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  • Against Zoos

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    Paulo Lazaro
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    zoo against

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    6 vues7 pages

    Against Zoos

    Transféré par

    Paulo Lazaro
    zoo against

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 7
    MORALITY’S PROGRESS Essays on Humans, Other Animals, and the Rest of Nature DALE JAMIESON ‘CLARENDON PRESS - OXBORD OXFORD ~ Sica Sw at tl hap Se ieee “Salo Shalit Toe ewe onthe nobis smote Sine Leieicireenrrei ay Coes Cain bon Da ‘Mal epee oe mln nd ee ‘ose Inte > nia ti Sa a rt "Stn tid np Wven.besm yy oo ssi ta pe) Smaps a pe oy SP et er el en ns In memory of my father Dale Walter Jamieson and for my mother Betty Jo Jamieson 11 Against Zoos 1. 2008 AND THEIR HISTORY ‘We cam start witha roughand-eay definition of mos they ae public parks which pay simals, primarily forthe purposes of recreation or eduction [Ahh age colons of annals wee sinned in antigy,they were ‘ot 200 inthis sense. Tpicaly these ancient collections were ot exited fn pall parks, they were maintained for purposes other than rece oreducton “The Romans, for example, kept anima in order to haveing fodder for the games. Ther enthusiasm for the games was so great tat even te fist tigers brought o Rome, eo Casa Ags from an Ini ue, ended sp in the aren. The emperor Teajun staal 2) consecutive days of games {@ oder to ederate his conquest of Daca. Hleventhousind animals were slaughtered, inding Hoos, gers, lephant,rhinceross,hppopetam, ‘alles, bal, tap, roves, and serpent. The games were pope i all put ofthe empire Nea every cy had an stens anda collection of nial {ostockit In its century France thee were twenty-six such anand they ontoue to thrive uni et the eighth century. In antiquity rulers also kept large elections of animals asa sign oftheir ower, whizh they would demonstrate on occasion by destroying tie etre Collections This happened alate x71 when Flector Angas of Deen personally slaughtered his entire menagerie which ined tgs ons, bull teas and boars. “The st modern 208 wee founde in Vien, Mac and Pais inthe eighteenth century and in London and Bern inthe ninetocth, The Rest Americ 2008 were etabshed in Philadelphia and Cincinnati ia the 18705, Today in the Une Stats alone there re handreds of 905 an they are wsted by milins of people every year They range fom roudside ‘menageis rn by hucksers, to elaborate oolgia park salfed by ined “The Roman games no longer eis, though bullights and deo lle in thi ration. Nowadays the power of our leaders is amply demonstrated by ‘hei command af maclear weapons. et well have zoos. Wy? Before we coms the eatons ta re usally given forthe survival of zs, ‘we should se that thee = ral presumption agsnt keping danas in captivity. What this ives, er al taking anima out thir tive habia transporting them get distances and keeping them in alin nvit= ‘opments in which thi erty i severely restricted Ii suey ta tht i ‘being taken fom the wild and confined in 0s animal are deprived of ¢ grt many goods. For the most part they are prevented frm gathering se ‘own od developing thee ow Scand, and generally behaving in wae ‘that are natural to them. These aves al requiesigaicaly ore iery ‘than most animale are peed in zs. If were tied in kecping animals in mos it must be because there are sme important benefits that can be ‘obtained ony by doing, ‘This conelesion is not the propery of some patcular moral theory it fellows rom mos reasoable mora thor ithe we have dio animale ‘or we donot. If we do have dis o sina, ey they inlae respecting ‘those interests which are most important fo them, 50 log as ths doesnot confit with eter, ore sringent duties that we may have Sine a interest din not being taken from the wii and Kept confine is very impostat for ‘most animal follows that if everyting seg we bol expect hie Suppose, onthe other hand tbat we donot have dais o ania. There ae wo free poultes ether we have dist people that sorties Concern anil, oF what we do to animal iter without moral import. ‘Thelater view quite plausible andl hall not consider futher People eho have eld the former views tat we hive dis