?K? e? lu uI w WO dH d
b?M? s?O??K??F? w uN jG{ d s d F b qP V UHDFML
Wu dO d w dH
UOdb WOdH d e
W?u?L?? W?U?M? w? W?L?O?I???L? d Xb
b???? W??b?? U?dL rEF WO dH d
s? W?O? dH d WuL uJ WOdL d
UL qJA w UL WOdL d s sO
F b u uLF ULNM q qB sdO sOd
d l sOIAF sdOG sOd Vu vK uJ
U? ? q? d?? c? l?{u? uL uL
tF b wU d l U uJ
n??B? l?? u??L? u?L? d? s? d? q? b?
sL_ uL nB d tOK VdL uL
j? s? d?? u?L nB dL ULMO WO dH d
l?M?L? U?E?U? q?U?L UL e wU d
qJA
d?O?G?B Ud U WuLL U v Xe d
u?J? U?O??d?b? w XL u u ULNM q bO

d?? l? b? h?H? q?J? v?K? uJ b ULJ UOdb
WO dH d tF qL wU
WOdH d qL WId
XL hHI od s WO dH d WuL v Wd qb
U?L?? b? U?M? u?OM s td cQ c wU d l
qJ UNL WO dH d WuL w WdK
Wd fHM u; uL d b rOI j dH bM
U?N?M?J? U?u u b WMU WO dH d vI
UN tM WFD UNQ G l dz jO w d
W?O?J?O?U?J?O? W?K? U?N?Q? d?B?? s?J UMML dB
v b e qIM u; d l G l WuK
A qJ UU u; wHB
c u; d S WU( c w F b XO bM
qJA
q?U?I?* u; d S hHIdb bM b tO d db u pc hHI qFH b u
fH w bK XU dOG u; d lb UU u b XU u; d vK WO dH

qFH WH hHI qFH WH WHUC Wd X* dO u; nB b WOM w U&
C qJ UU u WO dH d
b? p?c? W?O?Kb F s u WU WOU) F lDI UHDFM* w dH bM

v WKd* w 5Kd vK r Wd( UMKO u b s d b WOU) F
q?L?J?? W?d?( w? W?OU) WKF dL WOKb WKF X r WU* fH UKF lDI
d d YO 5IU 5UK Wd( uL w UHDFM* w Wd( bze WU*
d? b X u fH w u; uL d WU Wd wDF dzb jO; w WO dH
F uL d dbO WOKb FK uLF d UH b UBI qFH tH u w dH
B qJ bI* fHM WOU)
wU b'U ZzUM U wLOKF u/ bU WO dH d qL UA

dE lOL w WO dH d WuLL WOM Ud b
WO dH d WU
UH b
uL d
UH b
UH b
Wd( jD
uL d wU d
s1 u; d u;
b dz jO w d
rOI j dO
d db dz jO w d
s d
s q
U UDF
s q
s d
UMO1 UDF
WU dO WKF
X u fH w s1 u;
db dz jO w d
X u fH w d uL d
db dz jO w d
nF{d uL d db
d vMLO WKF
UHK b
db dz jO w d
nF{ sL uL d db
WU vMLO WKF
d dO WKF
UHK b
uL d WDu UNMU w b
nKK
U
uL Wud UO
fH sL uL d db d
b XU
wJF UU sJ UHK b
bOU dO WKF

