Mestizo Logies Anthropology oftdentityin Africa and Flsewhere Jean-Loup Amselle ‘anlatedby Claudia Royal Sranroxo Usivrasiey Pass Sranroro, Caniroutensoni art eter ocr ems ipa coetae Seeger se apres a Contents Preface tthe Engl Language Eon Transtar’ Note Exhrologial Reason ‘Tensions Within Culture Fun, Bamber, Malinke ASystem of Tranaormations "TheStace andthe Seementry Retest Saxe: Canon ADominated Segmentary Stat: ama Whice Paganism | Corl Kt nd Calera Models ‘derstand in Onder to At Mento Laie Bibogrepy FPreface tothe English-Language ition ‘The Anthropologist Faces the “Hardening” of identities Tesppears aricearytotocateantropotogy trie om the side ofculeration ic comes oof German Romantics, since ‘universalism has alo pay a fusdarsenal on he discipline In fac, these wo tendenties are both preset inthe work of certain xm thropoogic, notably. LeviStrauss and M. Sens. tn flan of “aor gs, abl insist the historicity ofeach ele tht {sy the universal of history's hig ole nee eltare. tthe ‘Sime time, be highlight the original cr pec of exch elere ‘nd in dongs intodoeseulearal eats, Before Sains, i> ‘Straus, in i tay of “Riship atoms,” “kinship stuctares" or *nthemes” rook te sie of wniveraisn by cone Race Aisi), he adopts acuturalis positon ‘These shies in grote between an ngeresin smal jects (colts) and large objets (hums beings, rte structeres ofthe human mind) ensue, aft, from thepitsoplial origin ofthe d= ‘Spline. The genealogy of mthropolgieal thinking canbe redo ‘he Vatkernde (study of the peoples) ante the politi pilose \ phyoftumat righ, Ieisalso linked othe pote thought of Lg hit and Kan, among others, who advoeste oth national particular [im an universalism. This genealogy shines through some ofthe ‘asc concepts anthropology. Thelen of segmentarysoxeis for ‘example, probably emerged fom trends in philosophical sinkingconser ciety. Ande nons fee ad eae romp ‘srecertny Linked the ides of Folge (spi of the peopl) "Tegal ten isnot imputeasingleoiginto anthropology such the study Valeo, the aniversalistiepiacple of Enlightenment hough, the clasifetory system of gto century natal history butrachertg show Ut no mate what the eneaigy ofthese eter may be, they have been cough of ‘Solutio fom istorieal content Ia oder tobe integrated wchin ‘comparative procests, wheter indoetieor dedi, the co0- ‘eos of ntropologil categories mustbe abstracted rm thle storia eonests. Comparstvimasumes diversi and thereby srancces hat diversi wll be found. Homey, elutes ands ‘Seis dhol be spproaced in tems of hee sori, thelr i+ ‘ory Works by Dumeril and Levi Straus atest to tis neces Dundas Mjteeeépopd appeals to common Earopean med, ‘nd Li Strauss, notably in one recat book, Mie de Lyme {agos), relocate the relationships beeween Indian myths and French ale wthian the asework ofthe ancient contact between Asisand America-recogizing, in so doing, the fag of uch types lf Anocer raisin a anthropology has privileged eevee ©® |sonsteoeen societies. won preferto ee my wok as emerging y ‘eo ‘Gom such a Gadilon. This explains why inthis bok Ihave aty ‘expt tn coneptalz iene in erms a ariginarysynzeaam, ‘Ubi, that mitre iorginary. One ofthe most eet ‘ok of Pil Reoersabstan tess hzion. Ia Sore cone si autre 0 Ricoe-dstingsahesbeeween woaspects fer ‘iy whi ate founda the lve both ofthe individ nd of col. Irate: He ighlgh the newest of eonrasingh entity of supene” tothe deny of=selfiood""Samenes” mass selfin abliy ofcharseterand behavior. where” ec00- ‘Mructedina permanent eatin wit aero: This ened eatery © ‘igs tothe foreground waionsoftemporlisy wd marratviy.Fot | icocur.pessnal and collective or communal eas ar arr tines componsl oft Hitoryand Rip, nda ad roups have, besides durable tts characte, dispositions or ac- {ied dentfeaons throagh which the Other penetrates the fo ooking at recent works biologi, one recogni the same sions uty or esi det, These wrk eve ase ‘morphol clasienons-mor spc the aly oman ‘ace, hich vento physical ntropobgy. They havea ‘hind ioc lsfenson whic haracterzs bacteria a ‘Semsofthelcypacky or decyor or generation, These wo modes ‘fcasieation now appear era to biologi For many of ‘hem, the “order tare” as deveribd by Beffon and Linnacas ewe scm bse, lygesofcnsifaton then, eeome abe fray, and the aoe client of ability i imerfocndiy, wich leat exbltes borders eters species: The sine phenomenon {svi in immunology, were sl nd nose ee becoming es singh. Thos the agi of ent emerges in bao ‘hereon ose eiernesisoenasona pet therlton Ship becwen st ands In ging the reltions, "lear Sng process" ranspiresat the Dislogicleel, through which, ‘oring tse contemporary tes in loi thought ew ‘Syiscontraed AM. Monts bok ow AIDS Le den ong eta meen igh exempies “orem ores opis ore a sci otc mae Ibytoen years oi “> enorthera Tetons mare or SN afer that soeetes clr, o tha group led Plan 7 Stars, Nonding, Seas, or Miyanka fr rom constaing iol ents, comprie tens or yraligns, Apropos of his {lake the bots fam nal ey tat, ya rocesof ‘Eicon, ave birth varios sce, arouses This in ait encompates clement of lf uesning ed market ‘economies, pags od Isms writen raion, ‘rofl and hot” appeal to Lt Strano iin tion between prinstve” an developesoites “To appropiate logical metaphors, the eaonship berween theselement mst be concept ner of peony landcloenges, betatherin erm of mellaton of ple and dia toe, afsriage and laton aftul-elongngies Soil. ‘Tis are, appears rurprsingy Mids for stance soil acts thay define demas smultaneosy Most od pages Infac anestrus and sine cuts ae similar fac ential. These fore, in opposing pani and Lila, anthropology proéoes di ference fm ety ands mires fundamentalism soa as ‘tseok pristine aioe in orderta delineate ts own eld and de fine the identity othe altar tat produces amhrepaony, Rather than opposing smentary societies tostate societies, the small chicomsin whith have worked oie beeen sine {ary aud sate strucrare, They da not consate an intermediary eer ere ae hemi ee eee ee ees ee Sie ees t ‘category beeween these two types of struccures, ass elnimed in lam). Missionaries, district officers, and fildworkers have alse ). Seeman wees eS ee een ae yibencuadlctvonsisSinaraliydinaby te Mylo sol petors through spre of “working misder-)~ 2 Sie of tneratin byte sthoplois andy epoca co ip sang bern. Doris expres hick in ones in whic they take pic, the same way, ome mat ree tive the dtntion beeen “ol” and “hot soceies- granted ‘ha this tines esis certain vali Te appears problem fe, however, ousethidininction heist with eference to ‘elains between Europe an therestof he world. To characterize ‘erin soos as cold” equivalent to ehaactersing them as “Trade” Thisdenies thet “cerlness”toborow Fabia’ pression from Tine onde ler 98)- On the emtary, within ‘welleliniedgeographival pace, such s Soudan Saheian West “Aion there efleetively ext old” and “hot societies othe x tent hat sin aioe are denied Nistor by societies that dom ini he. Tamchiaking of Sen and Miryzka soeeis, hich tec jet to looting by surrounding sates sch as Segu and Sikasso, This perspotve has bought me oa center/perpery ‘mode of anaes which highlight te vole of he “ener” asthe Toens of historical daca. The approve is mine to ones stepted by Cohen in“StateFoundasons (x78) and. Kopyett in The Aeon Frome 9) "These hyphesesreml oc onl fom extended eldwork-which iin nea spetl-hutalb fn rsore thin mens resins ‘of awallcreamsaribed ses This has allowed me to ‘eaeetansrmon In i aco ena, ving sed un Alscan village, move om to Feldwork In {tin Ameria or Asn ave worked for Boe eats within scl ‘ties ha nv bem in contact for cotares. This has protect me om bg freed no Inge aalytal eas and fon engaging in ‘Gita diseson ofthe Tw of Nigui,"Ethnology and Ad tinisraon” ya). According TH80F bed on asc ‘ody of iterate (administrative documents, works of socal nts), the populations chien ave asserted ent ims {hacer deve of histories] meaning poet European conquest ‘lthe region. Butin other exes this ntrstonbereen erate ‘nd orl aon predates European contactasin Souano-She- Tan West Ais, where Arable lterature has Tong coeised wlth coders Sash aston can alo be applied to oer type af societies, Wile, foramen, Tad Filo wth Pes 903), questions tsrepessttion of Kalahari Besbmen Southern Ain seer tal hunter gathers, He shows instead that foe colonzaenthe ‘Kh Sen the ivan and che Herero afi opin werealen- nce ine plural of economic ative: foraging, muting. en {tg livestock grieutae, ade an bandiratproducson. They tlko maintained extensive tes wth ne another Only with colo- tation wer thse networks ofnteroonnetednes broken dr pce cieamsribel nd eid socks ad calttesas defined bythe colonia adiniartars, Ouceasitution of sycretis, col ‘niston and the Boropean gaze erated societies, cultures, and” ‘ns groupe Exc onfontaion and eal coef, whih ena, Wr ‘Seerzecomemporary Alcan odes, hve resulted, without a © ‘ub om the impos of igi atm of clasifeton on oh ‘rss ble group Thceestngly thr sme phenomenon is found in Eastern Buoy,Ths pest situation in the forme Soviet Unio s compare 10 the African context. Eni eographic areas encompassing die at population hve bea tteratetinc epablies that are now aiming the tas of ndependent nation tates These epublice ested fom Stalin's magieal at of erica carving them out. Specilits nSovet studies have dhown tha an independent Unrsinchas ever essed within the borers ofthe ex Soviet Union dha the tates of KirghlTukinen, Ube Taji and Kazakh te natonstates rested ex iio within eritaris tat have ta. ‘only own oly ual, ehni, and village organizations. A teri eas of sve overeguty, these epics have achieved sutonotous existence. isfasinating to not that Sain, a com tninar tthe etal ues un novo ia le Mario aed ‘the Nationa and Colonial Question (39), a plage, for the So- ‘set Union, ole sila tte oe played by the misionares and {ict ofcers in Afi Ta bth eases the pola oto dle inp and the pace finer rl have her rots Jecin Prltcsand Mande eas, Like Alcan eal groupe which wee {cuted ty clonaisn the repablo, care ost by Stalin re ‘becoming independencaaton-=ats, ‘Anamber of coodhasens emerge en thes concrete examples, First its necesnry to sre the digi character fide Te he actslized, dent ode dhe Ober, that i, cod to eam seribethe Other ay sh Prom this perspective, the grt of Ete rope national in France, Egan, and Belgian during the instenth century appar cone reatedothe proces ofeoanial txpesin. to thelabelingof the Osher as prinitveand the bith of Prov i European at. The cobesonofchose three European tons ax. Jesiewie as demonseated (gp, supra 1 de delein hee superar to conquered gros. Converely, de movements of decolonization Uh 908 and 196s dstblzed the unity of Earopean nations Without ‘ouateridentifeation, European nation-states are acing imple ‘Soos, fragmentation, spdsopencaion iat a mukipicy of et ne groupe Here, return othe notion fw elton betwee o sate and gentry structures The emegence of reglonaam snd, ‘thn in France fhe Basques, Breton, snd Obst, in Great Bria (Che Wish), andin Belgium the Walloon, the Flemish) @ ould be explained bythe dspprarace of thee coll empires Likewise, the asertion of independence bythe Ukraine ad Be aus which re eurallloete Russ, old beexpined by he collapse ofthe Russian and Sovee empire an ty the end of the ogetnonyexreiedby thie rtevertsformer colonies in the Ca asusand Cental sia, as wll ais protectorate in Yogi “re these dain lor autonomy an inependentejstied? One most adniethat Aca thn group nd he epi e r- ‘mer Soviet Union were arial rete by external tions, but ‘hei atonal erainly ave the ight, if the wih to ain er ‘ain degree of autonomy fom previous oppreson ani eracson by eel powers Recognising ei eva oat dees at ‘ecesaly deny them the ight ee. "V.V.Mudiale, Zain writer and anthropologist and aor of ‘The Ironton of esr), aks sar quests, Histon ‘the yarn ofthe imposition of European knowlege om Are, ‘whieh calls the “clonal ibrar wings hy colonial ads "stor: minsnares, and thao. He defends postion baced upon the recognition of Akcaa systems of thought as inerealual ‘edons. Ashe shows, hy drawingon works sch a Teil, a \phitsoptie bance (949) and M. Criaule, Diew eau (9), | fmongoctors, Aca thinkers have invented aio chat oh. {lesan ndispatale tooo entiary deiniion, "slbet dena asertondeyends up the assinlaton ofthe (Ochs And its hrvugh the “canazn” of Europes works ‘hat Afican posers have rendered iligile the yeti ‘ftheicltres. rom hisperepetiv, Ate the niet, ‘of Atrcans and Europeans, wherein cach Aca sje the rit 0 ‘se ths shard knowledge as de basis ois or herent, Tis it ‘erprecation alia Risours and states Moline wha wht ‘ould be qualified es “postmodern” tron, Forte advocates of thistend suchas GE Mare wad M. J eher gh, Ciford / (Cifrdsod Maras 1986, Clio 98, and: Gear (gt) a ‘heoplogy isthe product fa dager inwhich aur ‘aac ora "teat" result the joint lot of informants 5 aibrpologs. "Soin died opposione the carne sion concaring che validity of certuinenthropolgie! workseee ere npr aiaengetehreceiert nr sap irene pen song hitmen creat ers Scent peered vee tte eangem tea weniger (cet mne reciente a = Sapa Se oi, ricaciess ce i eee tte Se eee ee Sa ee tere sere Cm ecm Ramon elongate Seperboproicere etree win ter Barocco Dearie meme gee reer ‘he anthropologist would be legitimized in deconstructing ent sesso protect hac aniversal in exch My thake to Aan Benoa and Dominique Clas for theirinteli- gentaivice Jala, Paris July 19‘Translator’sNote "This bookisa wanton of ogiqus meses Auhro- pologe de denitéon Afrique eile, pablsbed by Bothoque ienifique Payot in 990. The French word mine comes fom -nge, meaningthe crossing oft ates” While the English orllary. mestzo, aso means“ person of mised blood.” it more popu ruggeta person of rived European and Ameren K- lian ancestry. For the translated tie f tis boo, however the tern ismeant tobe understood in itsbrosdest, mos gnerevense ffmte” on "he esta mixtureMestizo LogiesIntroduction “This took does notbid farewel soanthropoogy her, ‘Mandingo'chiefdoms of southwest Mali and aartheast Guinea. My eco aae perenne geen erae Poe gente ipa ‘hat eae refi, and clases with dhe tendon alata setae ae eres ne ae ooo ee‘The nto of mexico ofr he neesing posi ofrestrig contemporary confising le len: elem ther eppoe he unrelisn of mrs igs alr {By prgee reine demonstae ht carl lian ‘Sppovesbath close lkod edit lokeesoel eesti in ‘eae siting ch hve een exacted om te cote, ithe jie operton of trelers, missouri noes, Be feel expen, ther etd onl rely enstlecon tinaum ofsrucresand era pases hs sees eed ‘onthe connecing Earopee Ales. Inte pose, thong {conse tha the rec contonaion betwee the et sh “Teacoler semis, forex, secntat in caberenc of eh ‘theo calles andthe some time intend te dif nce Ths, theclari posure plies an shape, aio: ‘es nage andthe dismantling of cnn of acest other ‘ordi relaonshipamong dun aces trogen orion conquest we othe slerton of econteaied ‘kee io ante ntrpen of eee nse cal nee conned by iferet cates rey antrpaoh eine, fd experiene, ower kxows hte cla he observes di) sohesino sae oraresroirofconflcualr pace pacts ‘ed ys ert consul renga het Meniy Tost thee praesnsone omit ah ewer von flrs ‘itis nay modern form rc Intense etl ‘eycanlendoeginaon of easton aaa) Paredeily h uiveraiom ofall wie rginated