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)(Dynamics

1-4

. )(Johannes Kepler 1571-1630

)(

).(kinematics

) (

. ) (

) .(dynamics
.

85


.2-4 .

. .
2-4 )(mass

.
!

) (
.

.
) (operational definition

.
.

.
.

.
.

kg .
86

3-4 )(force

.
.
/ .

F N
:

1 N= 1 kg.m/s2

"" 100
. .

) (contact force .

).(action at a distance

. ).(1-4

)(1-4

4-4 )(Newtons First Law

.

.

.
87

4-4 ..

:
) (

FT = 0 v = constant a = 0

)(1-4

FT v a .

) .(equilibrium
) .(static equilibrium

) .(static equilibrium
) ( .
) (FT=0

) .(a=0 ) (1-4
.

.
1-4

) .(2-4 w=50 N

: :
w + T1 + T2 = 0

ox oy
) (2-4:
T1 sin 45 = w

T1 = 71 N

T 2 = 50 N

88

T2

T1

x
w

T1 cos 45 = T 2

45

)(2-4

5-4 )(Newtons second Law

) ( .
FT 0 a T 0 . .

. .

. :
FT
m

=a

)(2-4

:
FT = ma

)(3-4

) (2-4 ) (3-4 :

. )(2-4

) (dynamic definition

.
.

) (inertia .

) ((2-4 : .
.

89


.6-4.

2-4
2 kg 8 m

20 m .

: :
1
a (2)2
2

= + v 0t + x 0 8

1
at 2
2

= x

a = 4 m/s 2

F = ma

F =8 N

.
6-4 : )(Action & Reaction
.
.

.
: F12

F21 F12=F21 Fnm n .m

F12 F21 .


.

) (3-4

)(
) ( .

w
'w

)(3-4

)( .
90

3-4
m

).(4-4

'T
T

: w

. w T

T . :

'w

w = w

T = T

)(4-4

. T = w
) (.

7-4
FT ) (3-4 .
.
.

-1 (weight) w

g
:

F = w = mg

)(4-4

w ) (.

91

7-4 .

.
) (
.

-2 (surface reaction or normal force) N

)5-4(

.N

)5-4(

. .

.
)5-4(.

)(

) (

)(5-4

)(

92

 :
-3 (Tension) T
(6-

) 4

.T

)(6-4

T .

) (7-4 w N

)(7-4

4-4

10 kg 45

) .(7-4 F 2 m/s2

:
.F :

F + N + w = ma

ox oy ) (7-4

F
x

45

)(7-4

:
0 + 0 + F cos 45 = ma

N w + F sin 45 = 0

oy .
93

7-4 .

F N:
F = 28.3 N

N = 78 N

Fcos45 .m

:
F cos 45
ma
= F
= 28.3 N
m
cos 45

=a

-4 )(Friction

.
).(8-4

)(8-4

. :

- ) :(static friction

:

0 Fs s N

)(5-4

(Fs )max = s N

)(6-4

) ( N s
).(coefficient of static friction
94

- ) :(kinetic friction
:
Fk = k N

)(7-4

N k ).(coefficient of kinetic friction

s k
.

) (6-4) (7-4
.
5-4

2 kg .F

F 6 N, 4 N, 1 N : 0.2

0.1

: :
(Fs )max = s N = smg = 4 N

:
.

1 N 1 N
. 1 N 4 N

4 N .

4 N 4 N

Fk = k N = k mg = 2 N

6 N .2 N

95


.
8-4

6-4
5 kg F=40 N

37 ) .(9-4
0.4

:
w N F
Fk:

F
x

N
Fk

37

)(9-4

w + N + F + Fk = ma

ox oy ) (9-4
:
F cos 37 Fk = ma

:
N w + F sin 37 = 0

. kN
N ) g=10 m/s2

(:

N = w F sin 37 = 50 40 sin 37 = 26 N

:
Fk = k N = 10.4 N

:
(40)cos 37 10.4 = 5a a = 4.32 m/s 2

8-4
-1
m )

( ).(10-4

96

w
N .

