FUNDAMENTALS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 3" Edition Kenneth M. Leet, Chia-Ming Uang, and Anne M. Gilbert SOLUTIONS MANUAL CHAPTER 7:_ARCHES1a Forde putoic ch inFigue Fs placa LOT THE VARIATION GE THRUST T, AT on of te tras Tat supp fer valeh of = 12. suppor A FOR VAWES OF 212,244, 48! : AMD col (See T4 H TEXT) for en TeH/E hee pok hela, He lized = see kip exe forh=24, =o ne asta ‘sca 1 = sof t* ase Bp > suas Tae ror hese H= ¢(i20) 2 sookigs and Te aus. Bate et q wah = H~ glize)* 2225"; and Te OSS het He clizats 180% and T= 402.5k mo 48 co hh crise 4+ Mote: FOR EcoNony OF MATERIALS bh stoop Ge ia THe RAME oF LyP7.2. Compute the reactions at supports A and E of the thee-hinged parabolic arch in Figure P7.2. Next com pute the shear, axial load, and moment at points B and , located atthe quarter points INé em OMEN T AT D Caigno, 20%(123)-20'}4 Mo = 0 Mp2 75 kip- 4) shew Ya 2gidteia/ t tw AY=30* Aeyso Reactions Aya Ey (symitey) = 30kipe EM, <0; (Feteeery ce) © #480x10 ~ 30x20 4HIS Hs 20 kgs «— COMPUTE FORCES OM A NORMAL SECTION FREE BODY OF “AB Fee 20-Bx-o y | Sez 2o ke PER} 0+ 30-15 -By . By=!5kips (Bitgroy duc)-ad (nash 15°45) +Me20 73654754225 = MB Maz 0 fe of pacbola: Compute Sucre AT Bi = kx® SHOE MD: eye dyp= BX, x=10! av” 40 x00! yas! sek (29) dy 3 ke Bnd, PATHS Anco: Be" Siice Foacs Av E WAS THE SAMESLPE 478e * TT IS AU AwAL. FoRse = 25 Kips F, =VCOP+ (15% a Commusin: Ated if SmeSED BY AU AUAL SB Pome. 12 Mz #Veo Page_7-2P73. The three-hinged parabolic arch in Figure P73 supports 60-Kip loads atthe quarter points. Determine the shear, axial load, and moment on sections an infini- tesimal distance to the left and right of the loads. The equation forthe arch axis is y = aie VL Corp ke ac Hees) ees! Safe SABE > 04 sui = Yorso.3a1 oxees'; ye ah xt % Yas Phys exes; + 19/ias11* 0828 : os 8+ 19/1 Wea(Sc')-H(22)- 025) * an 758 Bye; 2) dx cecone we Vero (LEFT OF '0") dacs! i 0% ro = o Fy#0; Se Fee | face S5US*-E1 MeO the “Vout 27.8 5ky, Al 35.48 Bang, aotes-708) azo YZ ero; Uke meBob-Ter by dx AFTER THE We pont (RIAWT OF *O") m “5 Ao ake 2°\Wocrnee ieee “yer 89 Ave comroseuts of TE wo Leap 0 10 tie —vawes Ms 375" (same) TE O1.Buntee Vpg $8.08-27.85 Page_7-3P74. Determine the reactions at supports A and C ofthe thee-hinged eirvlar arch, —ha—Clx alae —tey Der REACTIONS + EavATION (1) CEMe=0; Ax(l4.l4)t Ay(G4.14)~ 56.56(21.0% ~ 80 (10) £0 EavATioN (2) EMp FOR SEGMENT AG, “CIM, <0; Ay (i408) = Ay (20™ 4.14) -56.56(7.07) #0 Soive E's (4) Aud @ Ay = 48.3 kil Ay = 428.:3kNt ZF, 20 Cy = 48.3 /cN = LR HO 5 Cy 260 156.56- 483 = 88.2ckN f Page "7-4P7.S. Compute the support reactions for the arch in Figure P7.5. (Hint: You will need two moment equa- tions: Consider the entire free body for one, and a free body ofthe portion of truss to either the left or right of the binge at B.) + EMa=O = 10x8 + 20x16 + 30K32 - 18x20 —Cy 40 ~ Cx 12 Earl) SMP CE BD To RIT OE HINGE) =O - O= 30%8,~Cy emt Cx Bm CEaY2) + +, Somma Easi<2 awes Cys Diask (fs C= 125K SR 20 2 Ay 1B-(2.5 2 Ay= 305 kN > EZ fy=0 6 0125-60 thy Ay= 38.7SkN f +4 Page_7-5P76. (a) Determine the reactions and all bar forces of the three-hinged, trussed arch P7.6 for the following Case A: Only the 90-KN force at joint D acts. Case B Both the 90-KN and 60-KN forces at joints D and M act. Determine the maximum axial force in the arch in Case B. SEAL POTE GFR EY To RIGHT OF WIRGE ATS 5x27 + Gist or MAX. AXIAL Force (ta) Foge Yestrt08 = 20555 ba Fer = Vitec 120s (56,210 Rag? dots s 15'S 1S78 BRN Neue IN CT RUSED ABA Tie AWAL FORCE INTHE ARCH RBCS“ AS: WERE SMART TRE CROAT “ThE Tar Hine, Page _J-6P77. (a) In Figure P7.7 compute the horizontal reac- tion A, at support fora 10-kip load at joint B. (6) Repeat ‘the computation ithe 10-kip load is also located at joins C and D respectively ch) pxtie agen BM yoo ded) ~ ay (66) 20 Foo 10 We Riaut oF D a 1 he Hitys0; fuged) -2tad)-0 ©) feo 10 qe ment oe o Bro shady -Auade0 Page_'7-7P78, For te arch rib to be funicular for the dead loads shown, establish the elevation ofthe lower chord joints B,Cyand E, SAN 30KN 2018 OEN 30AN ISL O'S ye Ox 30 (8 +e +24 +39 +15 em “Fy AT CEM, 20 = Sat SxlZ + Fx8—Fy (2 #0 2) botving EQS LE2 Fy =G43kll , Fy Ta.tekll TReOt Apa Fy = Ct3 ku Ehy=0! Ay = Ty AT Toiny & ofS, g- xMenoy # ~ CREE Heh ay, 20 « Ye = 54m 42 ae stat nA sure ZMy< 0; mia (Bre al yer (8) =o THe 05 Be (7a IS) (4.3) y, -30(B)=0 N Dye Yosthim Page_7-8P79. Determine the reactions at supports A and E of the three-hinged arch in Figure P79. row MAN 20 a omom-aeiomioman EMa0: 20(lo+ 20% st ees 40Ey"0 Ry = 32.25k EHyps05 Zexlo 7 5x2 - Ey 20% E,8=0 RignT 3225 = SE.BIS KN — —<— ERO, Ay + la+s -5621S 50 : Ais 4L875 ki JER 20; Ay Co +a2a5=0 Aye 205 kil Page_7-9P7.10. Establish the funicular arch for the system of loads in Figure P7.10. —Hye M_ Oe WIS= §40_ H = G2.0T CoMerE Uh iy BAO S02 tt 4 13.40 $4 Conmare 42 HHya= 840 Page_7-10IAAL. Ifthe arch rib ABCDE in Figure P7.11 is to be funicular for the dead loads shown at the top joints, establish the elevation of the lower chord joints at B and D. WOhips —38kips Nps 38aipe sO Mo. courure He 2 so = 1350 boept fe ne p h a Bh #1502 = 28.40P7.12. Computer study ofa tvo-hinged arch. The objective isto establish the difference in response of a parabolic arch to (1) uniformly distributed loads and (2) a single concentrated load (@) The arch in Figure P7.12 supports a roadway consisting of simply supported beams connected tothe arch by high- strength cables with area A = 2 in’ and E = 26,000 ksi. (Each cable transmits a dead load fom the ‘beams of 36 kips to the arch.) Determine the reactions; the axial fore, shear, and moment at each joint ofthe arch; and the joint displacements, Plot the deflected shape. Represent the arch by a series of straight segments ‘between joints, The arch has a constant cross section with A = 24 in’, = 2654 in', and = 29,000 ksi (b) Repeat the analysis ofthe arch fa single 48-kips vertical load aets downward at joint 18. Again, determine all the forces acting at each joint ofthe arch, the joint displacements, etc. and compare results with those in (a), Briefly describe the difference in behavior. (@) Uniformly distributed dead load only Reactions (kips), Deflections (in), and Deflected Shape 2 >t sont abet 4 Ni WE Na Ne i NB NT Ne co Wig NIT Nia nH Nia Nis nie NT I NIa Page 7-124Axial Force Diagram (kips) Moment Diagram (kip-tt AX, We Observation A continuous uniformly distributed load, acting on a parabolic arch will produce a resultant axial compression force acting a the centroid of all cross sections. While the axial force, and the direct stresses it produces, will shorten the arch, the changes in length of the arch axis and the vertical deflection of points along the arch axis will typically be small ifthe magnitude ofthe direct stresses are in the elastic range of the material. In the case of the arch in Fig. P7.12, the nine equally spaced loads of 36 kips approximate a uniformly distributed load that will produce a uniform ‘compressive stress on all cross sections of the arch (see the plot of axial forces and moments on page 7-12B, The magnitude of joint deflections is listed in the table on page 7.12A. At the level of the bridge deck, the vertical deflection of the floor system will vary with the length of the cable. In practice, the deflection of the floor system due to the dead weight of the bridge can be eliminated by shortening the length of the vertical cables that support the floor system (joints 12 to 20). ‘This will eliminate the appearance of a sagging roadway. For example, ifthe vertical deflections of the floor system at joints 12 through 20 produced by the 36 kip loads isto be eliminated, the cables can be shortened by the displacements tabulated in column Y in the table of joint deflections on Page 7-12. These deflections range from approximately 3/4 inches near the supports to nearly 2 inches at midspan where the cables are longest. (b) Uniformly distributed dead load + 48-kip live load Reactions (kips), Deflections (in), and Deflected Shape Page 7-12BAxial Force Diagram (kips) Moment Diagram (kip-f) Observation: ‘The addition of the 48-kip concentrated load at joint 18 will produce large values of bending moment in the arch and large deflections (over 6 feet at some joints) in both the vertical and horizontal directions. Such large deflections are obviously not acceptable and would result in damage tothe bridge and its deck as well as produce discomfort for people driving over the excessively flexible bridge. To reduce deflections, the designer has several choices: 1.A deep