wih he Ealghcnnen end which incogal aking ero, Irs iutferved jest the Eeopea congo as good par of {heplancein the name of the eradenon of barron pre vein ostewes, coi pte were acl founded on ‘pec frdgenouscatms ad coscreenty, on dfs cl {Srl Nal ew, th bt forth ech aigy ‘cumin suposed tae the ba edt te tole eal ikig a wreaks bre bth Sout Adin nthe srndof eee Le Pens Di oh igh a Pane jst Cemly make demands concerns own ght be teen, ‘alge naval ads unen pe ort itinordstoncuure te efecheneset tone wert ‘beable to determine precisely what we mean by “human eights.” [Notoniyicthe meaning ofthe tere extremely variable but“hamsn ght” ae brid ar an eee o determine what. constes ‘the cultures The representation ofthe Oder asa sof on ‘Tait he realtofemisreresentnton eee by einalg- {eal reason, For he universalist dete i fe the com> Irootation of two potcal ystems democracy and alias. {We an read the vs traarianiom in height a the acts ce Fac with hetden oft law, ne ca, ofcourse, in the name ‘ofvespeet for inigenous easton ular elatvsn lai the ‘ight of Aran ealtares to pracce excision othe ght of samie Intlon toexcete lnpemers Kes remains tha xe dais re ‘hevacal ejection of the ke, inact prac, of democriy {spossl ha uss of “hum rights by the media an by polis ‘aigureshave inevtaly produced retin ofthe inthose on ‘wot atemps were madeto impose hit elem. Tn order contain the expansion of «Western adel of moc: rag) tnt they abhor and athe same time to define thei ien- ty fndamentafns ofl ypes artisans a utenti cal ists, ames, ete) dene on opposing political theories (atonal jam, totalitarian, ec) Tass why the universalist-eultval reativit dabae dou oc sult, despite cotinine aims, from the confrontation between the Mid Ages and meders Rather, tis am exclusively contemporary confit thao unde rentals speskingin th nme of radon whilesimltancously projecingeurenkeolgieal modes into the pas. "This debate resemble he ighcent and nineteenth century opposionbeeween French Paligtenment universalism and Cer ‘an Romane reaction. Asa tection agitst French domion tion ree re of rope, German nationalism encrged nthe name ofthe rght be diferent. Nevertheless, in Eiigmenment ‘ought sich as that of Home or Ket the heey of atonal char ‘ces often accompanies niversisthinkng, whereas the et0- Tegal approach of Herder fr example, ones great dealt Mer ‘esque Papi des tots? "Hs posible that “human rigs are simply the expresion ofa (& J Sominin power wih neo lam Cheright o pred i o-lero vals identi We sould eha explain for example te || cmtraditry coexistence ade colonial eco of natal a, ‘which probs epagaan customs ai of espe fr indigenous L eastoms This parent contadetion could be ezared up ie get toconade hat mens righ bong tothe els foc les wheres common law applis othe eam of practc."tn tho flo peipecte, the enlogical in must seen asthe mode lynch tie dominae power tars form, mode of raion hat ‘alfleads to ethnology ava discipline. Lite by litle, his peo ~pomer wielded bythe dominant group was rap peo spt etG te ona pe meds sant ah ‘ois ey. The fi enolgy ths corelaes wi the oysgen aici ences Toor yen ETE poln of ew, one mest case aeatOpre “reservoir in “oar words, aba cllection of practices tral o external a5 Gren cil ornate acer bliss con fone ors) ‘ter pola eonjmetre Tes wihn this problematic tha stl ty bere onerpre tbe ‘eldwor ta nd archival documents gered Mall, Cains, Senegal and rane. » ooh 1 Ethnological Reason tari chess Ae baeresive im “Eman Kant, “Oberon th eal he Stine” (a) Like etnogaphy very ict aslnee pees ze ‘stern ee cgay i Foun ‘tot jolie ppeon. “Fines, Whar iva Nee) Banoo has tay aimed for uaa ertaia pei lege asa weapon inthe ght aint prejees fal ypes But hie asiplinc mathe morecasly amined beloreitisacknowedged ‘sinheretiolerat, case te prdlgeacorded by eaology toshe notion fierce could wel mack, under the pretext fal ‘url relativism, fundamental etnocetrisn For his reason it ‘emein me commpleey lvoe towant to datognishfodamen- talethnclogy or fendanenta stropeloy rom a spiel ed ‘ology or an applied anhropaogy. Alledhnaogy “applied” the fone desgaateras sch spy more expt version of fanda- ‘entl ethnology Ehnology applied ie ofall becaue itis lest in the colonialist atom, and socond because it “applies” "much the definition of ext saceties 0 our Ov Butbefore we examine in det bow ethnology iconsubtanily Tinlad to colonial and bowithns verwed and continues seve inthe seledefiniion of formery colonized and former enlniing soci, wil be helpalto analyze the way ethnology hasbeen onstrated om the vocabulary of indo aropentnatacons and {reek politcal hough6 srmmotocieat neasow ‘TheReational and the Socal Io tnd-Europan languages asin resonate some of he terms tat deat el condone re sch terms at ‘ume reign ores for hoe groupe tha apes fo orm 2 tig one they haven integral nto another soi. Tht ‘forthe term “slave forthe term "wel i Anglo Sau ‘eh "dhe Cet" te congue prple-and eben nore 0 inal hee eons, ei dieinsions are Gon fa) es sare coe ‘ese’ pooner apelin oan encarta {past jets saiferental nd oppesiond ntbenanesa ple tet iodaerie themes hres munfey ors he inton {odindagoihhemalves en aighboring peoples and afr he superiority a consies in te pssesson of comand tcligbl language" Frm is psp, deter “oe i5 ‘mercy he expression ofa polite Bsinction within acoleson Cfackes The Gg he aon of repli a cei Kcorstiaed ont olen hehe at eae be ‘cent princi fmf ices pots ene pl {fhe cette} wuss precl defied and valoried category. one Inc he Grek ond hile eeing te ater of Cts incor wu gut deposi Wil elas ‘icuschnce enn ong nl abuts era ele not, wert cneern en pope he ratios seh oss eis oe, Suen ons ‘Thug in Pots, Ais sth natn et mach dee [osteo Gresko are stored even into lg uch ‘the Aas ato design th barbarian indians of aby Jonah ried i be spatial vets, tedster {ite an entire ne berod asl une fhe event? ‘The concept of cap then, content culmea, hectare coricon of ibe ofa "uibal Sate ora Sep none Stato ue Southal sexpression ‘oth the Latin and the eslesiastial atone maintained the conception dfedinas as form of society lnckig integrin, sl alice, and dhe division of abo, which eoasate the din _shingsigns ofthe ol In Latin he term as designates the ‘gan an inthe eosin adson the erm cd aes a" ‘ions, geile, and pgansin opposition oChrsana."* ‘Maus refers ths las sense fhe word in Nation rp) In is ‘ypologyofsoites, Mauss datinguines he trl form of oie. ‘thicker conse organised hgh illsagmented the ‘ane hat bis within fom those frm ia whi leaders have ‘permanent power, whether this power be democrat, aristocrat ‘The erm “ason"isitsfanbiguoys.” When symonynous vith enor suggests the pejorative seme apg.” Yeu mi ‘le ofthe nineteenth eentury it applied all the peoples ofthe planet even when abierarehy founded on tb ete kin colar ‘) distinguished diferent parts of the wold.” Fr example the ‘xeonh-cenury Preagvet explorer Andes Dernelarertablicbed {parallel erween Spin ad Ser Leone: “less mations tein general called Sapes just asin Spun the members of diferent ‘ons rele Spann." ‘The word “nation” wll be superseded by the tem "race" ony vith the de ofacasfistion and hieesicl determination of ‘Slfren societies, This aces under the coletve influence of ‘movements as diverse as comparative natralis, German rman- ‘lam, toni and evludonim, ‘Wich authors ach as Herder and is theor of Voageit.® Au austin Thierry Taine, bine, and Vacher de Lapouge ad thee ‘hola racial conception ohisory."theidea of "rate" as2 ‘avons excise principe of deni is orn. This movemeat of ‘eas accompanies European nationals, which, as Clinr has show, resulted om indaoiainntin, migration ovard the ce, ‘nude integration of "high eulare within terior tal people wh have sce founded a state seceed informing ‘Turon, The her constitute ethnic minors, where the eth ‘le roupthasbecomes aarti s pro iniean. "The inatomnth contr nw the rump he principe ofrace luring he er of atonal, swell athe reappearance of theget rrnotoereat im “hic rou." inks By on neat ame te aman aces, Gobineau uses the sjective ebniue-she term “ethnic rou does no ox i is workin an ambiguous manner Wile [asetconcnrenly with the notions of rice, ation, and civ nation, one nonetheless he feeling that che ward conveys to ‘i he sense ofmintare face anda reveltng degeneration.” “Thesametase meaning andthe sae ambiguly canbe ound in the work of Vaher de Laouge, a theoretic fecal Darwinism tnd the fine or aeTRSeTEe non of thas group cd} in French In Les Scions Socials, he atest account fr the Separation of raclly homogenous populations among which er tain srgmentshave experience diverse iheades For example, thetos prolonged cohabitation with theres, imvolsng lings ‘cand cultaral assimilation, these sements eventually resemble ‘Sc other races more than Ue nial popula from which they Separated, These new groupings, however, eich the author calls “fon an break ape wthot losing the epoca aeacaon eeirdsorised pares To sig thiscellctive cohesion Varbet fe Lapouge does noe consider the terms ace, ation ornatonallty to besteurate he prefers instead ene or edhe group. heist Soming morecoret, but the second ease wo pronouns.” ‘Bosh Henan and Parte de Coalangesdisngre with his racial conception ofethnogrphy; of hor or naion. bis fmous ex, “Quentee qu'une nation?” -secagins the Prance-Cerman date ‘on Alsace Lrraine-Renn jet ethnographlccrvera athe d= ‘cening Seton in he exten ofa nan rato, he eons ‘need ther on acolo Feely consented abd groundedin che facotbavingaosmpished gest things nhe pat and the desire sccomplsh moet the fate, and not on such posive characte ‘str nro, angnage, or geography" nthe same ven, Fustel de ‘Conlangesdangres wth sderahisoias who id racial eo tentin the notion of ear ar the Gresks conceive. or ah i {erpee the totaly of Fench history in terms ofan ethnic con- Fromation eeneea the Franks andthe Gallons.” “Anambignigy remains, however inhe ehooght of Kenan and Fu ‘elde Conlanges For Renan “ace” disappeared with Rome, Chri ‘Sani and the empire ofCharemagne,batcoainue to exist ery ‘rgly tong res. According othe author of Cente, rranovocieat Ke4son ° ‘he fact of bing Dorian or Tonia, for Herodotus or Thueyddes, ‘tered with tao inplicatio inherent illerence oder in "pide though there were nonetheless geacalogical differences esreen thee te people, ‘Only with che developmentofananthropolagy based on ield- oak and he esulngdisaning oflieage and ethnic realities, ‘alse definition ofsosialcollectiites be definitely separated (om lf elliaoe, "TheSpatial andthe Political Superseded by the Temporal and the Ene Alhngh be ia hat we an omar unas histor tote growth Otalvingeinginay ba ancien one cry inthe Sieh ad Capen onic cosros owe il abo he {sea olor fesvesencnpsing sere of ages tha all manos ve sppese rere Blo, Lines Com Sore, epoca Sth te) a ors Sane mer ‘gua canparés aux moe des prem tong) alg toposes vision in wich madera peimtvs would our ‘SBperery smears Marge wl tap hs perspec mors teary tr in cen Sty ab Acerding Mors bunanhisory pases hough cert umber of "tie sage (srgery- baron leon. In eens thee go Tomo? static panned on pple, dana be ti arse Geek nso cs, apical oremiaten Basen rior tate and propery bch aserange Smblance tthe pls Consequrythes hat wa i Croek ‘nul trefoil ogo become,” acringt Mar i ideof“tiowtgen” an oguiig inp of haan hi tty wer ech soi sage represen eel oe fe phases df nethtolngesl ora erry" he sal vison cf emen ‘ocetes is ths epee. Whereas in reek hough che oppo om friar and pot expresssa scl nll Merry, “ith Morpnjor Dusbn, nd Mans the sql pt de ‘lopment ferent ypesofsociesbecomes compares ‘ierofhumancommantes state ifn sagen hiro Io, thati parttime”Eahnology, inthe moder sent of Ue tr, iss ensued conlyin the epresson of the poiieal o,inother words, a de ea ‘hat snc and aman species could be compared within an ordered ‘heme of te evolution of humanity Moreover ehnology a is- ‘Spline finds its baie ot so mich nthe represion ofhiory-even , Wevsuonism en acerein sens, a peadohistry-asin they ‘pothesis according to whi estes common toll mas history ‘ovompees erexinbackvard sods, those whieh the Gresks de | Seceraptia te ea "tisensnmarynatropslogcal foundation saris ferhaving ‘vokadheewolsenim of Morgan nd, to roced fom fune- ‘ionasmodifsiniancaltaralsn, and sactarasn. Penifhis procedure has the virtue of convenience, icharly seems usted {piste [woul prefer ose the ensemble ofandropo- eel though as wells the ends ink 1 the dienth and nineteenth centres, which are comparative nutri and eal tions, Bven today, teen whch the ajo of antropolo- stecam apres tht iene oman ocees are pectnensor mb eum pce atone can appropriately elas compare; label From this perspective, rather than eoosiderMalinowsi and Rad- cle Brownas the founders funetonalismoeHoasasthe founder &: + ‘eure, which they dbiessre ts preferable se them ‘fled researchers who fewsed intensively a individual ealtures trite, slated rom their epatiotemporal contest for parposes ‘tcomparison.® "The compari or “huterly collector” approach to anthropo- ogy suppones inl, the existe of ements separable fos ttc lterseal aie. Hes thus not the notion of socket tht Fears compart ete revere: Boose need oda up casficsine wad polis, tmuschave element to classi ant aa egitimatelyextrtet them rom dhe conteat itis because L ‘ne deed eforchand that chese cements are pola wait it ‘sted in asociculael ntsc.” "The same preoceupstion an be fund nan entire vere ft oogite Doge, Rivers, Spence, Halon, Glen, Mauss, Kaif Brown, Griaule, and socn-hich provesthaa certain compare tive anit corlary, de montgrah ae indeed the commen de ‘ominators ethnological thought Colonial FracturingofFamie Groups ‘The invention of ie grospisthe pint work of colonial adie tors, profesional edolopsb, and those who combine Doth ily hsiovestiontock the imo calls” asitwas raced yt ie Pench Els” On te Peete ‘Sis pola poston wer eis alien, wo fatwa in the osepe on ere nage of closes eng etnsely (cr theMachiaellinn main of dee inperg® Nore Ca icniwainiened bythe ned evan opener. he ‘allan ofan Asoring Speer. the ase Fon ipl soe to comple ones more spell om he me ‘audingtage to he nds a, oppose hat he eres eeneen the conquering race andthe conquered one net be too ret” Callie fn spiaion nthe to eee i “acta Folic which des fre om dase knowedge county nth ad which wsbaso each coun "on ea trata anborices who xy the onder he mase hy Keeping thay the feigned, over om omer Aominion”™ Hage cian, andl Wii Post inerapply Cale deasin West Alea ad willie the thre tai Uke domain of adminis, developmen, sndacnogrphs™ Tn error congue y Fane, such rai pts at theorigne deg vhich cosa thereon feo Inns us pred ery the Frenc, nd“srowsraled J I Alea he On he econo oe aia iterng, bogie $owcinparelary the miion a conquerorand the ro: tron of diate poplin, sconeredin the Spenseran trafon beth conn geaae exonom development tly he donno ebnesraphy hips postin per rie {othe evasment fan nie ars oar, ie Sec npr andes ta ere front ethaorapic edge, tha nar thecolnie tafe is power verte popanon "Porte Hoi soleao opel lc faite opadssdcaton of peo "ation, whieh needs tre groups‘communities, nd Earopcanize Africans.” Though gard ins "hcopposte, hs sean bil i axa, The ewlveLcon- snunidecorrespondo the Hemises bul of empire andthe ‘Moslems, whereas