:
w + N = ma

) (10-4
:

y
wsin

wcos

x
w

)(10-4

w sin = ma

:
w sin
m

=a

wsin .m

w=mg :
a = g sin

)(8-4

.
:

N = mg cos

.

:

a = g sin

).(8-4
-2

m .

97


.
.


8-4

Fs

wsin
wcos

x
w

)(11-4

) .(11-4
:
w + N + Fs = 0

ox oy :
w sin Fs = 0

Fs = w sin s

:
N w cos s = 0 N = w cos s

:
Fs = (Fs )max = s N = s w cos s

tan s = s

)(9-4

s .
s
.Fk ):(12-4
98

 :
w + N + Fk = ma
Fk

ox:
w sin Fk
m

y
wsin

wcos

= w sin Fk = ma a

x
w

)(11-4

m .

Fk = k N = k w cos
) a = g (sin k cos

)(10-4

-3

"
"

. ).(apparent weight

.
.

.
) (

.
99



8-4

..

m
) (13-4 .
:
w + N = ma

)( )13-4(:

N w

)13-4(

.
)( :a

)13-4(
:
N mg = ma

N
w

)13-4(

:
) w = N = w + ma = m(g + a

)(11-4

) (a > 0 w > mg

)( .
a = 0 w = mg .

a < 0 w < mg
.

:
w N = ma

100

) w = N = w ma = m(g a

)(12-4

a > 0 w < mg .

a < 0 w > mg .

)( :

ay

) (11-4 ) (12-4
) ( .
7-4

70 kg .850 N

: :
N w = ma

m=70 kg w=mg=686 N w=N=850 N

a = 2.3 m/s 2

.
9-4 )(Free Body Diagram


.

) (14-4

101

9-4 ..

. m2

.
m1 m2 .
F

F
m1

m2

F
m1+m2

m1
T

w1+w2

m2
w2

w1

m2

m1

)(14-4

8-4

m1=2 kg

kg

m2=3

) (15-4

m1+m2

m1 m2

F
F21

F= 10 N

: .

N1

w1+w2

m1

N2
m2
F12

w1

w2

)(15-4

F :
F + mg + N = ma

:
F = ma = (m1 + m 2 )a

:
F
= 2 m/s 2
) (m1 + m2

102

=a

: m1 m2 .
m2 w2 N2

F12 m1 ) m2 m1 F21

F21 .(F12=F21 m2
:
F12
m2

= F12 = m2a a

m2 F12 .m2

F12 = 6 N

9-4 )(Atwood Machine

. m1 m2

T1

T2

T1

T2

) (16-4
.

m1
w1

m2
w2

)(16-4

.T1=T2
m1+m2 FT=w1+w2

. :
w1 + w 2 = (m1 + m2 )a

m2
:
103

10-4.
w2 w1
m1 + m 2

= w2 w1 = (m1 + m2 )a a

.
.

w=mg :

m2 m1
g
m1 + m2

=a

:
m1 :
T m1g = m1a

a :
2m1m2
g
m1 + m2

m1

= T

: m2 ) (

F=m2g ) (17-4

w1

F=w2

)(17-4

F-m1g=(m2-m1)g

.m2 m1.
:
F m1g m2 m1
=
g
m1
m1

=a

10-4 )(Central Forces

r v
:
v2
r

= ac

:
104

 :
v2
r

Fc = mac = m

)(13-4

.

- .

v
r

) (central ) .(13-4

)18-4(

)18-4(

.

.
.

)18-4(

)18-4(

.
) (13-4

.
11-4

r ).(19-4

105

10-4.

mv2/r

. A

A
m
r

TB

2
A

v
mg
r

TA = m

2
A

v
r

TA + mg = m

TA

vA

vB
W

)(19-4

)( :
v B2
+ mg
r

TB = m

v B2
r

TB mg = m

vB>vA .TB>TA
12-4

)20-4(
N

Ny

.
v

.
)20-4(

Nx

)20-4(

.
)20-4( Ny

106

Nx
. )20-4(:
v2
r

N x = N sin = m

N y = N cos = mg

:
2

v
rg

= tan

.
11-4 )(Gravity
w = mg g

.
.
m1 m2
r :
Gm1m 2
r2

= F

F12

F21
r

m1

m2

)(21-4

)(14-4

G . G = 6.67 10 11 N.m2/kg 2

m1 m2 m1 ) (21-4
:
Gm1m 2
r1
r2

F=

)(15-4

r1 ) m1 ( ) m2 (.