U WH
d WDu UNMU w b
U
nKK
uL Wud UO
uL d db sL uL
b XU
sJ UHK b fH d
bOU vMLO WKF
wJF UU
U WH
WOdH d qL UG
u?J? UbM WKJA UM uJ uL wHB vK UU wK e lu WO dH d uI
e s q UNO qu eF wI ULU F oeM sOKF bM WU WOUJ dE
s WI WFI bOK u sOKF b dO UbM WKJAL QAM odD `D l F UJ u
w?K e s WUM lb u s q odD l WKF c UJ u uJ vBU UDG odD
Wd WHUCL WU c w WO dH d uI WU d WKF vI ULMO b WKF c oeM
WKF UNO uG dH qL Wd_ c v R UL WU XOI d_ WKF _ d WKF
U?N?K?B c b e _ WdL pd d WKF lOD Wd vK bI UO bIH
odD l d_ WKF UJ eF UU q uJ
oOF wGK UN s U u differential lock w d ozU bU WKJAL c WUF sJL
UNL WO dH ozuF s WHK u UM WO dH d qL
dog-clutch differential lock oOAFK WKUI ozuF
qJ w UL Ub qGA oOAF WK s uJ
u??L? wHB b qu UNIOAF bM uI
d??U? d?U? uL c qBO WO dH d G
d?b?? W?O? d?H? d?? l?O?D??? tF b wU
wHB `B uL wHB Wd w dH WUF
wU b u ULNU uL
WOd dD vK WKUF UdL w uM c b
qJA
u? d?O?? b?M? U?_ s? be d d u UNODF YO
v p R ozUF qB ozU vM UbM WFd UO VUM t tO sL hO jO
WO dH d WuLL d{
limited slip differentials WO ozuF
q?L?? h?H vK u dF d ULNMO sOIK s nQ
wHB bU WOKb WIK qB qJ Ub s WuL
h?H?I uI d uL nBM WOU WIK qB uL
v?K? u?u?L? u??M? o?d? s? s?O??IK sO qu WIK qLF
fHM UF WuLL b rOI j WdL dO UbMF sOIK
qJA
Q?D? W?I?K??U? U?B?? h?H?I? U? sOIK Wd w jO d u WU w U

w? U WO dH d qL Ò UL uM vK db U qbK d Ub lOD
sO dFL dL q Wd WFU lOD Ub S sOIK sO Wd w dO d u WU
UF uL wHB bO UF sOIK j v R UL uM bM Ub iF dAM sOIK
WO dH d qL vGK b WFDI
u b vK WFd WOD UdL vK tOd sJL wzUIK qJA UEM c qLF
multi-plate clutch lock d bF iUI ozuF
` J U N MJ e b b M i F U N CF l U L UB q U j d u I o z u F c
v R U L e s UN F M L w U U U N O q u b e q K I o e M w W U L W K F
W?Ie d?D vK? Wd?L UO b?M U_ U? v UC? R d_ W?KF?K qB w? bI? U
UHDF ML bM
i?U?I jd q?J?A? w? U?L? u?? nB qJ d bF iU s UEM c nQ
uL nB l wU d jd d_ iUI sL uL nB hHI sO tIOAF bM sL
qJ d
qJA
qJA
U; UB F bL
w?K? e? q?L??? WFb F w WO dH d s wb eF qIM UL UB uI
UJ WId uL u V nK d e u v WU{U
WOU U; UB
X u fH w UNF WdL tOu s WR WOU_ UL uJ wU lb Ud w
U??L? b?e? V?? p?c qI qJA qH_ vK WdK WKU F uJ VKG pc
v?K? U?H? pc qH_ vK Wd s F sOJL WOKBHL u s bF WOU
u?I? U?M?? e? qL WOU_ UL UB lOD q?J? W??d?L tOu sOU
qJA
wb eF qI lOD YO Vd WOU

uI WdL U WFb F v jI
qJ oOKF UE UNKLO d_
v?K? d?D?O?? W??K? U?O?I? s?O?Q??
d?O e b? u W?dL
V??? W?O?U?? U??L?? U?B??_ f?U????
w jI Wd WU WOKBHL u ULF
d? sO?K? UF? w u?J U?L? c
qJ w sO u UL u nB q vK
qJA
qJA
UdJ u s WOU WKu sOb u s WOKb WKu uJ

vK p dR Ud bM dL l u V WOU_ UL UB u nK
V dB _ uLF s W q u_ uLF uJ WU dO bL_ u XU Q WdL
e? c vK VKGK u b WdL e w V eF qI UM wzu e p
WO dD b l
u uLF vK Vd
U? w?J?O?UM bN
`?{u? u? U?L? W?O?U?D?
U?b?MF q?J?A?U
U uK uLF eN
b?N?L?K? w?c? u?BI
qJA
wJOUM bN
v?? q??O? 1 u?L?F? q?F??

uI WU Wd b
W?? ? ?O? ? ? U?? ? D? ? ?* U?? ? u?? ?
e UBU
u?? ?_ u?? L? ?F? ? q?? F? ?
s?? d??? d?D? u??
qJA
w?UU dB _ uLF
t??? U??I? t??? b?e?
qJ u
W?D?O? bL b
u?? b??O? u?? w??U??U?
q??O? K? I? U?; U?B?
qJA
w?? ? U?? L? ? U?? O? ?G? ? l?? D? ?