pinivtbesinclade hearin backs ‘ower driven ne ape tonto in the fread who |, tne the fain sage. This aia oy once orth |, crn wi he exude te poetic of Fulani) socetesby tet own Cite wth brent Taste wa also aopedon the Frac ie by Vn ole ,, longa nap, for exnnple, one the diastous elects facial ol ikvand the coneac de (iet conaed)of Wiliam Ponty bene teas of misao. Inagg hts politcal poston was ea tte yee, wo enforce he ration overs techies ‘gid moderna lke wie the detent flan the Population gains the elon adminsron Thi posion wae ‘ein applied by Boat in rg." Ax Lombard remarks” there ‘ws return rial poles which van et the undaent Prine ofboth rsh ad French coloilisn, both of which ‘ahi pots in the French empire sn the Bish one was ‘ha mati common co etiadogy and colo adnisrion. “DM Delany wo war both an ethnolgi and an admins represented i ati partly well Like many of his gene ton, Delft, wliowe inlet development bad eae ht Ahrough studies in medicine and Arabi lingua and a period ‘spent the Maser of Naaral History, models bis peeeption of usa societies on those of minal and pln spesies He applies Shsmodeto te clniieaon aed mopping rock Wet Alan languages. which sappy the primary content forthe formation of Aire tie groups such ar one cancer even toay* i South Af, te Sellen of Arhanes ehoographers i> soi the pole of segregation mor than ithe work of Ml ow or Hod Bro aed the Anhopoloy Char ofthe airy of Capetown insgs)na manner sini to Dele, «|| Rafer characterized antropaogy the natu cence (© || crmamar sac. Ports reason be dsingushed several aby tem-economy, ip pls ands on-wihin diferent oc ‘ce, With eh perspective in mind he wrote in sggo the peace {osm Peel ton by Fortean Evan Prtehir ain {agote ced with Daryl Fond ices Sens of Kivhip and orage “Ten to works const sort of bile afcomparive nt als not on fortoresofisip pls, bar eanony ESE Tc tinatip seme win dieen Aan airoups ‘Sas Ioan, Lan, abs YRS. Ni, Now) ae com rear twee en joiexarted fom heen et mines, nd soars Thee wh were inter ad olmprove thet ‘Reording to Rall roma and Forde, sinporantaraowledge ‘Stpolicl nf economic structures But beyond chi tit compar- {iis thee two athors ova essen strbturait poo ‘upaton diacoverng tat "whl there avery wide ange of var Son inti superbe estes here can be dsooerd eran ‘ull numberof general stractaral rics wiih are applied and ‘ombina in various wya"= Terhapethiechos Elementary Sire ‘ares of Knap, which appeared the previous yest, eventhough Us Straus, in contrat Radel Brown and Murdock, clits to pereive unconscious reaitesmber than consions maaieta tions. But even ifthe atin of stuecure~erpiical in Radel Brow, profound in Lov Strauss-dtnguishes te wo authors, ‘hl pon ofdepartare remains the une: haf ehni groyp com ‘sve aa poonsronted material To present the Buel ‘lineal othe Barbara as patrilineal, for example relives one {tom avingin ack jos what is meant by "Buoule” and hy "Ban tar,” and fom detrminingthe exact ember of Baul and Ba Irae come rm thea two tems ofan eyo thisline of qaestoning he typologies ofkinship stems mse challnged,ustasthe pologieseooratd in otherareas ‘anthropology mst be reevalated-tht of plies, for example Theclsfiacion of Aca pole ystems seta y Fortes and vane Pstcbardwas inspired by Spence, Durr ana Lagan swith Lagard, ae we have seen, contrasting primitive cribes co ‘rokedornunies, Thiscasifeatonoown, of come, gided‘ytheconcertotettr administer andto better controle ican populations under Bris ndivec le, and thats wy anthropol- ‘gy was called the datghterofinperiism, Nevertheless, thi er ‘gue cannot be aken too fr; the founders of fica pea nthvopology were beyond doubt a rom beingaid proponents ‘fealniaion,Ieismueh moeinteresingto show how Fortes ‘Bans Pritchard as epresentatives of Bris bral though ide alae an interpetd frm plital fle perspetve the Talens ‘nd Nar segmentarysoiedos* Thsntrpretation and thse: laavon were perfec onsstec wth he ragmentng the objet ‘which isthe pelts! system ofethnie groaps-such asic was re ‘conesved inthe clon eorex, Butthisnterpretatonanddel- lesion uldimately made an abrraction of the dependence harcterzingthesegmentary stems with respect tothe tater. ‘tems, and they obscured the eenalzed character of numerous in cexge gies. ‘AsIwlltryo show low, arather deed epitemolegia stay of che spoloicl refinement that flowed eke puliation of “AphcanPoliea SysemsTonds ene wo se than alles soci perse sine npreclonia fin, Thesciesesconsieredas such ‘erein fc dissident sates. They were sodas that, inthe course ftheirkstery, were stily separa fom tn oer oie pole formaion and whet centalied appari despre becrueeaf the European congue fee fton ofthe xtc of Segmentary socies coud be perpetuated as Long sits na "ropolgyits becuse the preolonn APiean states ese l ‘te save providing peripheries consi fer snes between ‘sch pole nt anes res they appeaedto have no ley ‘kine borders Inthe zones of weak olen eantral staat on the margins of och Kingom cere exited sueite societies, and ‘they were customary characcerzed as segmentary ‘Yetanothe lrg domain of anthropngy the sd fteligions, Dust ben spared y comparative natura, mascography. and ‘ethnio-olonial fragmentation, The fragmentation practiced by ‘eimologistsn theists ato village eve edo he producos ‘ofaseres of monographs on sere societies (Eom, do, Aton, ar) hat taken together. cllowe forthe eoneoton ofa "Bembare religion However dis Bambara peradorligion isathing bts srwxovocteat n24son 5 ‘olleton of decentralized eukural peacces that transcend col alts mite anc that canbe fond among the Mnyane as ‘well arte Mandigo athe Fulani of Walon. Priveging ofthe “chnio-village aproari wet hand in band wi overlooking the ‘sentially pall characterf these cuts nother words hiss Proshneglvtedhe fat tha such pracens were combizntionsaf nyc and ritalin vere levels ite! uit villages, ‘hefdoms,ingdoms, and other level ‘Moreover, th Boe anthropological vision ehaaesiniates mythical practices to religions such as amor Christian inytensto privilege the analy chee sue practices terms of eis Such anethnocentionpproach masks perhaps principal clement ofthese pojheies, which s thet ssendally pragmatic {rdinatrumental mae of fnetioning, inal. the ethnic-ilage waved the fandamenta question regarding thee of inpantation ofthese cats, With ren Ingto difsionist approach, it sfcesto ask how singe divin igsorsmilar secre sockets, oul spend over sueh wide ates.) ‘ther words, fo snapingpolisns meuniere gone intevere,asisdone by most edhtologiss, one must ak how de ‘eatrlize ut that rt notinegratd itn x hare (Chri) frevenbacedom boo sm) ould spreader sucha lange are ‘To prvlge the analysis mythien- ‘hey ate organited along the line of elecontained and abiary ‘duributions with o comenanieaonbetween the. ‘This ype of approach erivilines the orig of the notion of ee ture, asthe ole played recent by anthropology and clara ‘eltivenin Westen sory Aa pint uty Kroeber and Kluck- hoi, the concer of ear” was fit roa aed the Ger- ns Arte ead ofthe nlaetevath century the German aston, be- fase of ts ack of piel unity, seed cultural development, ‘wile France and Egand concentrated eeovomiegrovh ‘Thissiuation explains wh, in Cerman the een Karaka on wo very different meaning. The fe fund inthe writing of6 ‘revstons wrrun cuctone ‘Kan, where the notion f Kula asuresa univer even when sseminaed hy individual, privileged nations sich as ance, fo ‘ample Tescond comtoatn, on cheater hand, aespounded ly Herder, isan ethnic one that gives expression othe sens en ferioiy fl bythe Germansand the Ressan vivir the mote ved noes Testis send connotation hathasbeenarbutedo he word Rulurbyheieta athrpelogy. tea arthermore be espresed in German bythe term Yottoten «synonym for “Germin peor ple" Ina smiarvein, Yadter-theplaral of Volktends en desig: ‘cles n genera and pine ceuresin parte, Vike unde ying etna the seiene of primitive oie, "Tha, che erm Flan mean bl the people” inthe bodes sese peal, an an Other striped ofall Mayer pons ont {hat Fits sjonymoas ih gost and gets ermsthat orginally ‘meant “people” in Hebrew and Latin, but which subsequent ae ‘quied the meanings “pagans” “Gentiles” and "nations. Ac fingto Tonnes, Klas heise sony of Polen (a ‘nay. atonal hace a opposed Zitat or Soars, “This Geman conception ofentureisfoundia EB. Tyor's ork. In his Prine Caltare, yor defines clare the moder an thropologial sense ofehe termasfollows: ‘Guar or Genco, taken inside ednographic ses, eat ‘oma hols tha nade knowledge ele ar ral aw tom,and anyother epailies sodas sued yon er Terofmocey ‘Ths defnionissmiar to hatexpestey Boas, who saysofcul- suredhatie, cembrceal rnifesaions fhe sacl ubiso commas the ‘each nda otra bei lected iy th babi othe {rnp in hich els tthe pret hema acter tar theyre determined iy hee alte” “This Toran and Bossian notion of culture, the cornerstone af American ealtualannopology, would influence a string ore searchers suchas Kroeber, Kino, Benedict, Mew, Lin and erskovis, most wor were stents of Boas. ‘Thebulk ofthe work done in America cltral anthropology rensions wien CULTORE “ sts on he prem ht str comp ees ements nods te wy igang or: (2) therconeption True woy tc group arly bebavesand what des in fs Sasbjecelydcnmined Calera andropoly tha res ie grea meaning term “ear” aon tee of ‘cede atand perm ewe onthe eee THs however, ‘bitrates the fac hatte neti of cutis the oxtome of en neal development ra amercal reson Ter bese Aileen polis sractare "Thenotonof ear cull ais Germany and Resin de tothe inferior experienced ty the aristocracy as comparedto rnc ad Ennd Ts was oc bec, or Damon weed have {hth Fenchare men ston reach sound we he Germans te Gorman fstand men sen’ btratherbeems, neigh Sonury Fans “people od-natonerenainr apie ch “Sci asoppese government” Burin Germanys wots sre employed by Hevderaad Fete a oasded terms ofexchsion Inuotvthsentmensdtence ssn, an-Cathobe anda Semi" Having dro pa outine of originate one af Catureund shown tbe ies inking the nation of rae ei opt and nation we ssl noe to Arian cla ach logon seo Gel hiscocet usd pins oon dnhrpalge ppg Appl Ans ology) ht erica cara antropolgy developed wikia the Framework of Borges sonar ands ection tot” With thedecelniation press oder, Americ eral xhto- ology tok a evolutionary rm (White Baste tet he Ses pled on call selavisn by meres anopoley fe tomca period during hich the siaton the dans a0 Ieveteen roughtaboutby "development pole” thatisto sy. 2 pole ofgovermenal dt communis evar ecb the fie Ureafths ple sfintrenson he peed Americar {cyan ple tits asd om ela els, Pom {hs penpectve, Baie melee ch communi. endowed with cul ofits own which s ‘Sesame acacia Be ‘elving human poupsodhe eer iia whic enable Be Sabelihe rupenbe ied”“Te dferenéesberwoen Indian and American elas donot pre Sue palteal and ccoacne integration, baths ntegrasonxsoh- {este fe choir an fonds are dnribted othe Indias ett & ‘vaya to onde homo aculuate and Wester, should hy 20 tee" ‘The atte of American leaders concerning the Indian comm hikes snot unlike a preving in he Wes 2s reads develop- {ng counts For dec stem warplce don the reton ergy scaledevlopment projet adminis ner etna organi tions and loa government. Reveal however, thetrasion was Imadoto a eaneept of developeat hase on peasant intatves ad ongoveromental organizations Asin the American as, hee ‘hetllarof the development projet tee becle were ‘manly reapedby the ruling groups whose power was dependenton {he ental a he tate stretures as mate apparent the need or pants taste responsi for demslvesabdhas edo the ‘romotin fall projetset op by aenstate organizations.” In both eases ifdiferences ate respected ae communities a lowed ake responsbiliy for themstves, development wil ake lace under optimal condos. This ede the “tlemmn of eal: tural relativism”: according vo Basie, under the precet of pecting the astonomy ofeach culture, preesing ealeral ela tvs amount to asinting and integrating, with as ie efiort ' possl, those communis tathad ait be constiated as ‘ferent That ths appeach sould have taken rotin de Unie Sessa resulofafitae doesnot alter thefae hatin pace, ‘alta enthrpology rms in an applied stheopelogy achat ‘hacof Herskovits ands yp the very ecocente vison it ferksto combat" "The subsequent course of events doesnot entirely validate aces tant ice frm Saitogratng along with clonina ‘on, colts as, on the coma, developed acomidershie tent in American anthropology. Salis for evampe, fern ‘egoingaMlarsist period around 168 and expounding sory of the "domesiemode of predation sabcuraly tarnedto oder area Amore rent work fly devoted vo refting Marsst ‘thought on the basis of etiologies data and also trough data ‘ran mou ov seit.” According Sabin, iia ct a versions wiruix ovcrune 20 ‘ure, distinc fom practical or uiitaran reasons, thas the ous lation any soiety a cltre ist oma natm of symbols hat isthe inegraingschetna ofthat ue, Taling fashion in Aner an sce at a example, Salina ants tht it diferent ele ‘ents conta system of oppositions tat orespond othe dit ferent socal classes Anjo il hus have oinberencuse-alue, reals usevalu wilt be comparbleo tbat of anther ob. ject: this ueevale in fact sven a pateyapmbolie ad herelse ‘wbiary. With acumen reminiscent of Baudilrdin Le Mii de Us production Sabin denounces the fui fay peal econ ‘try that is ota pica] ear ofthe abl, Ay transitory interpretation ofthe cours af humanity, nd particalaly the ‘voluiobisn tradionall associated with Maris, chus east. ‘sie. Each enue supposedly harbor the ey ois en arp tation even ifthere are means of passing rom ane to he oer ‘Geet likewise alls ino this ettegcyshe ates that in orer > ‘xpsin soil phenomensone mt sate them within the ame. ‘works flea eonsiousessin sucha vay sto cforms ofcom~ ‘rohenson chat are na our ova Exhaograpy das relates tic {ray ert, evento hermencuties, wheres anthropology cor tins of teanlting ther eleares int ou oneal pte = [Rather than defining Coens pon aa or fsa, it soul be more core wo ell ita sorcof ansuluralim or com arstivin chat relies on an ana Knowledge rather han the {Sonacious perception fever cles "Whether che ste be structural or trascaltuait, the ate ‘thropolgieal operation consists ofcomparing altura bjectscor- ‘ceased to meet te requirements ofthe theory in question. This Letnisian approach, whieh allows one wo move fm coereeto tract universal i ft presapposes te existe of univer ‘srt (God or kledge) in oer words. a compara me ‘ei that generates the diferent elements tolecompared. In this sense onecan concede along wit Duron tha all societies are holst, for doesnot comparativisa sel! provide a uae gb ‘ison the dle clture?