to people that concer {nals hae sometimes thought that rach dies are beease we can judge the heat of man by his treatment of animal ax Kant (33080240) remad in "Duties 6 Animas’ for this eaon that be condemns the ‘an wh shoot fh dog wh hs become to ld to serve If we aecept Kant’ premises srely plausible to sy that somone who, fr no good reason, remows wild anal from this maura abit and denies hom {ibery is someone whose eat deserves tobe judged barby If his 0, then en if we blev tha we donot have dts to animals bt only date con cerning them, we may sil hol that thee ia presmption asst keying wil anil n captivity. this presumption 8 t be overcome, fms be son that hee are important benefits that canbe otained onl by heen ‘animals a 2008 3+ ARGUMENTS FoR Z008 ‘What might some ofthese important berets be Ror ate commonly itd smusement, elution, opportunities for siete researc, and help in prescving species, Amscment wat certainly an important reson forthe etabiiment ofthe cay 005, and it remains a important function of contemprary 200835 well Most people ions inorder to Be entertained aay 20 tht wishes 'o sera inancilly wound rast cater to this desire. Even highly reper 200 ke the Stn Diego Zoo, have thse share of dancing bea abd trained Dads of prey. But although proving amusement for people i rewed by the general public as avery important fnction af 20s tisha to see how roving wach amusement could possibly justify Keeping wild aniale in capsvi Most cursors and adminisrtore reject the stat the primary purpose ‘0f 2008 is wo provide entertainment, Tadeed, many agree thatthe Petre ‘we take in vtwing wild animals notin ie a god enough aso to ‘ep them in capt, Some curators sec baby elephant walk, for cxample, 5 4 nccesryevih oF defend such amosements because oftheir role in ‘tucaing peopl especialy cidren, about annals Ie wmetine sd tat ‘people must be interested in what hey are sexing if they are to be eacated stot an entries ee epee, th aking ean pose “This brings ws to a second reason fr baving mos thi tl in ection, “This reason has bean cited as long as 2008 have existed. For example in 898 the New York Zoological Society resale to take “miss to inform the public of the great decrease in animal ito imlat sentiment in or of beter protection and w enoperat wth fhe scletii bods inet ‘alealted to secre the perpetual preservation of our higher vertebrates AeAINST x00 169 Despite the pious platitudes tha ae often uttered about the education tfors of 20s, however theres ile evidence that 2008 ate wry sce in educating people about animals. Stephen Keller's paper “Zoological Parks in American Society’ delivered atthe annual meting ofthe American AS ition of Zoological Parks and Aquarius in 379, indicates that 200-gots sve much les knoweable about animals than backpackers bunt fish tren, and others who daim an intrest in animal, td only lightly mote nowedgeable than those who camo intrest in ail at el Bven more starbing, 200 goers exes the wal prejios abot nial 73 pe ent ‘yey dike ratdesals, 52 eran utes, anon pe cet elephants ‘One reson why some 200 have not done a bette job in educating peo ‘hat many of them make no el efor 2 eduction Inthe an of oer the problem isan apathetic and unappeeatve bli Edward G, Ludwig’ (8) study ofthe 20 in Bul, New York reveled 2 surprising amount of disatsation onthe part of young, sientifealy Indined o0 employees. Much of ts sation stemmed roms he alnost complete indlerence ofthe publi to the 20s educational efor Ludwis ttudy indicated that moet imal ae viewed only bly as people move ‘quick pas cages. The ypleal 20 goe stops onl to watch Baby anal or those who are begging feng making sounds. Ludwig reported thatthe ‘most common expressions wed to described ails ate "cute “funny looking zy ay “wei and “strange 4 ‘Of cours, is unesiale that some edncaton occurs in some zoos. Buf this vey fc ies ther isis, What that we want peopl to etn fons visting 00s? Fcts about the physiology and behavou of various animal? ‘Ait towarsthe survival of endangered species? Compassion fo the fate ofall animaist To what degree does education requite keeping wid animals in captty Coulda mast ofthe edxcational benefit of ros obtained by prssenting fms, sds, lectures, and s forth? Indedy couldnt most