jO uL
qJA
W?O?K?B?H? W?K bU
q?J? uLF WUN bM
sOH WK
qJA
Ud WK
WOHK) U; UB
w?H?K?? u??L? uJ sJLO uL c oOKF WId vK WOHK UL UB rOLB bLF
V?K?B? uM s uL uJ Wb WHOH UdL rEF w U u UL I UIOKF oKF
UdL u iF w U u UL
WU UdL WLbI
j? r? qIL oOKF WU w
WO?zUNM? Wu?L u?L
ULMO WdL qJO v wU qJA
v?K?? d??? ??F? lO?D???
U?E ? s b? v?K q? qH?
l{u? UN?UA l?{u u?J oO?KF?
b? U?M???U? l?b? w?U?_ u??L?
b???? p?c? t?O?u?? U?E? u?
qJA
WOKBH u? e U UB
l?? b?? ?? ?? w?? U???? u?? U?? L??
dA sJ qJ wU
uM s? WOK?BHL? u u?J
u b sJL Wd XU
qJ w UL WUF WUF
q?I???L? d?O? o?O?KF WU w
u s uJ UU uL uJ
qJA
u??? d? r?? t?D? w? dH

d?? U?? u?O?M?? d? v?K
uL
wIK d
q UL UB uJ WO dH
qU
s? b?L? q?J? vK uJ u

w?U?? d?D? vK Vd VKB
uL
d?D? ?F VOd tMK UNM

d l oAFO b uJ wKb
qU
d??? W?u?L?? w? u??L?
qF WMK
qJA
qJA w UL WO dH
WOHK) U; UB s u W UM
wd Vd uM c w rzU nB u
w? U?L? ?G? u?? u?LF 5 qOL%
U? r?O?L?B?? c? V? q?J?A

u?I? U?O s e qL u;
b e v WU{U WOU'
V?d? u?M? c? w? r?zU U W u
qJA
u??? q??? F? d?? 5?? q?O?L?% w?d?

qJA w UL uLK wU)
U??O? ? w??U??) u??? q??L? ? ?O?
WOU' uI b e u; qL
UL qF d 5 wu_ G 5 wd< uM s qOLK UOd Vd rzUF u;

u??_ q?L ULMO jI wb eF WU( c w u; qL q?JA w
WOU' uI Wd*
bu WK
WOzUNM WuL: WOzd e_ r
WOKBH u bL e U*
WIeM* WKu WHO w U
jOu qL; b s
e b v bL e& U*
Wd w cc UM uJ q WDO WUF WKu w UIM* uLF Wd cc U*
b WUI vK suLF uJ UbM
WU Wd u vK WK d Wd WU WK vMF U
uOM U WuL nzU w U
WOeK( UM d eO w UL
p bzU U WOeK( WOd< d s WuON WOd< d U9 U0
WOU U( w dOGB WO dH d d nO
rOI j dO Wd*
nDFM w dO bM
WO dH d qL UG UUO eK U*
WO dH d qL UG v UdO s d U% Ud*
WOU_ U; UB w qLF w WOKBH* u UHu w U
rzUF u; WU w Wd* qL c U
bu
o???K??F???? W??L??E??
oOKF WLE
wU_ uL oOKF UE nK oOKF WLE s WHK u ULOLB Wb UdL b
bN fH UN qLF b fH UN oOKF WLE lOL sJ WdL fHM wHK uL oOKF UE s
UOI d sO Ud v e UbB UI qOKI u
s? q?O?
u? UE uJ qO
u UE U Wd Ud s oOKF UE uJ
w?U?_ q?J?O?N? l? o?d?D? v?K? d?b?? w? F q
u u Wd WOKBH
UH
r? ?? s?O? W??O??B? W?O?b?M?N? W?F vK kU UL vK WdL r XO uI WdLK
F
Wb UdL w WFL ULOLB UNHzU oOKF UE e b bu c w dDM
vK U VUD `B bu c W bF
oOKF UE WHO bb%
uL dO u uL; u 5 eOOL
UNuU Ude qL b WHO n