™" ese, therefore the existence of difeent cultares thc leads to compurativism, but compar ‘vie that constitutes diferent calms atch ‘Does posing the existence ofiaontot eles notnegect tese ‘renstons wiry cotrune {ac thac hes cultures cannot exist independent ofone anetber? ‘Thotoundaries ofeach entre arin net ed yan ouside party playing the role of observer and hus depend on the poin of view Employed Te age that springs eresatbly to mind ita ofthe 2oomiens ofa camera, sternal enlarging and narrowing he op ‘rts eldof stn" Inlet sene candefinea caso oat tition ax belonging to one ele, tis Beene sac lar as boon constate, or tha one constituted onestif's bower of his ‘culture. Whentelongingongiven care, opeisno eensiows of living thaceneue as such, Lacking the benefi ofan outside per peti, the members of vce Kor meray ary ot various i ‘ereel paces that are not subsumed by peificeulture, The ‘esignation of ne or snoher clare thus reat fom ances Iyngesternal viewpoint, Thisin cur reat te seal of “Others” hat history has eatgoraed dhe Savage, he Barbarian the Pm, "he Gentile, the Infidel, the Negro, nds. Leis demonstrates how the concept of Afiean at des notex- ‘seforthe Africae anymore dan tht of Esropean ear exes for Westerner, The apparent cabsveness of Alcan aris no more ‘than anepialuson it eis only by vree ofits pposcon co European artand sno more then the produc ofan aesthetic ap propria, by European pincer of te ist half the venir ‘entry ofmagco religous bjs aken oo comext sed placd Inthe same etgor.® This bjeiffing and globalrng poston’ the producto power relationships: ie suppresses ealara dfer- ‘encanto the een tha one en concepts Dogon, Bumbars oF ‘Choke ar form. Reerning to the image of seamen, the elange- ‘mentale photograph, a later the etree Toeson slr ‘exis snd more defined altars, makes the ne elation jst ‘5 controversial althoagh cappent to reson gester degree of ‘Sieifcabjectviy. Granted, the delineation fdiferen cure at “imagined com ‘manites” snot absolutly stbitrary* Thies wocbeense dierent ‘altars exis “bjecvel"asitwere,burbeexosetheirestiblsh- ‘ments arent historia process, elf arsule ofthe relation of Foros bemeon those who dermineand chore whoa deecrine 'A Anderson suggests, the bir of ertsin Eropean nations enn ‘beatributed to precisely these priniples.” Prior othe period “reysiows wrrmny conrone » 800 t 2850 Bulgarian was o diferent fom Se, Crot or Skx: Urrsinian was diferent form of Fassia; ad Swedish as spoken in Hnland. A large numberof European languages and cultures ‘hve net em created by iellecaas (historias, eicog hers, grammarianspiolgis, writers muscans, and forth Bytranceibing languages, customs, fldore, and muse and by spreading their writings, these intellectuals contributed to the ‘inergene daring he eighteenth and ninetoetheonares of Ea ropeannationalisn, aswell sis “y poets" che clears oeth- nie mivorities, The Arab emergence in Lebanon, fr examples partofthe same proces Iti cler that he production of dierent oniterat ultra ofthe words the work of European din tion anditscoolares writing honing, ehanization, the ee ence of aliternte cls, athe eration of ew nations * ‘Consequently, one ofthe principal cquskions of anthropology ischecolfarallogcthat este frm the dminanee ofthe erate toltres oer the orl clare, We think in terms feulra ea- ‘vin toy ot beans we eked te giao sn Tari of ferent eaturs, but because our predeerors fined a lied series of socite for. ‘Somecfthe unites have disappeared, no because their merbers or descendants nolonger xs, butbrenue they dd noccaeare te Imagination ofthe vaca actos. They were notin demand by nd ‘viduals situated outside those societies (gran, imelletals, ‘owe-lles abso on they did no become “eulares.” Foren ture totes cute stmostbe capable of upeaingo cain ‘cial stars who share s common espone cote rmbelism. This ‘pple tow alters hat have lumped and owered nto a- ‘dnaloms srt esto clare huchave ben conquered andrele- fate othe rankof ene grovpor cular! minors, ‘hr the course of history, t least hat othe st few cetaes sino te geo capitalism, cold be anlyed not asin tert af ‘he clase trope, as Mare understood i, but also in terms ofthe "truggl for recnition ofidenty under coniins fers: Ose ‘merely need ook at cerzain even evens to resize ow e887 ‘ones aie om he veri erder he clas stage eo thehork onal ender he existence of excep cultures a i for exam ple, Soviet Armenia and the Bac countries, Yet one could arguea ‘eeastons wera cuirons ‘hatalthough ll these cures my merelybe profits of them nation, of ethnography and colonaie, aad cat their external ‘epeatatons ay wel uve Ben eappropiatel bythe soci a= {ovethemelvs, the fat rma tat hey do exit. The practices ‘texisonamongthe Bama,” otha ofeanabalismamonghe ‘pina of Baa, both leary manifest cara ilsences dat distinguish these ace from our vn It woe simp to ouotain hateae ieee eanot be denied, In any event an thoy defends the alii elds observation by a ia ‘eon of reel hee diflrences- isnot so much the exstence ‘hese iflerences intel ha eases the eae, butrather the ‘nay the adhropologtel field represents them and accounts or them, What conte acu? he question cannot be askin ‘pendently of he interraionshis exstngamong diferent cu tures, ara he fixing of sch ealteesinweting and bythe emer ence of parte form of ate! the central burearatic Culeurcasthe Result of Relation ofForees A partial cle can be cones, the st place 26 St of sestered clara ats: yeti deinon i yroblematic in that it favors the ciffsioni's approach. neff, elarel its are not deribued haphasudy for evleare "estas constitute ‘bolic aden thu can Be ecognized and can rigger feckngs of ‘motion na subject. In ha espec,the comparison tat atarly {ings o mind sth oflanguage, languages arcalated and ‘ck languages grammat chat 0a) as of res writen or ‘unriten, appropriated iy subject and thereby making at a> jects "lcutn” Tho oselofanguage sr agrammar bas op 20% ‘consol or unconscious iabenced the way anthropologists “pprenend the cure or eats hey stad. However, in won {othe fc that ites noe et heen scene whether hi concep tiomoflanguage ava set oles cn fly account or nga pe onena-ae hate shew by soiling language aso 85 ‘Gusts esl rom elton offresbeowen daa and ‘SAhordinate group orbetwen taped groupe, Remon there fore appen hat hs viewpoint ieee aplcablet ule ‘renstons wermen cv. 7URe Py Cleave 1 opposed to language, can only be considered aba set finorported ralesby not akngings acnant hota coe Tesand by ersingtecoadiin oft ery eeaton Tay ular “fia” so “ptngraph” them sta give inant and to else to ‘omser them as ving entities, Lis preset y rerlooking the ‘onions of predicion af elute hacone can eat a clare in chevy "Phe pont future contains oases an eter pre Auction st well an internal one. given etre exmnote grasped tssuch ules it hus Been singled oat sitar and dissociated fo the intesealral tpesy int which twas woven Culursate rot stuted ome next othe lke windowless, doores Le ‘Sian mons they ll no place within whole chat itself Structured ied frelon, fone envisage given clara atea-a eveing geographical metapor-one annotation assume ‘athe euleres resent in hirarea ace sinply stapes, otha links exalted between thes are peor "The definition gen care inf, the wes ofreation ofinereultaral forces the culture cnt dominates pail ma ‘ins the abil to sgn other euleures 1 thei espective places ‘thin the syst, they making them no subordinate or eer- Piette ister ar caer thathavetepowerto ae biter eutores ant ceamscribe tel on Feld of expression, he ues are only capable ofbeing named, Nevertheless, the se tem isby no means sai; formerly subordinate eltures become ‘oulaan while others ike stars, reborn nl to disappear The ‘moifcaton othe elation of forces within the Bel swell as the blossoming and disappearing of eultures, coownts forthe changes ‘at oovurin each ear system taken separately ‘Along adonaly given ccture wax vocal with eter a ila or matineal Key eto, we know for example, hat ‘acing can experienor several Kasipsstems during its istry eimay move oma patie system to a mtrineal one heey reversing the order f succession adhered to ever since ta emer- gence evolutionist theories” "The recognition ofthe evoltion of ishipmystem goes some way var aressng te ealtrabstaccraisc paradigm. The t- {eros insclectingelementsin cach leare wth eomparatvst4 ‘stows weruen cuurune snsia mind thee preeting ay understanding ofthe dean icsoftesesjtens,ntto mention theron eect e inh page rom one Kshs ence “Whur for ocip cena co egion awl Ditfrent catre, in partir the or re cnc play serking religions namie, Hero inereard reaons ca ‘onthe development iste, Pit ligne tually tems of progmai plat, od palin! myhio Real Procite the very tem "ite inary evokes he rengih and permanence adore dein ese tnd ‘nuk, wth many eialgts ve recorded, provides spe roof the regions innovation of ch restr inporane in Feikie catast than or erm “The amecanbe demonstra ithe pole fi for xample, fortesame soe can mone fom scetalaedpalieal tons "egnenay one and vie vera Aor omer culate aod te fconomy tho ser a cvie saber changes notably tho ering te pon fechas, new nar and tev prodet erring of eltral sit noeihstandings his souldnotbe waked ints the rmeworo fein pe af ‘nays tatoal ont conser temas podacofaperd ne. Staneal Riving ofthe population Nor dacs cc empha Sen thedaui harcore oe ero fer br ingsuted iors nae penomene.* The cro madeby clr tnthropolgis consi in nox resting ate te an ae Idiom, the perpeon of wich ese dom tnd Sex Bech culture, Jn addition, results from a relation of internal ‘oes Thesragle or ete avingroueocrrs an nls ‘n.dtte concerning tr itso win evecare in the ors sci ut conoid rap rmon, The Sug fr ieniy vol core particu tong i dase ‘ais, were the competion frei stiles deed, Novertaen hs for soci recognition le eis nse ‘mentary andiineagebaed socks whch cman divisions be {ween fit sees” aad “conga” betwen fe en tnd Stove. This ppeer ih Duran view tin hese {le ening or elle coneonsnes” encompass thet tat ofthe cokure. The “elletveconsioasness* or eutural ‘community isin aly, era rezospertve opal sion te- ‘Sling rom coifenton arranged om teencron”™ ‘The scaled primitive seitenshosld mere generally he viewed at much more open thas ou for the following easoas ‘They ano, a Coody demonstrated, constrain y written re ‘nds and above al they are not sje conte bueauetc states that capitalize on the writen word and serve both ay the uarancor an witness of socal changes Once gin tation snd clare are merely optic lusions resulting precisely fom the pai of writen ures relative topriniiv cites and the Juokofncrestancropoogists have shown inthis problem, Noh ing could be lessteaional than a primive oes. endo npate tation to suck socites is merely to push them into the ack ound and exclude them from ou own socey, Justa eval ‘onisandropoogy fabriat eontemposry ancestor ian es fake power The Taravele were subsequent subjugated by the agayogo, who demoted em tothe rank of “animiie™ priests (0 ‘man and oflandowners (daub), lathe way, atone ‘ark waestblishedbeeween the Hagyogo andthe Traweleco0- ‘eldatedby apactofsenantuy (2 "joking raioship") ta pre- nbs ppl eontat, sexual telations, a ofcourse, matin ‘eltons. These santa pats ave codify the tes between ce {ain ablesand certain cares, sggestings anetional nd perhaps fstorel homology between te is ocespnes andthe people be- Jongingto cereaineasts “hls bifunctional cology thes places dhe est seers, the ‘updowners and rials, nposin tothe eonquerrs baie: ‘power, It woull perhaps be posible to eame up mith a vealisic ‘ean ofthis bifinetional denlogy: Perapsthe"Rrtseers” do ‘rensions wiretx cotton a init correspond oa roe rau of poplin. would be more tothe pin, however, a view this sion sa struct schema, teategoryoflcal or repona poll though (Bambara, Moss). rom thier rata” perspective, ash son would ‘mply serve to reinforce powerrelatons saconeepu evel irs weer ad canqarorsarceaialy nasa, sine the ex- ecto of power hronghon the Sudan Salian area estson a - liane beonen che people of power andthe people of tbe earth Real genuine pete power the stvanabueland ose he vilges cally onsideredo belong tthe people of theeazth, (rho real the mastersof ria In oral atone firs wees {relays described as devils creatures wihlong hat, people [perf charms abd acceso the haunted vilagstsdeveribed. Srvery dangerous. The eras may change: these people the earch ‘may have been the ancient wilder of pewer Regardless, ts the {elionshpbeeween people of power sd people ofthe eet, and ‘he permanesce of ts dvsioa, that must be ake ito neu ‘Canon ypc hi clr sracraai vison things? Inne sense the sacral wlalvaps bein beer positon than the istorians,forhistory, Lavi Stnss has shown sani eres ‘lon. The only menn of transcending the sacar posivon's {o proceed asimulaton and comparison wth ete phenomens. In ality, the archenpe of a setler/eonquerors, eal rebe- ‘types, cun function a sch only Beaase eas been aconeted ‘on he tenpora axcand th pti whole int hick eal “The acherype has been perpetuated merely because the cond tions fori eation ave been forgten. Inthe same manne, he ‘pt (jo the joking relationship aenanuya) appear to be he ‘outward expression of toca contacto sion only because theundenjing elation offarees hasbeen obscured. Ta this conten, tutions re imply anomie practices tat, far fombaving nctioned forall ern shold be nderstod at deriving fom a complex and fluctuating ration of forces The _rohle lien reprdcing = porm a snaica or uansation of [elation ofores. The portale that raion x perpetuate by ‘rtf haracteriae inertia rust be dcardeds rather, one wart Ink into the sons or its relative persistence. When an etnolo- ‘Gatos «norm ran nein, he sieolaing practice hathasbeen conserated by the sci. y presenting this worm orin- stitution nthe guise of tation or eustom, he merely reinores thiseaneniaion, Tei possible tat binary oppsitions suchas that he people ‘otyonee/the people tht eth are stactura postions ‘ogous tothe Indo Bxropean ideology of the three factions ana ‘peed Ceorges Dubz Perhaps opposition ischarserii. ‘fall the grea empires inchs region (Mas, Sona)? Perhaps tas ‘ben rananitel from one empire o another through the rarious ‘hchunges tha ocurred between thee politi formations? One an ae asume te exitece ofacommon elation through tut Sadano Sahelian Wes Ais, aeommon cvization of which ‘ne fnds ences nthe or feral erat and ingstieterms ‘pes throughous several enies that the field f anthropology ‘nde a div enltres or thsi groups! Minyanka, Sena, ‘Bambara; ot Moss. Perhaps onecold ever fo sofa ast ipoche seen ofigina instinct, «common bate of euleaes Ca ave Satnequetydverged™ orth perspective tobe applicable, ical change of method {scaled or In pars, the whole would be fared te expense ‘ofthe various parts 0 art establish asort of Renvenistin "Gloe Sry of Wee Alcan lstitations” Yee even such a clare ori ation vere te denied, is permanence or eadonal charac fervould ile left narcoanted fo This is precisely where the Shoe pinches, since anthropologists have alas tendo to depict. {radon asan intangible non, whereas fat represents the ‘endreaucoall prev negations Tn this sense the “wraion” ‘nhopolgits ie the dng dare of historians amounts to ‘etrmpectie oiling prope.” Threats "predet™ costa} reproduced, perhaps be- cause the genera onions ofits pedtion hive retained un- ‘Shnged for cemaren Thus the tetres of power Maitoey fo ‘xan dere om hoe of the past o dub because the ‘ree Main tate sanlogoasto thc of ps lia formations {herelatons of free besween people of power and people ofthe fav (the peasants fda) remain fundamentally unchanged. “They omtinuetote defined and characteriod bythe pandering pest wealth, By invert elation of he past othe presen, rexsrons wer cuivUnE 3” ‘oe tha arives a conepton of este ae contemporary on "ttoeton ther than aertage othe pas. (Cattratiso as Fundamentalism “The perception of sei! facts throug “nitions.” eustons,” "eultnes,” onions” er words in temnsof essence os ance sequie, Renan eth one verbo the condions of ‘cretton ofthe engin qeson, and hat one projet the present inc he past.” In sn form fells, san orm of maton them for hae matir a element of fandamenta es dormant. ‘The term "fundanineaim’ nally designated the American Present oect seeking o preserve the parity and dees ths ofthe Seriptes against the treat posed by iberalsm, sais, td commnism. Ever nc hl notion wa poplarzed by Bar ithes ben p= Wied toa whole serie alelgins slam, dat, et), plies! (cational) een, and estar phonomenn.