ofthe !nnportnteductional objective beter be achieve by etiiting empty ges vith explanations of why they are emp? y ‘A hi reason for having 2005s that they support sient researh. This too, da bene ha was potted oa long ago. Si Humphrey Day one of the founders ofthe Zoologia Society of London, wrote in835"t would become Britain oof another anda very feet sere of exibition othe pop Uti of er metropolis aly animals brought oem every pat ofthe Jobe to be applied ether to some wife purpove or a objet of scenic ‘search—ao of vulgar admiration” Zoos seppot scene ecateh in at leat hee ways they fund ld research by cents nt ait with 005 they employ eter seientst at members of 20 tls and they make oer ‘vine insecesbe animale valle fr study "The fst point we should note & that very fw ano sport any ral seientii reseach. Rover tll have staf sists with fall ime research ppointments. Among thse tat dois common fr thee scents to study nimalsinthe wi rather than those in 209 collections. Much of this esarch, 235 wel ote ld esearch thats supported by 200s, cold just a8 well be unde in a lierent waaay, by a goverment agency. The question of ‘wheter there sho be 208 doesnot turn onthe funding fo eld esearch ‘which 08 curently provide. The significance ofthe ressatch that actualy Conducted in soon t+ more important consideration. esate that is condcted in rons ean be divide into two categories: studs is behaviour and ties in anatomy and pathology. haviour resarch conducted on m0 aimals i very controversial, Sorte Inve argued that nothing can be learned by string animale that ae ep Jn the unnatural conditions tht obtain in most zone, Others have argued ‘hat captive animals are more interesting research sujet than ate oid onimals since cave animals are tee fom pedation, they exhibit wider ‘ange of physi and behavioural rats then animals inthe widths pe iting researchers to view the fall ange of ther genetic posites. Both ofthese postion ace surely extreme. Conditions in some 200s ae nail {enough to permit some interesting reszrch posites. But the dam that pti animals are more interesting research abject than those in the wd Isnotvery plausible Environment tigger behaviours No dot predation- fice environment trges Bebavious fret from shoe of am anizal’s rata habitat bt there no reason wo believe that beter, fll, oF more curate data ca be obtained in predation fe environmen tain nat abit. Stic in anatomy and pathology are the most common forms of 220 research, Such research has thee main purposes to prone 290 condone ‘0 that casve animals wil ive longer be happier and breed more request: to cantribote to human heath by providing sninl mode for human ments and to incree our knowlege of wi animals for ts wn ake "The fist of hese aims is surely landabl,f we concede that there should boos in the st place. the fc tht 2 escuch cones oma ing eanditins in 0 entre for having then. If there were no 290% there would be no ned o improve them. "The second aim, conribute tohuman health by providing mse Aeamser z008 ap {or human aliments, appears to justify 20s to some extent bat in practice this consideration i tas important ar one might think. There ae very sever constraints on the experiment that nay be conducted on 200 anal Ina rot artic, Monta and Bush drew the allowing concison Despite the rest pte of 0 resource fr mel here ae many it ‘owsand of hee some ricins oe, Thee oporteiy const ‘ry manip or inne serch roceder—probty lw tan wo! Ye ‘wel in nial reach ri iolinghn ings May of the pat Seu to work wih rare dieu tobe that the numbers of ema raise {esd ae Line a oy hte he at yy na ane ‘ered more lal med fro sper than ac fhe eee. ‘Whether for this eason oF others, much of what hat been done in wing 200 animal 5 model for humans scems redundat ot tv, For example the atl cid above report tat 200 animals provide good model for studying lad toxic in humans, since its commen for 200 animals to develo lead possoning fom chewing pst and ibang polluted cy ai ‘There ae salable for dy plety of humans who se rom etd pon lng forthe same reasons That 300s make svalable some addon non- hua subjects for this kindof research ses at Bet unimportant ad st vos deploratie nally there the geal of obtaining knowledge about animals fr its own sake Keowledge