) (Henri Cavendish 1731-1810 1798

) (22-4 m
107


12-4 ..

) (fiber M m
.

)(15-4

)

( .

)(22-4

-1

. m

r M r<R

) (23-4 :
GMm
r2

)(23-4

= F

-2
. m

) .(24-4

m
r
R

)(24-4

12-4
mg

) (14-4

r )(25-4

Re

:
GM
r2

108

= g

)(16-4

)(25-4

:r=Re
GM e
R e2

= gR

)(17-4

M e R e .
:
GM e
= 9.801 m/s 2
Re2

=g

13-4

: ):(16-4
GM e g R GM e
=
=
2
2Re2
r2

=g

r 2 = 2Re2 r = 2Re = Re + h h 0.4Re

h . Re=6370 km h=2640 km.

13-4 )(Keplers Laws

.

) (Nicolaus Copernicus 473-1543

. ) (Tyco Brahe 1546-1601

777
109


..

13-4

. ) (Johannes Kepler 1571-1630

:
-1 : ) (

)( ).(25-4

-2 :
) ( .

-3 : ) (

)(25-4

T a
:
3

T a
2

)(18-4

.
a
M :
GMm mv 2
=
a
a2

= F

:
s 2 a
2 a
=
= v
v
v
T

= T

:
3
a

4 2
= T2
GM

)(19-4

.
. 1-4 .

110

14-4

1000 km

: :

GMm mv 2
GM
=
= v2
2
r
r
r

= F

M r :
r = Re + h = 6370 + 1000 km = 7370 103 m

h . :
)6.67 10 11N.m2/kg 2 )(5.98 1024 kg
v = 7.35 103 m/s
)(7370 103 m

=v

1-4

) ( ) ( ) (

) (

)(Mercury

0.05

0.38

0.24

0.39

)(Venus

0.82

0.95

0.61

0.72

)(Earth

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

)(Mars

0.11

0.53

1.88

1.52

)(Jupitor

317.70

10.97

11.85

5.20

)(Saturn

94.98

9.18

29.63

9.56

)(Uranus

14.52

3.66

83.62

19.18

17.22

3.47

165.40

30.08

)(Pluto

0.02

0.47

247.78

39.50

)(Moon

0.01

0.27

3.33x105

109.26

)(Neptune

)(Sun

111

. .

= FT = 0 v

FT = ma

) ( )
(

w = mg

0 Fs s N

Fk = k N
2

v
r
Gm1m 2

Fc = m

r2

= F
GM
r2

= g

1-4 10 N
. )(27-4

2-4 ) (28-4
. F3

3-4 ) (29-4
800 N

6N

15
135

)(27-4
112

10 N

F3

)(28-4

)(29-4

4-4 A B ) .(30-4 B
A 4 N B 8 N

0.25

)(30-4

5-4 ) (31-4 w=20 N

45

45

37

37

45

30

53 53

60

)(31-4

6-4 A B C ) (32-4

) .( .

)( A B

B
A

C
37

20 N

)(32-4

0.5 )( C
7-4 m1

m1

45

) (32-4

8-4 500 g
9.7996 m/s2 9.8094 m/s2

m2

)(32-4

9-4 1.5

50 m ) = (.

113

..

10-4 65 kg ) .37(
) .(
)( ) (.