*Fandamertaliss seth sul fan exteralviewpeint bat they areal used the ctor to designate temsves, Fundamentals ae part 0d Cinifeand therfore presppove the existence ofthe ete andthe ‘ston, Baudon the tered ety, they strive stalish a ctine ‘tat and ence appear tobe esenal. inal coined within ‘hemseives,fndamentalst moverseats rawrigiin their pos ‘ion to glbal oe Fundameraises thus represent the qu festeneofeulerlism, sce thoy make ut of he writen word and Injet he present int the past One can thus compare the religious Fanasnentalisms flourishing today nationals, ethnicioes,” nd more generally to aliaented sol eategories~“the peopl.” Ferexatple-tat make exensiveur ofthe difsion ofthe wien ‘odin ner tee Capital development inthe printed ord tnd the bureaerte se lends to he proliferation avd fish Yow ofall dents, would not be vai, therefore, wea looking nt Mai fre mpl to compare the relations henwoen “fet sts” and eot- {qerore"in he Mande cultural sphere to those berween Mosier “Setarist”and“rdionalis," The tories of Test seers sandtradionaiss” are notabsoluces hey reconstruction ofthe° ‘renstons weruiy cucroRE ‘wind and exit oly within the framework of binary opposition. (Only wih his opposition ean the nation of fst setdes” or of “radon ke om sal sgieance ands become eave The“oongueror," on tone Raed, an the “reforms” onthe cies, crete there ete goriesthemscves 10 hatone wil aay be ‘omneone eles" ster," adios” “pags.” The tntenceof the Mande polite! eutare aswell that of the ‘Moslem Malian culture sre therefore che esto permanent eD- sion ha esate very basi ‘Granted, on oul ike te objection hat hese wo fendamen- ‘alam, indeed tere be fundamental, diverge on one esen- ‘alpine Moslem enue isacelar ofthe book, wile Mande car ‘are is rely va, Our hypothesis, however, tat ay itis i= ‘sally impose to apessate about sonwrtten cultures, a8 present-day identities are defined almost exclsively by iterate c= {ors To a certain extent this allows for che assimilation ofthe Mande clare nto the Mesiemone “The only nscsbedifrene betwen religous and clara fun uments Malis his although the “ist sere” were aig ‘ally conqueror,andalsough theory ofeulementin theater ‘tayppear tobe that secession of popeltion explsons, de ‘auegry of “radon,” even ina prative content ees bck ‘o state chat dd not ac oxst or peal prior to he spread af iam, ‘While the adtonaiss are viewed ae mere “nines” and pagans {nthe ges ofthe andamenalit the fat emains that pagans, ‘nayre Moslem stings i exis in Nal eventhough oes net {alla that one can afer fom this he existence frome original Bambara religion" Toe Here iasstence of te Wababi on dix singishingthemesives fom other abn Moslem orm canbest De anderstoodf seen a terms ofthe recent sonverson of me cs Mains a Il. AL the ame tne, reuies constant le ‘ence othe great empires (Chane Mali, Soar a poli forma- ‘Sone likedto his are. “hy anthroplogial study of Malin population that does not takeing scout sic phenomena il fl to ran the role feck ‘ciety, eltre, and ethnic group ot identity a clements deter ‘nine ye whole, Onlyy aking state cae nation, aniver- Isreligions and eited maueras starting points oe rap the Aierenteuiturs of today. The cleges ofthis plat, dispersed as ‘hey are, an exist as such only because ofthe epresion of the ‘eat presiing a ceirincepn, his ntanemory therefore ha ‘eats clare, bu the obscuring ofthe ens that nadia ‘es of thes dierent denies, his rear, a euleate never ‘mass iself strongly as when Lisi th process ofp ing. Whae den ste station of precoonil ealares or eltares oro the large scale difuon of writing? The modes of real. ial guhering, denies, societies, orclares were the sje ot fonstant negotiations and debate Possibly this debate on the sp Dearance of calrareis what actualy eonsiatsit ae sn deni For theetobe an ident, society alter or eine group lett acessry forall pete to are on what defines thi atari Silicon hat they are able to estaba he cr of deny ‘robiemaboutwhich hey ean debtor negotiate Put dren, ‘ne cou old that idea the agreement on te very sujet of nagremment. ‘Bach clturehas pin ofrefeence-Fuliy Baba, Malnk, ands ob-that cane appropriated by partial scil ategory wich willy lao tha wil eked, The “eat su turin” would consider chi referen to ben category that des ‘through ime, ren though the deny in gusto the subject af shat or the esl ot telaion of res. However nothing pints to this referent remaining denial ehroughout the couse of tory. The ace that his referent may exert groups that dot previo ly cl to such an Kenya twas abandoned by ‘ther groups, amply proves that ates i a histrial product ‘Thesefereatisthercfore more than ah ned of soi ile Iti thestake over which sol groups ener into sgl. Indvid- tl denies (ast muoe este, ick, soon 4 el ‘scllectiveoner, ae constancy defied by the eteraal and exter nal relations within a egion. The ability ame, to give a fire ‘me, surname, oF niekaame, ofcourse eset eevee the ‘iteand thereaions of ores work wit a give socal ld Social sakerconsanty manifest themesiverin hi bly to name tnd the possibilty arefusingto be mamed.” Culture as colestive identity aa clssistion, thas eontn-” ‘renstons wirnan couuRe ously the abject of poi strug, of a seragge for reagni- ‘on that okes the shape of ners elssifeation, sch ha ‘ren te appearance ofthe stcetymst be sujected to constant e- ‘iio sas tated by Coorg Balan, very society is open ora praia." ten this i eo the ones inert oe There have Theft of endlsay redefining the terms under which che ages tase the debate ve thee tha bind them teach the. The ‘eciat aneacis the commen ae of conic. he minimal antago ‘sti space ais the soci antnrto onc athe. In theasence theses, dere eno clare, no society 3. Fulani, Bambara, Malinke: A System of Transformations ‘Seronanerc bee eninge “tesge nertared ago Pepstaions asic ecogized os Fulani, Bambara snd binks nbn weve tae They hve ctr til been considered three ethnie groups mere unease in Space. We propos to demonstrate tha they const meet ‘Src of rannormacons. Tse schema of ently p> fetes “enomare emblems” tht the stor apropeate a ‘handoninaletory hon svording to pie eotngencin! Fascination withthe F ‘The history of Flan studless along disppolating pursut ofa ‘hier: the phenoppe of pre Flan roe that cn be nigel ‘o Fulani societies thar essed istrialy, Tbe ennrrvtion othe Fla race or ethnic group cant be atalyred independent af intent cenery an eal wen coma hiteringraphy rd ‘ncropolgy, both of which seen the conromaion races nd the tery ofconques® ‘Tusa Brogan hiory hasheen broadly interpreted ache i= tory of Aryan o ndo-Beropean domination, French bisary has been reconstructed asthe conquest ofthe Gallo Romane by te Franks andthat ensuing conied rations. The principle ofl strug. promalgued by nintcet center European storia,“4 A svete oF tuansronsarions ns sontaminaed historiography in general including the Doran Tonia confit in ancien Greve, Even Afi did ot exeape this ‘heocecal afictin, We bce ourides of Aftiowon an image of i ferent syper of societies in existence onthe continent, swells of the stages of developmen they have reached This mage derives From te view hata certain numberof races crupied neoessvly thepostioneofeonqucrrsad eongured "The theory ofraces and conqustexplain the fcinton hat Ea ropeans pardcularly ecographer, have contin lor pop- sions cssiiedasredor whit, Berber or Semi Byassgninga stoic rat such popolaons (Fulani Moors, Tastes ews silt explain the difeences betsea sever barbatian abd ‘ized, rimidve aibeand evolved commaniy anarchist and em pits bilder, paleo Negroid or Sudanese and Kamit, pagan abd nem, and ates secetisand statesoieties ‘emp to entif the pre Fulani ar began a along expe i nthe nipetzenthcnniy withthe psi sadoplogss acd the specif Pdhertunde Ie continues to thie day. Cerna ‘ropolgists realy include shall measurements in their dat, or ‘aggetconinuity between the herders depicted in the Sabaran “Thai Ajerfesocs and the aomadic Flan of West Aiea toda. "The gure, rue Pulanis here nomaie Plan, Badaad wih apy hai wh cones hell hte and who paces puloak, {hatin the manner of conducting oneself Fula. This anner2 ‘oitofspinorist conatu characterised yresigoation (anya. aulgene hal) couage eana), cespeialdiserecion rsearveacomtende|. As Dupre has eat Ce ist hee ‘lee te found in many other Ales societies, buts is he st ‘ea well These lus characterize allaritcratie West fin ‘ocietos, whether sedentary or nomad. They eouldinno way gea- ‘ily deine anything unique to the Pola, tis euler ‘fee Flan by something ater than ce language which hes ‘many dsets, dhe eask becomes even more complicated when one ‘onsets seminemad or sedentary pagaa Fol’ living aon lacks und speaking a language other than the one ase Tor thisreason, Cros, an essayist fascinated the Flan di tes Cal's diz to have met Fulani people in Ouasoulou who “aid not speak the language ofthe Folk anewho “worshiped fase, demon the sun andthe stars" "The innumerable istorcl expression of Fulani essence ae per sivas so many cates of retention tthe model, Desuse then of he group eamte defined oyna aye ofelaons ‘nvohing neghoring denies Th tr Fulani (Pa isitselfan- iguous According to Bolt shouldbe Wolo "Fula," whieh fave the iteeuth- and sseeth-eentaryPotagucse Foul, Felon, ‘rua Mandingo etegoryseordingtoMontl, jas sis the ‘erm pl (pra fle?” Ti analyzing the concept and instutons that supposely dar- seceriethe Puan avanti rosp, one ind mumerous eas) {eof Arabic origin or common tooth anguagerin che region, ichasthe ermal, ora whch designate the sO ‘reigns of certain West African Foani Magdoms. At st glance, {his expression, borrowed rom the Mandingo language and mear~ ing “matter ofthe rad,” refers co the herdersorenders of the Aocks the ional set of Ful chiel,™ Buc how acca ittoseethis wa borrowing? Before aking fee Plan ave bor. rowed from the Nandingo or the Mandingo fom the Ful, we ‘must ist question the vidi of any idea of boring shat ows fom apartion betwen alan and Mandig "Wht was ju eid earings rtion ef uglanappyto many ‘her Fala caltaral ais Dupre notes that he easter Fulani ao- ‘sight ith Tuareg pen ati that the Bort al of possesion lteslo found among te Haus" These cuasples, to menononly ‘ew, so what overal anthropologist ave sbverved,aasels, thacone eas become Fula or Toucoaear and ha, vers the Feniwilleonvert ethically to become Haus 7 Bunbara "Racer than asking, for example, hw the Flan arcetype-she Bodande pagan practicing ital fagelnion oro} -hybridiaes 0 {Gveriseo ober tare ofthe alan ethnic group: black, Ilan cd, cy delle soo, itwosld be more appropriate to pos {lata primary wulthaie sation that woud include for ex- imple, the prope speaing de rated languages Fulani Sere, lo, Mandingo, or the Vo languages "A primary mliethnie Suntion wold have given riveo de laren ethnic ents inthe forms erenual fod by colonial thought.6 A syste of raantronseartons Ofcourse, inthe cave of the Fulani gs welasthe Thareg othe DileHamites, ite moc ese or etologss oF esis wo gite five reno tl ftsies sine tel sbjets are forte mos part ‘nomadic herders of locks ad thea ave always excited the igh gation ofauthors raving pseude-historcal naraives.eisknown ‘noe Khszanov's work, omeve, tha pomadsm arate nether ‘stonomy nor parity Ashe has showa i a rool comparative ‘ty omadic ees fnction in anextnaveyReteronomous fashion and cannot e understood independently af the surround {ng comet In thisrespet, the Fulani nomad de not ensues selésficient enelve ora prehistoric holdover any mre than do the other herding peoples. Quite the opposite siteation prevail ‘They arethe esa ofs complex historical grouping tht ees sedentary agricultural societies, long-distance trae and pole Sates, What stones seater hii conepton ofa Fo Tani essnoe, given the ubiquity ofthe Fulani themselves, who, though somctnes pre of peasant societies, define themecies at ‘other sner sr empite bles. ‘Since the Flan ae socal production, sips oassign singe referent hietbnonym Infact a any meanings othe term ula achere are seul expesons of Fla eevee ‘Thorerun from atentatine negation ino chai of sedentary so- ietes for nomadic Fla o thee dinappesrance as a semi Tomas ene group, ado their integration in the sttary eawork flanges” ‘Contry the racial and eeologel perspective defended by certain umber of Palin specialists, no Fan substance exists ‘ha eventually gave ie othe ferent avatar of Flan-ness by ‘degenerating and iterbreeding with neighboring dark-skinned people, Ainorial ings, the Fulani reat oma double proces Stabrorption and elimination, ora coming together and exp ‘Son, which eneapelaer lar pt of West Aon story Jast ssitdoes probably of many ether eltral unis. It isall the more ‘tue, then that he pst of hi sbeontinest easoot be analyzed 5, the prods of coafonttion between the Fun an other pope Insons, Barry has shown that nthe ease of Ce Fta Jal, for example, theta of rg-3o cannot be understood in erms of Fulan-llonke eonfit,buteutheras he constitution of cass structured Society based on Islam, a movement in whieh the Mandingo marabots actively participated. “An examination ef Fulani history fom any region, ba specially the history othe Wasoloa, requires, then, aoa eversl of fer spetve: the mostaniet texts regarding the whole ofthe arena ‘teed on tpeogiea refinements af he wo eategores singled ou ty Fortes ad vane Puech "Two yperofrfinemente standout apologlrefiement from lw ad typological refinement rom above. ‘TypoogicalRefinementin Seguentary Societies "Two works uta pricy wel the current of thought con: cerning ates siete Wathow Ruler, cated id ‘leton ead Tis brings together rescrch on Afiansopmented ‘gstemein the ration of APS; R. Horton's “Sexees Soceiesin the History of West Alien” explores he historia le played by sichsocieten* ‘run stave AND THe aoMENTARY % Middleton and Tiitngush ene typesof segmentary ineage ystems but these do nacencompaal themes observed. In thirst group sing a-eneompasingineage genealogy ecois Forsigaiican polite ientieaon with s terior segment, ‘nce the polis sytem ir constructed on an apa framevor Foxming single pyramidal necorkofrelaiensips Such stom ‘anbe ound mang the Ti the Lagbar, a he Nuer nse ‘ond group, pole units re composed of small descent groups, intertwine asters hat often farm congregate of id tgethor hy qs fail Bonde. The tid cone- ‘auesthe “aggregate,” associate or “polyephaious” ype. which ‘hracerizn the Dink nana sates There one Gs ‘herthe dominant cin af the Nuer nthe l-encompsssing = noaiogy ofthe Tx. Even ia some ofthese stateless societies, bow ‘eer, oe ean observe an opnorition between dominant clans nd Alominated clans, just as one Rds an aiation between the chi ‘hipand che