continuous bridge girder can be used (see Fig. P7.13). The effect ofa deep stiff continuous girder is to spread the concentrated load longitudinally to adjacent vertical cables, thereby applying a more uniformly distributed load tothe arch. The effectiveness of this strengthening scheme is demonstrated in P7.13, 2. The arch can be stiffened by incorporating a truss. See, for example, page 240 of the textbook; the highway bridge| js composed of an arch, which also forms the lower chord ofa truss composed of diagonal members and the girders of the roadway. ‘The arch carries most ofthe dead load and the deep, stiff trussed-arch carries most ofthe forces produced by the vehicles passing over the bridge. The Bayonne Bridge, one of the longest in the world, is also stiffened by a truss (see page 602 of the text). Page 7-12C7.13. Computer study of arch with a continuous floor girder, Repeat part (b) in problem P7.12 ifa continuous girder with A = 102.5 in’ and / = 40,087 in', as shown in Figure P7.13, is provided to support the floor system. For both the girder and the arch, determine all forces acting on the arch joints as well as the joint displacements. Discuss the results of your study of P7.12 and P7.13 with particular ‘emphasis on the magnitude of the forces and displacements produced by the 48-kip load, Uniformly distributed dead load + 48-ip live load Reactions (kips), Deflection (in), and Deflected Shape ‘Joint Label NZ NB Ne NS Ne. NT Ne. Ne No Nit Nz Ng Nie NIS NB NIT. Ne Nig Page 7-134Axial Force Diagram (kips) ‘Moment Diagram (kip-f) The structure is composed ofa deep, sf, continuous girder, which is supported by pin supports at each end as well as by vertical cables that transmit roadway loads to the supporting arch. Loads applied tothe roadway have two paths tothe end supports. They can be transmitted directly by the continuous girder othe supports or they ean be carried upward tothe arch by the cables and then transmitted through the arch tothe end supports. Since all vertical cables carry a portion of the live load applied to the stiff continuous girder, the distribution of forces to the arch is ‘more uniform, which in tum creates a more uniform stress distribution on the arch’s cross section. Asa result, the arch undergoes less deformation and deflections of the floor system are significantly reduced. Photo 3.2 in Chapter 3, (page 82 of the text) shows the end details of the Barracks Bridge over the Mississippi River-a 909 ft-long, 280 ft high areh-continuous beam system that uses a 12'-5" deep continuous I-shaped plate gitder supported by 17 hangers. Page 7-13BP7.14. To reduce the vertical displacement of the roadway floor system of the arch (shown in P7.12, part +) produced by the 48-kip load at joint 18, diagonal cables of 2-in. in diameter are added as shown in Figure P7.14. For this configuration, determine the vertical displacement of all the floor system joints. Compare the results ofthis analysis with part 6 of P7.12 by plotting to scale the vertical deflections of all joints along the roadway from joints | to Il. Properties of the diagonal cables are the same as those of the vertical cables, Uniformly distributed dead lond + 48-kip live load Reactions (kips), Deflections (in), and Deflected Shape AP) sointLabet Nt Nz, Ne Ne NS ca NT NB NI Page 7-144Axial Force Diagram (kips) Moment Diagram (kip-f) Comparison of roadway vertical P7.12(0) deflections prig 3 é 100 200 400 Distance (ft) An alternate modification to reduce deflections of the floor system is to add diagonal cables extending from the floor system to the arch as shown in Fig P7.14. The addition of diagonal cables produces a very effective stiffening system. The diagonal cables have two effects. At alternate joints, floor load is distributed to three points along the arch axis, thereby reducing joint deflections significantly in both the horizontal and vertical directions. Also the diagonal cables reduce the lateral displacement of the arch, producing a more uniform distribution of stress on the arch’s cross section. For older bridges| constructed at a time when highway loads were much smaller, the addition of cables is an economical ‘way to increase the capacity of a bridge and also reduce deflections and vibrations produced by moving traffic.