11-4 40 kg ) .2 m/s2(

0.3 0.2 3 m/s2

12-4 15 kg .30 N
10
13-4 .24000 N
2000 kg
1/6

14-4 60 kg

15-4 200 N 1 kg
) .(
)( 15

16-4 10 kg .5 m/s
0.2

17-4 1000 kg 80 km/h

0.3

18-4 60 kg
425 N

19-4 F .
F

20-4 30
0.2

114

21-4 20 kg 37
300 N ) .( )(
)(

22-4 2.5 m/s2 600

) .N( )( ) .300 N(

23-4 5 kg ) .2 m/s2(
)( 50 N )(
50 N 2 m

24-4 2 kg 37 .20 m/s

)(

m1

0.3 )(

m2

25-4 ) (33-4
m1

)(33-4
m2

26-4 m2 ) (34-4 .2 m/s2

m3 m2

0.1 m1=2 kgm2=20 kg

m1

m3

)(34-4

27-4 ) (35-4 :

m1=m2=40 kg
)( m2

m1

m2

) 28-4( ) (36-4

m1=3 kg m2=2 kg

37

)(35-4

)( m2 2 s

m1 2 kg

)(36-4
115

. .

29-4 ) (37-4

m1

m1=10 kg m2=1 kg

m2

30-4 m1=4 kg m2=8 kg

37

) . (38-4

m1 0.25

)(37-4

m2

m2

0.5

31-4 m1=10 kg ) (39-4

m1

.100 N m1 m2 m2=40 kg

37

)(38-4

0.4 m2

32-4 m2=10 kg ) (40-4

m1=5 kg

m1

m2

)(39-4

0.2

33-4 A ) (41-4 .a

m1

m2

34-4 F ) (42-4 m2 2.5 m/s2

37

)(40-4

0.6

0.4 m1=6 kg m2=10 kg

35-4 )43-4(
m1=0.2 kg m2=0.8 kg

m1 m3=0.2 kg )43-4(

36-4 ) (44-4
m1=50 kg m2=100 kg

. .

)(41-4
m1

m2

)(42-4
m1

m2

m2

m2

m1

m1
m3

116

m3

)(43-4

53

37

)(43-4

37-4 ) 155 rev/min(
2 m )(

0.1 kg

38-4 0.2 kg 20 cm

0.2 s

39-4 1 m .

40-4 1 kg 1 m 500 N
.

41-4 90 kg 650 km/h

.

g) 7g (

42-4 0.1 kg 1 m 2

m/s 30 ) .(
)(

)( )(

43-4 4 kg

1.25 m

1.25 m ) (45-4
) .(

60 N

2m

1.25 m

)(45-4

44-4 200 m
.15 m/s

30 m/s
117

. .

45-4 1 kg 0.15 m 600 kg

0.2 m 800 kg .0.25 m

46-4
1.5108 m

47-4 h .

8Gmh / 3
)/(.

48-4 27.3 3.85105 km .

49-4 500 km
100 km 2.1 m/s2

50-4 160 km

51-4 m1=2 kg

m2=3 kg ) (2,0 m3=4 kg )) .(4,0(

)(

52-4 1.52
) 53-4(

100 kg )( )(
8 km/h

54-4 3.5 kg 0.25

) .0.1( 10

)( 30

) 55-4(
100 m 85 km/h )(

60 m
118

56-4 3.5 kg

40

0.25 15 N 40

15 N

) .(46-4

)(46-4

57-4 5 kg
37 50 N )) .(47-4(

50 N

)(

37

4 m/s )(

)(47-4

0.4 0.3

58-4 2 kg 37
) .(48-4

)(48-4

0.2

59-4 m=50 kg l=1.2 m

r=25 cm )) .(49-4(

)(

60-4 100 g 5 cm
3.14 s ) .(

r
m

)(49-4

)( )(

10 cm

61-4 20 km

62-4 m d

R
R )(50-4

)(50-4

119

..

63-4 m
h ) (51-4

M R

) 64-4(
A )(52-4

)(

. F = 2GMmR /r 3 F

)(51-4

)) .(tidal force( B

.
.

65-4

r
A

960 N 20 kg 1200

.N

66-4 15 m
360 N 600 N

)(52-4

10 m/s . .

313)925250- 854(
.Rhazes .

. .

.

.

120