dominic ensts among he andr, There shuervaddns revel the imprse ofall opologcal p> proaches, which, by nate roger ne oneloetcerein m= be of sceis and wo inclde eases representative ofthe opposite ‘ype. In many respects, Horton's nw casi work, which bears ‘Miking escublance to Ther Withee Rader, nna at the se Aiea: He distinguishes two kindof isin segments soc ‘eis entry arise, which eharacerzs most stateless ‘esis and nomad pastoral, Horton identifies thre types of sedentary agricultural modes: segmentary lineage ystems, terit= Haldiopersed communities, and vilage commmnities Asin Taber Waoat Rar te proposed yplogy ends Morton to eteorine astelongingto the segment soceties-thse he eal “eririal ‘lepesed communtes"thoce soles characterized bya opp ‘ition berween people ofthe earth and people of ower, whereas thet societies coal fr this very eppostion os aswell be placed inthe category of tte aces. Bythe ame token, one seeps Hortons iow that "lage commas” arlinke tothe oligee Homo defend themseis, cn mu then cept ths ype an not be eonceeed imepeadeatl ofan “extern” which is mos oF ten represented by predatory stata ‘orton fins «pusclarl song inkbeeneen the seond ype, ‘that of ome pastralism, and Fulani soiees, among whchrose ined the Ture and she Moors. Bu tisarangement ‘smanifesty cumbersome for Horcon, fr whom the pastoral peo- les are inary organized ita segmentay lineage stems He fasta takeaceomntofFalanises wri hawe plyed a majorvale inte history af this egon. Nor does he ake ato seeount he de- pedence of numerous nontadeproapson chose engaged in sede Tryagrieaitare “Hortondows pot oxic rae gap betwen states sce sand state societies: rather he sca this contingy ax an evaation- ist fact in “territorial ispersed communities" and in "ile ‘communities he ses the germs ofasate His ork then, doesaae ‘represent ate forward in lation Fortes a vane Pritchard's ook: Hirworkreealsthe une atralisconern for clasifeton as theirshasand he does not always resolve the dificules raised Inthe wansiion fiom onenype osodey to another ‘Typologleal Refinement of State- Controlled Societies “The ypologicalrefnemen: of tae-contollod ace i csaally Southl's model f the "sepmentry state” among the Alar of ‘Uganda. The polit stem ofthis soceey combines lineage of entation with specialized astttons, king te chiefdom and ship omplentay gan rms Hee hide tin ofthis ntermediny sation: ‘Theis Duos fone ne segnenay atest ttt tng eesegne tye epee ‘rca thee satan one moment ceria degesoftmonopay tole power development of anise sulfenddcnoen ‘treo ini whet, within the yea whole pl {Etreltns fe vriom ements a dteminedby mish he ‘tne to ahaha cn vestry sce whi have 0p iSispecianen ll or Suthl, the sogmentary sate sytem chracteiingAlurso- ‘a presents an intermedi orm hen segment socies tnd wate societies, According ois typological and evlutiondst erspeciehisyaem possesses in embryo the atiibues ofa state ‘as describodby Weber andNael namely tritril sorereigy, ‘ue stave ano rite axoaenrany 5 centralized government, spite administrative personnel, and {legate monopoly of the wea xe Tide fil the gspeween ste cei nd societies sid atte, Southall enlarged the ange of coneptsin political “hopolgy But cote degre that thenaton ofasegmentary ste ‘an applyt any soi does noatfer meh help. These oes for efforts oefine the anaes of ancient ant precolosal ats. 1H Classen snd P Skala define thre pes of ancient realy states the pristine sate the aly peste, a he rans ‘lysate R Cohen dnguishes oo forms af developed poi ‘loranizaton, the chledom andthe sate, whereas ML Fried op- pes primny sates secondary ones™ ‘One cold mliply dnt he example of poles of por lial tems without learning very much. Te fata stay ofthe ‘hfning recess prones ure el han he resling eiicons ‘cds ta though afl de nsisional cones, dnote lysed ch ight onthe sion. "The Break with Typologies: Edmund Leach andthe Politica Systems of Highland Burma “Topimoincan ae of pogressin the hisory of poe anchropl ‘og. one mast ook to Ast rather than Aca Ednund Leach mas {erful book consates aaa rupne withthe “baer collec tor" approach of polit andzepology and of anthropelagyin ger tral nis work devoted othe Kachin nthe ian of Bur each constitutes everal ears fieldwark, daring which he ob- ‘Served with perhaps ore precision andiright th his Acanis. predecessor he proces of plial change at work na sect Teach doce nut otto entity Kachin pola seem Ft dacoverwhatitmeanstobe a stateless soe orastatesociey He {ingles out wo pla ystems or oles ths sores che aso- ‘atc aytem gman, basedon ache andthe demeerascgunlan, Ise ont village sommony. According Leach healers. Tio afthese ew stems canbe uaderstnok ony by placing a ‘anger framework, bringing int play the Shan Kingdoms of che ‘elghboring plinsarwellasthe Chinese empire, which exerted an inflene oma distance,66 rie rare ano ews suowenrany ‘hie book represents something ofa rupee with fanctionlist sau ypologial olical andoplogy because Lee's ewer, ‘ncontrar to Rane Prichard parte, tok place overanex” ‘eel long period of ime: Consequently he was ina poston so ‘Secon proveee that many of i Afcarat colleaguas were able during ther shorter periods ofresearch at aside fom da- ‘aton the geographical vastness of his feldwork whieh included. Societies ha were neighbors ofthe Kachin enabled hi odie this sony in tarms ofa condition. “The most salient aspect of Leah's work oppasing bia to the {andes of Afean plea anthropology si recourc to Hstry ‘Actually, The Nar ofers ery ll istrieainformaton, and this ietruein general or Ange Soon sropeogy afte 19408 pl slyhecase thi tme fneinals dominated Sellen He But his “devia ofcoealiy™*reuled just es much fom these tropa experience of he revaling colanilenronment of indirect Without calling into question Forte nd Rvans Prichard, score nererthelesimponsbeto oppose, sd G Leeean "ee nolgyteehne” oan “ethnology theca” snd noo epee the ‘war of hese anthers the enon phenomenon Ieisots0 ‘uch azar ef knowing dhe government anropolgiss were ‘onscioas or uneoneiaor servants o partiesto British colnet ‘on, at establish the objec hey desribet or developed owes ‘ythingo the colonial eoateat® But that doessoan whe'thoesse, ‘Forte sy ofthe Tale sbows. He made hice the roteype of ementa ings coe yen rom hie Toriopoltal oniromment and obscuring ia particular the Ta Teas dependency onthe Maprsikinglom.* ‘ne could ust aswel revaintes Southallbas done the analy- sesoftheNer Dinka, rh atone provided hy Evans Pitch. Tan extensively documented al, Southall pole historical alysis to BranePrithans ndings and demonstrates canine Ing that fr rom einganopposionberwen two societies ot tne groups, the Nac (Nasth}/Diaks lang eepesen a single binary system consisting of wo group ofthe amc origin ited suns ench ora ziders(Nver and aided (Dink). nee, ‘each group procueesaparialarnfertion ofthe oil pte the [Nace poses an aristocracy ae were ore poli: the Dinka ‘who insttudonalind maser ofthe spear, were more rcs Following Southals ample, wecaalgtimatly compare the [NuerDinka puro he two pes of gunn gumdco that Leach ‘ented among the Kachin Polarized Models ‘Laoking fom acereinperspecive atthe history a sthopology ring the ls thirty yes, one remarks that Anglo-Saxon fae tonal anchopology ws temodeled by Marae to prodare en ‘omic anthropology, “medeof production” ale, bat ha io {tod neler sich rgeexpanaoryrorsresand loa ard ‘strc anhopology tuts, avardan understanding of singular ‘socal networks seated na precise and ited chronology By ‘todingevelutoni fins and enphassingcosere andidens Table hscoriea processes, one cam ignore certain unanswerable ‘qos parla rearing the origin ofthe stat, whi have {niles obser generation ofandropaogiat- Rader than wa "ying aout the presie moment the tte appeared in one oF ‘thercontntone ea foras more on ust at mea "tate." Tnother words: ratber than each the pend genes inte ‘ions defined rion, we ean space and contrast incersocia e- Inins. This leads to aview a history wot ab a process ending o- ‘ward erainende-the emergence ofthe sate sn eaptalis,fr “eample-bur gen “pump” that both dae inandcenales pos ‘lly has, constructs states and suppresses or peripheries so mental cic Ina pall metaphor, we cen see mass that ‘tenaely contracts nd dies nthe interior given spe, has ‘lloing the psage rom the st tothe segment wel a the "Thanks to dhe workofcertae anthropologists, we have docu- rent ase ster based on polaried model. Caen’ apie tion of the method of contol comparison tothe series Kaner- Borngwé abla and Forbin from he noe and mide est ‘of Nigeria wil furnish ausfl example our demonstrson Coen haved his working hypotheses the idea that no simple ‘uses explain che phenomenon othe formation fhe state, Ize ‘ales rom sfunnelte” proce: ling emsolable conics,‘etn peste sytem are Frode eve oven bigher levels of poll herarey-'The Borns empire was fonded inthe iteenth ‘eatury by alan of Moslem inmigrais, he Magan originally from Kaner, sein lated nortbeast of Lake Cha Tn Coben's ‘ie the nature ofthis formation is no eleany established; but enemas probably farmed by confederation of cheoms self ‘composed of somatic and seminomadiclans, though they lered from serve state beans ofits tendency toward fission. However, ‘this politia sytem war inked otraneSabaran trade and was used by Moslem clare andeligon Inthe ida ofthe hi tera or begining of dhe fourteen cena, the Magu los eo tool of Kanem, They left she region and sted ia Boraou, where ‘he became udentry, ifort ee, an enorrcted am em ire. Keown henceforth Kans, hey progeessivlabsortedhe so’ poplin, ‘Otter group oak refuge inthe mounesins, il nd forests of ‘he south where they bul fore villages cn the toners ofthe “empire, The southern Kingdom of abirin Bis wasforcedo develop {tore centralized orm of power dueto he growing rege ofthe ‘Kamar state aod eed continual ids in sere oftocty andslaves “Toth sont of Fair the Bor inte 2 mountainous eg tial of cess, Tei favorable geography permite them 10 ‘nina ving small independeat villages, where they escaped ‘he sis by Bornem horsemen and were spared the neceiy of Tiling such frictions ae abirbadtocontvc. The Fembina tae originated byasomewbat diferent process. In this eave, the ‘nomaieandsemipomodic Fla gew ied othe exactions vied ‘ion them by the sgrialtarl population. So they followed the ex ‘mpl oftheSakotoempire,uning with aMosem warrior cet feud. kingdom tht Hecame meng o's dependency of thelr power nigh othe northeast. “Arondngt Cohen these thre epiodes ft oration are secondary elaborations" the Magumi of Kanen-Boraou were ‘contact wth the Moslem states the Pair altaned es wih tbe Bornou; the Fombina were inked tothe Sokot empire. Ona ew ofthe people consructedstater the others succsfally man ‘ainedsegnenary forms. From these ease studies, we can distin- ‘ih several characteris of tate formation: 2) Iam often t= ‘run stave ano te seoMenTany 6 tervene inthe creation of tate in histone; a) dhe ermation resale fom migration onexsions by nomad peoples inna altura village societies (3 the agricltral peoples’ defense reac tions to wareor expeions rom neighboring states oe rested Inthe ereadon oa state and() ese states were all de produet of phenomenon of contact Cobea's detailed study brings to ight ‘what we cou the inf regreson, inte and space ofthe ates rgin andthe aporia of every tempt wo pinpoint its bg bing or emergence in positive tems. From this point of view, Co- hens opporiton-between dhe chem define by fison and the state characterized praca by ceatraly-harl sce casa tory. Ase fom the ace thats state doubtless sso unergve i So in periods of detine, ie daes not seem possible define tas ser than the most developed poe afaierarized space, at ‘the rest of chain ration o an internet ligament In this, one finds Cohen's distiedon between sovereignty, de Sed theron in wich the te erect ett ad hegemony. ofthe zone ofits long-distance contol. Examples taken from the hiory of western Sudan state this process at ‘orkcsnsein hi regio tis very dlc asgn preciso. {into thestate Ofcourse, one ca Took othe wo known empires ‘Ghana Ma and Sona butt difentetn see how thy {ier rom he poisel organizations that preceded thers. More- ‘ver, one can consider that thessequent pio feudal or es entry dsiteyration (rm the ed of the atenth the beg ng ofthe cighteenthconares gave rise o chiefdoms tha were omit orate ors of en expe or King Sent were tlc segmentary tates, or asa provinesfrnishing boot and ‘tyes tothe central Rigdon “Tiss the definion othe sat swell as tha ofthe process fies sgn ech att bey ta pte terms, One ist imagine sine curve which period of grandeur ndexpansion,ladingto the formation ofa pire, would bef. Jwedbyaperidof decline orcontaction during which the empize ‘would erable, nd then w new period in whieh dhe state would ‘merge (Sg, Fota Jalon, Samos). Thus the history ofthe ‘merece ofthe state as slfa istry allttesarevo certain ‘tent secondary states"Nonpolaized Situations or Segmentation asaPolntofView ‘One could abject that he made of polarity appli to ancient civ Taations or societies of precoloialAftie, America and Asia not universal Societe ein Afieno New Gunes fr example, {nwhieh no poly obtains and which ae merely na relation of contiguity to each other In eis ese, noone clement exereises poner ver anyother lesen whether ney re away “Thr wouli he wseris of nostte sittin or pein preceding the emergence or the emergence ofthe state: wes Suda be ‘ween the eellape of Sara (5a) andthe vent of te Kids ‘ofSequ (713), Souheast Cameroon before dk Fala iad at the heginning of the ninetconth century.” or preFaropean New (Gainea* Placing such diferent stations inthe stn category petaps absurd The isteasecorresponis toa period prerdnthe ‘ergence or remcrpece ofthe stat nthe western San) Inge bad rpime ruled hai, eorresponds toa perlo of iintegration The other wo example deal wth scites dr ‘ately “bigmen” asin New Gines or those inwich the power ‘ofthese “big men” does not extend beyond the interior of the exe ‘end kinship onitand tallies (asin Cameroon. Beyond the question of the nize ofthe eniies cosidercd= signiory or elem on one hand, and tribes on the ether Strong similarity exists inthe lations among the groups them Selves nconzast ote examples mentioned above in which the ‘motel fpoariy defines the relations among soe, here ea tions ofcomiguity aren effec a Sudan ain Cameroon or New (Guinea, theresa jataposon or oppoition of simian sned so cial unis tha define themselves in relation to each other. Om the whole these units make up a continuum of aca toctaes that ‘Consttes thir real matricial and poidel pode, Tall the eases jest apalyred,reladone of contig jtapoe- ‘on or oppesiion represent he Phenomenon of segment in itsbroadest sense thats the predominance oferta relitons overborkonal ones Acerdingy segmentaiy ei often Ben, pointedout cane defied ony in elaine terms toting more ‘ie snare ano rite sora a ‘hana specifctpeafbondlinkingesch group tothe her tha can perce at aliffeent Teves lineages, dans tt). i conclusion, tappets ibe todein segmentary societies ‘a opposition to ae soiees because one can consider ineages, villages, or states as smal states or, inversely, one ean consider ‘ates at arg inenges, ut the meri plied anthropology sto Inve dav our atentontoa eve ofanalisprevoaelyneglet, le can appt exo domaine swell as domesticotes Ae not ‘otal games, youth groups, pla partie, and the ike now ‘a ofinvesigaton fr hs dsiline?