e -U UbB U U& qL b WHO n

WOJOUJO*
u rJ Wu* oOKF UH qL WHO n

qI * dO oOKF UE qI * oOKF UE 5 UdH d
UHU wzUIK rJ Yb( oOKF UE qL WId rN
oOKF UE WHO
UNu
qKI odD `D u b s WUM UbB e UBU oOKF UE uI
e??N? U?L?M?O? r?O?I?? ? j?? o?O?K?F UE u uLL e d pc WdLK wU_ qJON v
b_ oOKF UE oI pc qJ odD fUC V qH_ vK cc F
WOU W Ozd
Ud Wd* qJO v UNUI qOKI odD Ub
UB
sJ2 b bF v UNOK dDO Wd* UO sR U2 odD `D l F o
UL{
W?? U?? L? ? U?? d?? W?? o??O? I? %

nK s uIM*
s?? W??? d??* e?? v??K? W??E? U??;
nK
qJ
b?e? U2 ozU vK UN qOKI

WM UOI eOd vK tb s
oOKF UE UuJ UOU

uLL uU oOKF UE vK uLL e vL F U WdL qJO sO oOKF UE lI
(un-sprung weight)
uL dOG uU oOKF UE vK uLL dO e (sprung weight)
tFu tzeQ dL bI qI UE wU WdL r qJON qLA uLL u

qJON vK uL u U q ozU Ud WuL WHKL
c? w?U? q?JA F v jd uU q F UL qLA uLL dO u
WdL Wd odD fUC V qH v vK v cc eN u
W?? ? q?O?K?I v uLLBL vF pc Ò
fJF t ULK e r WOKU qI
oI uLL dO e cc dOU qI pc UJ b uLL u v uLL dO u
WdL u w d W
oOKF WLE uJ
W?M?O??* WOzd e_ s
e_ qLA qJ w
WOU
U??N??H?O? U?d??e?
W?? ? U?? ? U?? ? B? ? ?? ?
s??e??? W??b??B?
U??N?K?b? W?U?D? c?
qJ
UNKJ dOG od s
? c?c?? s? U?d??e lM Ude UNe w WUD bb UNHO U&

UNe w WUD
o?O?K?F?? q?L?A? W??d?* qJO v U; F jd w w WOJOUJO*
u
q?
w? W?O?U?_ U?N??H?O? W?O?K?B?H?* W?dJ
u rzUb rJ u
W??F? v?K? W?E?U?; U?; v?K? W?d* r XO WdLK wU_ qJON v F
F r ' 5 WOB WObMN
Springs
Ude
uI dOU X UNKJ dOG vK dO b UN WdLU nB WOJOUJO e s U Ude

u F U b M WU D c oK D d H U G C bM U N K b uI c WU e UN O K WF u
WOFOD UNU v
q?J?A? U?d?? v?K? u??? o?O?K?F? U?E? q? oOKF UE w fOzd e Ude qJA
o?d?D? `?D? l? U? b?D?
s? W?UM WOJOUJOL WUD UB w Ude WHOdP
UO oOKF WLE w Wb L Ude u dN s UNUFO WUD c se uI
WuH Ude
WOzuN Ude
Wd* WOJObON Ude
uGC* uN l WOJObON Ude
WOUD* Ude q ULF q d u UM
WuH Ude
w W Oz UJ W UNM b
qJ WOu Ude
qUF q WuKDL WOJOUJOL u tU Ud ZUF wJzU u s WOu Ude lMB
wK UN WUI WdL
UL dO UK VNK od s WOU d U v Ude idF b V
ed wd
uH jzd s WuL s wu de uJ

U?N?C?F? u? l?{u? U?N?u? w? b?? U?d? Z?U?FL
jdq?J?A?U `{u u UL de qJA iF
uI dL ed wd WDu iF UNCF l _
W?M?O?F? U?U? ? v?K? p?U?A? l?{u? UNUHBM w lI
l?M? i?F?? U?N?CF W MU UNU{ w _ kH
w? q?L?F? W?e U v UuK wU e
LF UIK ozUd u w W Ozd WIOd wd
qJ
tUJ w de XO

deK wuD UU iF UNCF u ozUd oeM qL dOU X wu de uA UbM
s?J?L? U?? q? w? U?M?J?L? d??eK wuD bL uJ V pc WO Ozd Wu u e
jI b d jd q?J w UL sOI sOdF q
Wd b od s p oOI
qJ w UL WOe WLI vK tKOL Ò qJA UUO d dD uI d d dD d
qJ
q
Wd
u
qJ
q?O?K?I?? szbK s u b
e?? s?? Z??U??M? d??d??B? U??J? ?
qJ iF UNCF W MU Uu
WOu Ude eO
u
qJ
U WuN
q?I? u?; t?O?u? q?L? WOUJ
lb u
UNb UdOOG WuN
qJ WOeK Ude
U?d??e?U? U?? uH UC s lMB
WOU d U bM uQL wuK qJAU qJA
W??O? d??e? U?H?B? V? ??J?? U?d? U?N???U?F? r??
WuKDL
V??K? w?? U??d??? e?? s?? u?M? c? b??? ?
q?I? L oOKF WLE w W
U dOGB UO
qJ
t? W?H? t?K?G?A? c? e?O?? d?G?B? p dHL