is cetsiny something which ego an, eveything being ‘equal we should encourage people to seek it forte own sake But eierything is noteqalinhiscase. Thee iss moral presumption gains kecping ails in cptvity. Tis presurypion canbe overcome only hy demonstsing that these re important Benes that must be obese in thi way if they te be obtained a all eis la that his not the ease wth knoe fr is ‘own ae. There are other channel for our intelectual curiosity, ones thet do ot etct such high moral pie. Although our quest for knowledge for iow skeisimporar, its ot important enough to overcome the moral presumption agaist Lecpng animals ncaptvg Tn asessing the sigalicane of research a4 reason for having 2005 i is portant o remember that very fe 20080 any research a all Whatever tenets result fom 200 ear could jst 8 wel be obtained by ving 2 ‘ew 2005 instead ofthe hundreds which sow exit. The most this argument ‘oul establish is that we are juste in having a ew very good 208 does rot provide a dfence ofthe ast majority of 20s which now ei fourth reson for having 208i that they preserve species that would otherwise Become exis. Ad the dstraction of habitat acseats and as resin programmes become increasingly succes thi rationale for 2008 ‘nisin poplerity. Thee ie some eso for gusting the commitment of 200s to preseraion: it can be argued that they cutie to remove more slimas fom the wild han they eum, Sil 200 breading programmes have had some notable success without them te Pre David Dee, the Mongo- lan Wil Howse, nd the European Bom would all now be extinct. Rely, Inoweversome problems hve begun tobe noid ‘Asta by Katherine Ralls Kristin Broge, and Jonathan Ballo (979) ‘cowincingy aque hat lack of genetic diversity among cape ana a Serious problem for 20 beeding programmes. n some species the infnt morality ate among ined anal i sor teve times tht song no- inbred animals In other species the infant mortality rate among Ib snimalsso0 per ceat. Whats est disturbing that no crators ave been Inrgly war ofthe problems caused by inbreeding because edequate breeding and hel eords havea beer bap I ard to we ha 2008 sre sous about their oe in preserving endangered species when al to ‘fen they donot even take this minal sep. In addition to thes problems, the lack of genetic diversity among captive snimals as means that surviving members of endangered species ave trie ‘very deen fom thei conspeciis inthe wl. This shoald make wr wonder what is rely being preserved in 20s. Aze captive Mongoin Wild ores ‘realy Mongolian Wild Horse in any bu the thinnest bilocal sense? “Theres other problem with 00 bredng programe: they create ay ‘unwanted animals Tn some species (ons, ies and bas, fr example) & en males an service a etre herd xa males are unnecessary tothe pro gramme and are a Sans burden Some ofthese aia are wld and ed ‘pin the hands of indivi and intttions which lck prope fle, (ters are shot and led by Gest White Hunters in privat busting camps, In order to aid thea problems sme aooshave ben onideing propels to “rej” exces anita + eupherim for ling them an feeding thir bodies to other 200 animals. Many people are suprised when they Beat ‘of 2005 lng animals. They should not be. Zaos have lined apace. “They want to maintain divers collections. This an be done only by caf management of theirstck” ‘ven if breeding progeammes were renin the best posible wy, there sre limite to what canbe done ta save endangered species, For many large ‘mamalsabreding hed of at leas a hundsed anima, al of thes Boch in ‘apy, cere A they ate wo survive in room As of 171 only eiht ‘mamial specie stsed these condition, Pal and Anne Eich (8) etic saatner 2008 47 ‘mate that unde the best possible conditions American anos cou preserve only about a hundred species of mammals and only ata vey igh ree raining 2 beceding herd of herbivores cost between $75,000 and 83501000 per yea. ‘There ate further qustions one might ask shou preserving endangered specs in 005 sit ely beter confine afew hapless Mountain Gor Jina m0 than to permit the specs to Deame eatin To most enieonmen | tals the answer is obvious! the species mast be preserved at all sts Bat i macs of sacrificing the loner-ase gorilla forthe upper

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