™ In other words the oppo ‘ion betwen plarized and nonpolarized situations reproduces ‘he daineonteaween societies without istry” and histcrieal ‘ecitien” A id ronan sation characteris the ist eit ‘they areinarepetitionofthe same, Dnlythe second under x nulaiveproeses leading eventually othe emergene ofthe sae we he woacopt tht diferenes beeen these wo stations ‘ese ust alo accoun forte presenor of these nenpolarzed ndsogmentay stesso he age caster in he "held ngetben,” {o ue Castorad'sfermalation™ shar ies them shape, We mst lkonove that these group of societies cm give rit more elabo- ‘ate forms of polises poner Regarding he Mako of Carneroa, CCopeeRousier shows that ephemeral chiefdoms managed to rm before the Fulani iad bu that, in he absence feemente that oul asa dynastic comity, thee duration wae uncertain Ti these nonpoarzed sittons, we nde «phenomenon ett ‘altowhat wis observe nthe mode of polnt the process po- Teal ntact and exptnion, Poliial Anthropology or Anthropology of Powers? one stops thinking in pologielterme and considers segment igyaea pon of view thee hat plea iiropolgy devoted 1 lasing poll jms operates see expense ofan anto- poly of pers inmate vaisie. ‘Phenomena of poner muse conceived inthis new confgura- sion. Fra longtime in politcal plilosopy. reflections of power ‘enthandin andi efectos on the state an ts inverse, celsociy-® When exotic societies ad tobe scnuncd fx, itwas the ‘lon fer orey-a Gein of political plosophy-thatsered tthe implicit model forthe eaneept of the sgmenary society ‘hich was also defined in esentally negative fakion asa sats ci Sata finn oxpsins the ste drifting of politi an- ‘ropology toward the problema of the “society agains the Hey" orits opposite, the "son forthe state” Toth cases the state consnaesto be conidereds te oye cent whereas "oer" societies should in se be thought of ‘ferme diferent from those ured conceptualize ou own societies. Thi rogrd the very sucoss ofthe notions “stateless sore” shri agai the sae” s nt foreign our need o charac {evze eu own soceiesin opponion en oer plea srvtures. Since we are white, Eurypean, and ive in states, dete must be ‘ack, Atians, or fdians who ive in stateless societies, The de inion of ar ova identi woud be fatal by theexstence of lnenie range ofaaly difleent aces. Herewe nd logic ‘tactittion omaipresnt in proces of entifeaton: wha the positing of negative extegoree-naeeles soci iterate soc), trite or ethne group-allovs one rally eo do fra dhe saper- ‘iyo ourliterate United Nations. The anthropology of powers th the eric fog the neal pa society/saesinc i does ‘otto the problem othe pltcal rena-hat she stator ts sorcery ines, benediction, of maleieon remain as impor ‘ant for socal prodadon asthe rations of prodocton athe ehie Adm, or rather, if sone aid ies ar ala rltons of roduc ‘ion piel lations, a dolgiel lations then there is need toaskifwear dealing witha sate or astateles sci “Asa esl, we witness the disappearance oft entie spectra of dstine social level tat jase the subdivisions of poli, tconomic, or rigiousantropology Heaceforth one of anthro. lig uks ito enti the fores at work ina given society a8 ‘wellasthei spheres alluence or ental "Whether it concerns ese, aelgions lender, ora sovereign, mec econstut able neororkaf putin, disp, or sabe [Poca defines aephore of power, Bymating analogies wih other {het power, one can delineate a avedaingof social elation hati define the properties ofthese varius powers on ther words thei positon the socal ace Ta this way, che anthropology of omer can Link with dhe more frail approach of olde philosophy which tudes forms of rower, declon and acon We mus find ou porn nthe ‘ion of Machiyelin sch away tha wceaseeinking foes tocletes asthe inverse of our own, Ianchropdogy wants to get out sfaviiouscirde i mustrenounc cultura ration which could ‘erylielybe justanothe facet a echnocetin,5. ARetracted State: Gwanan Comer acing een underage inthe [Spun gran perry be Cartingan poe, ‘squtdinmingaroman ancien ‘pith ead eminem be very sare he Seem Tepe Col, image midtat Taine namevork oor refetions on pial eatin ndthnic groupe we wll examine to hifdoms-Goanan and tum=tharrepresentinermediats poll ype between tests indehe segmentary, Wella lookat eater of olecive ent ‘ha overlap the Flan, Bambara, and Malinke cultural spheres ‘These two ype ngunzacion call iat question the spoogis of ole anhnopoogy and the classifications of echography. “Ganon is neo the chiefdoms of Wasolon, a egon considered parvo Flan werlbat wich coudjstas wellbecasied in {he Mande word because of spoken language and customs he tubjeeton ofthe Felon to Islamic penetration, and che enti ‘ange the people have experienced "Avent sere ofa esti the Mande ural spherepies rectedby te grist, any alos ld by theeldere-that hoa aloy oo rcorstineloel story. In eons pcr ‘ion reprinted an oie martin he fens of dhe ait Seabash lineage of Gana and lo presented collected fami radons from teelder of ther lineages inthis chiefdom Of eourseide pendently of heir eminently holographic character Use mater Hern be handled carefully beast we do no ko when they vere write, Thon they spose refer ta very ancient event itianot posse that thoy were recent composed and ths rep resent the projection ofSmorian an colonial situations ono the pevod preceding the great conquest cisequally possible that hoe who narrate the "traiions" eansposenta a Moslem and enupporting perspective elit, nf iamach esd {nd mach less pagen thant appears. Sach questions areal the ‘more welHfounded bcaase the prestigions lineage, the Tskite Stabahi, hose exploits the epe recounts, gave vo Samori a gen- tral to France thre cf de cada and in aii, engineered thelslaniation othe ren “Thisnarcave gives the impression cat the okt Sanbshi have eres power oral tne ad that hey went hough pase af gun obseuranem belore ting miraslonty enlightened by I [En The epic everloks ently ther preiiows lineages rach the Ilo Malina well a cetanJaieSaaash wo opposed Farbalay oro, arc de canton, were net rial fom Mai inact. These phenomenaot conceiment canbe explained bythe ‘nsttionaiztin, ertoiliation al sanization of power re ‘ling fom Samorien and colonial conquest ‘Duringthe period preceding the Sumerian conqus, his were otinstalled or aws implemented. Power asin the hands of the ‘rong ofthowe who cou sajugate he others The Samorian Comguest abd, even more so, colonial power meifed this stat of ‘Msi To atreits domination oer Wasolo, the Sor mated ‘nlary genealstothe position of reponl governors Under ol- Suan, power wasted atercra spice tothe chiefdom of {eam dat oan insatn contol yrds and Tan, theory leas, tig pings "The ate Saabs maintain ia hit ascestor Saab rele of Wasalon rm KatkeritpMenian and rom Baan Nias {nA certain stability of erritoral mised dhs have exited luring the reign ofthis king, Nevertheless, during a good pur of ‘his eoney’shistory, the orders of Goan mart have bem si ley red and earn, electing the dominion of wl ary leaders In ft before he Samer, erstorialized paces did ‘otis Mere wer only Uncage spaces and spaces of egment- ‘on ach prinipleyamona} wars microrogion wher cet {sin numberof Uiesges and armed bands enered int conic.” ‘Therewasno power ssgneden a speifctersitory*® a nermacre sear ‘This sate fafsirshad nothing to do with any ype of inability in ‘Wasson sci toconsruta state o any lack of deseo do so: Issimplya mater face Likewise, es no accra to think that ‘he shared,sgmentary, or spree power derived frm situ tion prior tothe onstruction ofthe state Tears ieage pase ‘wthn «continual process f composition, decomposition, ndre- Tomposion ofthestste thachad aed this ren for centri, ‘Thelineage phase alpha odo wth he evironment ofstte on trlanong the Wisolon (Kabadg, Feta le. Seg) halos. ene ied che nstiutionofeentrlie psa power andi ‘ed inceral apts and internecine wars Wheres the epic at JalieSatuehl deserter he ancestor Seaba asa pagan price, his power ws probably legitimise belts ha ad aleeady Iafrate the area eis act eliul to acrpthar this religon, shih had been present in West Africa or centuries, could have Tied to aller local Dele rysteme. The presentation of Saba as 8 -ngician is, therfoe-a contraction «posterior by the grits laine bythe carer of his descendant Farabaly. who con- Iribted angel othe elation of Ganan and, geteraly all ‘or Wasolon The Jat Suabash's poi legciey is cuzeaty ‘lovely nod wo Iam. Siniany, the lao Full ene and faltral identi, andthe separitin this lain ianplier regarding ‘the Bannan, caanocbedsmested fom the aie Saabashi'se- longing te religion ofthe Propet Aswebve seen above, the ‘olen theory of races, wid ances Fulani nate with Tan reprodnces oa certain extent the loa theory oem hat, forthe Walon a for others inks religious pei co eee parte? Gvanan Gyan is radiionaly tached toa eon, Wasoln,whese bor- fesare iene clocte Several eymologins claim to acount or thicoune "Wasolon” Arurdingsoceraln aur, iderves fom th ate ofthe "amar" ig Solon Ochers have estblised lnk erween Wasoloa and Solon, fo ofthe Niger's ight bank, i= ‘ppoiie, Weson wd Negorng Cite et ens oe 38 a nesnacren stave Ibi te Pan Sie Jkt, and alo who ler expel the anbiyawhc had comeiom Ginbala”Arcerding toa thie bypod cri the term originates na Janjanana village called Walon ‘Ua! This tet etmoogia interpretations supported by thee. ‘hat on hisromlagofths fama, R- Cali wrote his desxpion ‘fOvnslo(Warlo bat we must a forger that thse dierent ‘ymologies ee ataly symbols dyad the various groups Singin therein" "The French conquerors asotated the Woon with he Smart cmpie yet we now know with ersity that tcomponed only a ‘Sal at oftha empire," Blore the amor conquest the eon tras made wp of-bouta den chiefdoms UmanelJnjarana ot “Sinunfl, ea, Jondog. marae, Flo, Basie, Jalon, ‘Gwaniatha, Blon, Rasen, and Gwancn.Twere chiefdoms were ‘compared mostly groups claiming s Fala deat (/a) bot Speaking Brnmane Marika and having adopted the cements ‘taal to this etre, They were in oppsion tothe neighboring ania and Banana, (Other jamane eit inhabited by he Fula however, cha the Banimonoce, Comal andthe Nenenda wich arena par of ‘Wacom, Ths he existence of network of overbping sea re Intons wwe cobeson reinforced prestre om songs PO- ical group (Fut Talon, Kaba, exh} comeribaen mor 0 the deny of che Wasolon Fula than do calral nd nguiie ‘Saracteiti. "Thecaesienes ofthe Fula of Wsoln gener sppeasas iinet aswhen they conten sn exteral dager and thelieagesand che dons hue fo forma united front: Sach osasions reve the rth ‘hia these groups descended rom the Your sons of the Fun “woman” or ha thy ae “eon fhe fou wore of iahal Ten (ea asymbolie gue in West lian Fulani isos? Placing the Wisolonina cain fsa” would de hehe ts pace of dentfcation: it woul a ba genealogical and rail {ek frm hat thence pesto tal. Ba sec pss- eto seein his Fulani unanimity areonstrucon a posesio by the orl train thts thet of particular clam hat bas ‘ivan only in references pesenteonjancare. a nermacrep erare ” “The Construction ofthe SokiteSanbashi “Potitieal Charter” ‘The “indigenons” theory of power emphasizes he superposition of several layers of population, exch corresponding a migratory ‘movement, does te colonial theory of rses, The view legit {mize ela supremacy over he rst ofthe Walon population. ‘Also rater han secng&consecuvenaalof elfen groups 4 mote atcusat view depicts alton of rvcelense hatrevel the Permanence th ene prone ee “Acconing this indigenous theory. before he ariel of props identifying terseles wih the Fal, che Wasolon included ele ‘ments thatthe Fol led Bambara, Bambaran, or Bambara, = ame that, rw have sen, isthe Fula ern forBrmaa, nel igthistarm has no precse ec comaetation. ea generic erm ‘encompassing popalason tha did nor necessarily speak the sane Jinguageo: hve the sane presi. could refer for example 0 groups who spoke Bambara Mink ce Senul. Move pees in ‘he mind ofthe eonqueros some of whom wore amid, it certainly designated a ndstnet as of pan peaeaneearior ‘Tas would make the name the foneionl equivalent of the terms sed (pel habe} dopa bbe), applied by the Fue ‘osu payee peoples athe Dogon, tothe mountain people {nnorther Cameroon, and tones in gnera.”™ "Tis catior poplaionlef male aces, partially interme of oponymy. Many villages and jomana were named aftr their founder or the Bambara che ving tere. Sue isthe ease for ‘Gvanan, whose etme came om a Bambara king ned Nis (Gunn, ‘Granan then experienced sucestve periods of domination, with each new djnartysbng che preceding one and inventing ‘start foreign ong forts order tober esabish ts power fn the chiidom. Such ithe cate with Saaba, ancestor Of the hos and lst founder of Gvanan, who was the probable source faneie whose sim wa ener his Senufa origins bei Fu lan genealogy springing fom Tikal.” Sie, oe soldat lieve, ascertain informants have ated thatthe diferent powersto aneracren stare ‘completely eliminated thi predecesars by expling them kiling thet, or absoingthem. Tr, the Saabashi and heals wanted tomakeacieanseepofeventbingexitingelorethen and thes roupe certainly oud have been destroyed repressed, or asimi- {ted Nevertheless, descendants ofthe“ inabitans” sive incertinvlages "The Suabashi were bl to impose the idea that che hielenkawe {people oa Shien) form the nest Iyer af population see {hGiranan,Asorng othe foundation sty tese were Banas, tho took the praise ame Kone and who originally came fom Solon, Aer beingexpled, thes Kone moved othergono Sent neat Banik where some oftheir descendants sili. Aesoring {0th te Saba, there arene more Sbilenkawin Gwana > ‘erbecnuse they bad al ed his chiftom,orbeenae, ore pale ‘hy dhywerabeorbed oto the suecening dys. The ancestor ‘ofthis dynasty, Gondo, war alo Bown Wythe pase name Kone ‘ut ani the Sheen, he considered be Manin." Accord ing the oficial version, his grup was ls most ene ex ‘pele or buoy the nest group to arrive." ‘eople from Koon were he nent tothe la group in power be forthe artival fhe Jie Sabasi isthe region, Original fom Fra Jlon, Kolon was apparent known bythe rene ame Jo ot Julie Th uncertain rearnghie patron ssl connected ‘ith he manipulations of deny precticed by Saba. One ean k- ‘italy apport when Saaetook power he ied for him SEUKeors rss nase and rood to adept the Jo one, What- ‘Syerthecnt ny bey ncn at Saad ot ereae techie ‘dann Gvaman,forialready ested, ‘TheFour Gwanan Men (Crranan Mogo Naan’) "The Gvana "pola charer* derives tom he assoceion offour ten: Stabs Jat, Mali Jel, Maliki Jaki, nd Kori Sanba Jat hey are the forebears fhe dominant ieages ede four sl, gener gues ort foundation narratives, The epi ls ingthelieoSaaa, for example, exboer he fe ofthe foundinghe- ‘es ofthe Kngdomsin this rein, in partcla Sunt, the most wl kaa tong them.” awerascren state & ‘The ogensdiferent episodes consi a theory of ower more than an acsountofreal events The themesof the here's destiny. the rethngofconflies, sacrifice, alliances, nd magi power nto ‘tenon che journey el ar meant end ced to te Hen raell wn neil akeover and encompass the whole fhe Koleiskariarsor Konan an denial genelegeal old Tats, over inversions and