eO w U VOd sJL WOUF td
deK wKb wuD
u?I? q?L?? W?O?e?K?? U?d??e? l?O?D
V pc UF b UN b YO WOU
W?I?e?ML _ tOu vK uI c qOL
U?NOd UF s WKuD Ude WUL V UL
qJ
UE w U u UL WOKO bL u U q
U?b? w q?J? w? U?L? u?d?O? U? oOKF
WUM
wK bL
sO u UL dL uH s UC s U w
d dD qJONU UNd b jd qJA w
qJ
s??J? L? u??? q?L? v? d?F?L? e?? l? j?d?
u bLQ UC UNb
UN
u s
u bu WUD UB vK WOUF bI
u nOH
UNF UbBK U b eK UJ UN bu
qJWOzuN Ude
WOU Wd t wFO d t UGC qU t uN u s
Ude e?OL Xu fH? w UbBK U? de tb? sJL
jGC Ue UNd qI WHOH UL_ bM WOUF UNdL tOzuN
Wd* WOJObON Ude
qJ
q?zU? U?N?K?b? WOUD bzU s U w

qJ w UL
uGC* UG l WOJObON Ude
qJ
d?? q??J? v??K? w?b?F? ? s? u?J??

q?? U?O?zU?O?L?O? q?U? U?G? u?K?L? uU tKb
UUL
X WC fJ s uJ wJObO UEM UG d jd qJ w UL sOdOM
U?N?O rJ sJL w Wb WLE_ s u UFH oOKF w UEM c b qJ rJK
s?? u??U??? W?D?u?
k?U?? t? U?E?M? c? Ue
q?I edL XU UH vK
i??G? _ s?? U??O? ?
WuL w dOG s dEM
WOUD* Ude
w?? U??D?L? b??? ?
WdL s dO sU
qJ
qJ
d?O? WOUDL Ude
w?d wUO de UL fOz de WOUDL Ude b cWKOI UL WUM
o?O?K?F?? eN_ UU q
u jdL bM e VK nuK bB b qJ vK
UJ
qJ
WOUDL VK
qJ
qJ
UbB U
Shock Absorber
U&
w? d?L?? WO
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1. Automotive Technology _- Jack Erjavec 3rd Edition Delmar 1999
2. Technology for the Automotive Trade ( Volume 1& 2) H. Gerschler
GTZ
3. Automotive Engine - William H . Crouse, D. Anglin, Mc. Graw Hill
1994
4. Auto Fundamental Stockel, Martin , The goodheart- Wilcox 2000
5. Kraftfahrazeugtechnik, Greigk, Bruhn, Danner, Westermann2001
6. Fundamentals of motor vehicle technology, Hillier V.A.W, Thornes
1991
7. http://64.78.42.182/free-ed/MechTech/Automotive/default.asp
8. http://www.kfz-tech.de/Engl/Stichw/StichwA.htm
9. http://www.kfz-tech.de/index1.html
10. http://www.fiat-spider.net/servicemanualpages/contents.htm
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1. Automotive Technology _- Jack Erjavec 3rd Edition Delmar 1999

2. Technology for the Automotive Trade ( Volume 1& 2) H. Gerschler
GTZ
3. Automotive Engine - William H . Crouse, D. Anglin, Mc. Graw Hill
1994
4. Auto Fundamental Stockel, Martin , The goodheart- Wilcox 2000
5. Kraftfahrazeugtechnik, Greigk, Bruhn, Danner, Westermann2001
6. Fundamentals of motor vehicle technology, Hillier V.A.W, Thornes
1991
7. http://64.78.42.182/free-ed/MechTech/Automotive/default.asp
8. http://www.kfz-tech.de/Engl/Stichw/StichwA.htm
9. http://www.kfz-tech.de/index1.html
10. http://www.fiat-spider.net/servicemanualpages/contents.htm
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