dssmulaions over: the case fplices equenlly Saba which were actual later founded by tis desondant and he eave of saves daseribed as brothers. Thi shows eace again che Hiniations ofthe hi tales and che ofa ‘eaision in general ahistorical sources also demonstrates ei ‘sen symbole vale APredestined Here Sasha and is ten tok power in Gwanan ae the Shicendaw, the ‘Gonokan adhe Kolonkow. Sans the nickname ofaan ho ‘was ia fet nated Tonkere and who bad the praise name Jara Konate. Sas means "big snake,” which symbolizes as do the nates of many othe chiefs" the pllagagtatre af heir power, ‘tales her magi bes, sins tread hat Saba cold ean foe hms ina sake. According o certain versions he was perl even erting person wh ok power in Gwanan ore ‘ith hismagia abies (hark) han miliary igh | omg). "According othe Jkt Sabusi genealogy, Sabai lms tbe rear great grandson of Tinkalan who, 4 we have seen, wa Fenguellas ing of Fura, Somawaten the grew grandson of Ti alan and father of Saabs, apparealy came om at undetermined Jocaion wo ste at aun tere, he had tse son, the Nexto ‘elec hom vas Saat “According to the principal commonplcesin this ype oftale, Saab was incre placed nde order ofan uecesson and the wat destined sete ola power inene pce oranecee. Fis al bodhers (Jaden) took umbenge a ir sabtons and ove him off He lee Junfuna with he mother his “brother” Nori hie snes hicllden, iris) sacks rama, and his Slaves (in) Hise troupe pase throagh Marj, Koro, end ‘Gala the confluence ofthe Niger and Sankaran rivers From,| mn He i sae Gameloft ote Suc f Maina Seer ‘hers, Stab and his entourage went to Gonkoro, a Ban ‘Senuf village, where Saba seed dpe btwren two others ‘vera gona plant. rom Gono, Saba went to Tanase and Kologoin Comal, bat, Aid not tay there long He ten wet to Nagharako, where sep ‘rte om his brocers, and ontinved onto Kieibakur in Be Anernscren stare "5 side. His journey ended at Corontome where he found Kolon ski, heloea ei {ora who ofeed hi hespiaity. Seah reclaced his hots antes, Bavas, wom he subsequent ma tied, She reveled him the seet of power he sould sericea Ihe goatwth no edorelore Kelonbad the chanee odo 0. Thnke tothe eminine racer, Saba was abet sarc the he goat and geadaly seize power. "The Gnas fousdation myths clear an invention bythe gr shone porpoe was, by making reference tothe mythic ances tor Tinkalan,toemphsin che Fon nati of he Saabs rd to thos legitinize chet root in solo, Ii key tht Saba ever ‘mae uch long joareeyand tha he more probably eame fom ‘Bamana fin or Senafoin Gonkoro, a large vilage near Wasolon ‘ht produced many othe region’ dominan neages™ Saoh andhirtoupesook power ana (ha enamine) bat ispowerremninedpresroosforongtine. According to Toue: For alongtimetbe county as na sf Bans of lagers de ‘Svan Kolo and Bann Dike finan who ‘wretsdin te sath ear Odin, poled he ae sting is nd wreaking bavoe Even thoogh the Diahte Saba om “abe fog tho lagers apd broughe peace to the coor. it srsonly ith Kae eae fen lo] and opel he ete Bou Maser: thatthe Mghwaymen were eliminated Tey were peal al deed” ‘We an then ima Saha and hie rmy waging war and extend ingthet domination over «progressively lege area of Wasoon, ‘tom Kanerito Menan arom Bawalen to Niantanina* Saabs aliance with the ancestors of heather thre dominant i ‘age formed theskelton ofthe Gvanun “pial charer” whieh ‘ested roman apgregon ofthe dios dierentineges "Ths stemmed fom a sable suston, ha of the pax glia. The ‘paso agreement among the dilerent segments eardingtbet con on history ave Gone te image of"naon” halide ‘age dewoening fom far ancestors: Saabshi, Maliki, Serif ‘esi and Stbashi These Uneagespossese the hits er% Anerascren srate ‘sin number of ilges, bute pli igaificane ofthis funtion ‘es ceraialy not the sane asithecame ner colonialism, where it ‘ses sanetone by tate abort and no longer challenged by the ‘Sonn emed cali tha former took pace inthe eon ‘The grit eyro Kuyate of anol si: “There conde several vwariors(elomancal per vilage"; andeach "lg contained ts ‘om destroyer ihn the vilage sl." Powe coal the od ‘stinemberof teenie generation ofthe dominac lineage, othe une ofthe elders in general, and lot the warrior since at ‘istime, power ly iadearow andthe pea. Inlight ofthese power elaionships, theories of power curently formulated in Gwanan thats, for example, he sltcoaion of ‘he thildom between the eldest lineage the Sabah Taba), ‘and he youngest one, the Madina Jase or becween the Malikish sande Stash are rere pojtions othe political eimae pre ‘aling daring colonials onto dhe precalnil period. During ‘onion dere were fic, aR ecto, 0 fs ‘deconons from the seni lineage Sass and eee om he ior neage ‘he ancestors of Malka claimed oe Fulani fromthe Tibo region ud ftom Kun‘ Futa Jalon, whereas the weremoreikely, ‘swe have sen above, Barnana Samake fom Kurulanin bo set ‘edn the Mande region of Nani Malika desoendants ese ‘he Fulani character oftheir ancestor and his tle ia he tegration ofthe JbiteSeahashi with he Flan of Walon, asthe folowing Iegend revel ‘hefoundingaescr ofthe JaJamana and edhe ef Mali a's Sather Faumnjen Jo setae Zang Toran Taree, ingodNian too lvtncage ofhis absent sack he novia ‘snl alana Tua athe a he young Maia, The ia tne ese il sth Karan Sie they joined trader? caren The small and aeved atthe oan of oroab Kyat the giotof Sat okie He informed his master othe = ‘inl ofa catan ih a woman and dd wh, tse, were Inns Sobu ered them to ean wi a heatenig Yo make lees ofthe theyre oe expressed ie desi nary ‘Karin bu sett pete sping we ne eed hat het family igh come vo fxee be. Eventual Ronee se tard Sue A arraacren sear 85 {nthe mente, Fuanassjn raurned om bis mir expe tin, found isilugesacked, andaetoffio Sindhi bothered heron. Leading an army, he tacked te vilage of Cente arian edhe lagers psig hela Pula abi Pula ‘nusjn ee Karin snd hon ith St Male ype FerRlecato seek ees ose arts he wd ret Gana ‘pont reara eanetaman ofthe same iat um, Mal Jake, fiom Djene, He presented tha mana Corentmo'o Saba eho agreed tole him nay. The name ofthe ineage came Nal. [bee's Seine ‘Sta gee is dnuphte, Ter Kole, the Ring hea = throne, soca se cold are his son, Yerfaneden bake was estar So Stl ded veer mary Mai Sats a= ‘age Kuri, smother ar ella he uno f Mal ith ‘To Sab’sdang sree the redo beeen Saas ands Uneages: raion sates setae fo {eed dors, iting sie bse. Nevers, Malls ‘urn fiom Mecesproveledx confer meng Sabar Suir ‘man, power wartior and younger ee ube dees els Df presigeund the vrs be eet om aber Torhisstace of git, Blacksmith andalaesHelet Gono tnd aged wa on his way to the conPaene of the Niger and Stnkran ers, where he med Gwanan of aruba dager hom ofthe Waslon™ Ono again te Mani ue, as "inant tok isomer patric [o Kana), il is ‘lesen oy shi ork Sb Jake, ancestor fhe Sanaa original came ‘ooo he village of Kan in ut Jl, Along vi iyo ches FibuhisyoungsstersFrumaand Sten a bisa be went Dabaras in Gwaniat, om thelefe bak fh Waser Balen where hound the Kurusa, who controlled the aren bat answered to Sua. These Flan aided person rset bat he Karama Sent hem toss Sut’ permision nd ave thers prac ge ‘mney beforehand: From ts diviationtheylearnel hath. \eretossrcesparatigiinorer to baw eich rented TRsohappeseddacone ofthe Kareman ads paride, sohegeveher ovr for ssf She wi inated the warof {he Weslo Balen dh Klas mie eeam dg The Karama dhe Jie swore yay wo cach oer athe Kuruman hen ‘Ske MLliuloto ear the Fulani He seeped and weds ‘gut vod Sua nk captives era Sais poua6 a nernaceen srart he posted Korihs Sens ax Maliki Jake's brother, who ba brug the ews chi hi patents woul jin in. Subs agreod to wlan them it hs cman ad rid Seen, one of Karin Sonie's SuceesorstoSaabaand the Gwanan Wars ‘Saha es gest warrior chief who probably through his politi sl foraranging mateimonil lanes, extend his domination ‘ver alange part of Wasoon nd even beyond lnoraton ceed {nghis succor however, every ane Wehaow pracy th {ng aboot his son Seasorn and very ite aboathis grandson, Nan fin Bari, excep that he ruled inthis region (oye yora ne hun asi >There isos key elation between ths ft nd the seinking of Suae's sphere onlueae following he arrival inthe egion of Bay and Solon ofthe Dunbia, who claimed to have pushed che Fulani ovard de sous, asta Wason.® Tithe opie Jae Saab, a confer beeweenSirtmansa and arbalygveriseothedifterent ineageso the elder Tabak and ‘he io Fraa, Kab Walana's mary rowers evoked, at nothing is sid of Serenee Namakoro of arab who, aecoeding co Gallien, as one of te most power war eis inal of Gxetan Iistory2"Tva sere convergence betwen writen ounces and oa ‘radon, numerous wources confirm this poe, Ils ea, a ght ‘ofthe documentation refered oer, hatall of Gnan history is ‘contained in he history ofits ars. whether they were wats or onsite the eheflom, or vars ofhogemony rst adenele ‘rbadentel) allo which ere both internal and exteroaly pro ‘noted by neighboring states Saba wats of enques igure among the fest ype of con Saas lots texted his eomeol ed him to orapy age Part ofWealon, where heesblishedan immense cifdom thai the ‘omteat of plea frgenenationeharcterning the period, poe essed eran fenares ofa Tater wars, notabl-chat of Koade Brema and the “war ofthe ea," exemplify the second, hegemonic and defensive pe Inthe frst esse, Konde rema wed oetablsh hegemeny ovr al the We solon and chereby presen strong "polytelste” barrier to thee Tami oxpansion represented Wythe there power of Ful, aneracrep stare & Butthe Alma defeated Konde Bremswhose filed efforts were posblydue we themilaryexpedion undertaken atthe sametime {sr70 hy Nyole ar, ing of Seg, agin the agtboring are of Menianin Flo Tate ls years ofthe gteenh cena. n at, Walon was source fr boot for the kingdom of Segu. Around 95, Monson ‘aided Wasiels(Wasolon) taking numerous saves, whom he alt 2 Kangar, Kia, Boro, apd Nywnina "Ae the beginning ‘heaineteenth centey daringthe reign of Da this area ofconle Shrank and Seg's domination stopped at the confluence ofthe ‘Sankaran! and Wasolon Halen rivers" Beoreen 18st and 2854, ema defeated Walon, igo, snd Ganaduge The “war of the ream” (nu ne) oer daring the esgnof the aex King Tie ‘would te analogue to KendeBrema's ar ecep thc tae foughc Ijsodiers ponerse of gens Jor Sdibeled hs ant-Mosem a, fallsmingal of Wesolon, but dno achive a durable hegemony ‘rertheogion Jovi Sib amy was defeat by he Ba ot ‘ays. before Seg nerve on Jer Sib’ bhal and ascend time by Torokoromar Jer wi lo defend by Vakaba Tre of ‘Wojene, then held offby Kank, whom he unsuecssflyatacked elon isin this conic, 855° Mos: probably on this 0= casion Torokoromar! conquered Granan an consolidated che power Jai Saabs" “The Fala War (Pala ele or the Warof Kaba (Kaba Kete) Asitsname indicates, the Pulsar wasintralto Wasson, Since tunis of equal sz afr. lineages villages fog agains: each her twas a war offision aspera feel markelly om those receding it at which in fat war merely one pen = proces of pola epenson and contraction. Thiswar provoked Immediate nerve by Safer aod eigboriyg states Thus, i ‘the conex ofthe period {send nalfof he nineteenth enty| tthe region, his war ws opel segmentaryin hati exempt led he contlled competion anong lineages fostered by more powell unit the eats a fara ofdrination. “Aste flowing try shows, the org ofthis warwas isl pi cally segmentaryn mata coneerned confi between the oti A neenacra arnt lominunt ineages, Sssbashi and Malikshi, hough Namakoro's ‘hallenge was aly nothing ore than hil fr power There was once king meso] eae SrenceNamakor* He at {he oe they eleada at Fecha Hagens aneraly shooting off ‘Seige hear bin. People old them thy were tying ae ng, but Namahoo sido et them eine vas one of su sles Afterwards eset «mesg o whi a brave mea oad flo spond At he sei beset ares to Kaen emer Sao of ato aig fr el in bringing bel cen oa Demakersie de ego, Ranjans army cameo Lon amar lett people of Lota defend these he ried wb the Seales over enjoy acriohadanched the lage sade ith theihoos: Namakory gr angry bees he tought te Kuan ‘ould share che bouy within Thre sleden ofa Flan [Namaoro was. powerfl King who uted several wa hit by ering thems dager oer relatvesin marsage He pose fesse ores at Danko and fought ith Yorogwe Jl « Maik ‘who entrenched bimaelf at lau, illge surrounded by nine vel i "fo get revenge on Kunjes Jor Sal nd eliminate the Mali ish JaloofFlabla, Nanakorclledon the iol da veck holdings ofthe Fulani wom.” that i, the war chiefs of Bic onoee, Comal, Kerlamin, Janam, Jel Gani, Ba ‘Sie end Toon "They ake ull several ne, tt ead twaleie ‘Avthat pat Namskoro eachis son Nemakoro Ja andhisrea- ves, Kina Walaa eel Feral, o look fr the Kable ar ‘rary ofthe Tare of Wjens), The thre ten pent the any se Sonat Wojene, daring which Namakor Jaa wasabletoaved oe air with the hig’ wie, who Deame repent. Using his te prtet,Namakoroinformod another reltv, Kun Slain of hissou’s misconduct and afhisown desire to soe the Wojene any wich A that moment, che Kabakel, led by an ally of Nar Imakor,the war eie Binta Mamer Ture rived st Sandguln [Rasa whose door were closed. The Wojene army lid sege > Sno ad al too the vilge- The Walon Pali broke ‘no two opposed forces ons gathered sound Namakoro and Kant ‘alana he thertaking ns theirleaer Bint Mast ally Far A neraacren stare Py tala and Yorogwe alo. A the ening ofthe hosiies, Kuba ‘Walaa and Nano prevailed: he tok Koka, Fre, and Sir korbs, where Kun Walaa ws Kile The Wojene ay went to Yoroncena and there the station reverted: the to Fuld troup reconciled dravngon the mth their common ancestry 1 descendants ofthe ou sens ofthe Fan woman” or "the sons ofthe our women of Tahal.” Asa result they appeared om this ‘sccason tobe an etic group. The Fulani nite agains che Kbadug people and pursued Bint Mamer al they Stops in Bann. Bes cae on Sega fr reinforeements Ama, te som ‘of AI Haj Una, ent an army butretasd help ht ce Fala of ‘Wasoion,Bintu Mamer vas brought wo Segu, where he remained ‘ntl dhe end of he Samoran ware “The sry ofthe “Fulani war shes gh on the dep semen tary character ofthe peSamorian Washon. As longs this repion ‘vis alonomous, dhe numerous sl states that akaed the sre Politeal ace were continually twa, fulingtenternal rade in Saves? Only with the teat of tervention rem thor dd these Stats confederate an atsume the Fla Inbel” to standunified in theftccof avers Samort {Ina similar wey Saori was able to peaelly rule Gwanan by mae nipolaing internal divisions and nage alliances Though Al ‘mami hao conquer the et of Walon, he wale osabde tis Jamana by osing the exising liane between YorogveJlo snd ‘ParabulyJaite, the Seaash who bad come o Waslon with te ‘Term orn Wojee, ve hog Saori made contac wih the ‘Gwanan people at Santoro, cys a Njak, in Janna, hat Ihe received rom Ferainlay she bison (deg mi) of Gwenn andthe five che aman Kuali Bol, Canal, Nienendug, Sod Baninonoer* To reasure Samer, who war anxious know if ‘he Karlamini andthe Bnimonece, with heirlange socks farms (Jorobgiana) and power armios,weretralysubded, Frabalay tested them by asking that they supply solder forthe war egos, Segui Kanata of Qankunda* ‘Sumor thus Broaghtto el thes jamana by dangling before ‘emshe prospects vitoriousmitary expetiion-snis sizable” a wermacren stave ‘booey-agunstone ofthe region's premier wa chi. Al the wars ‘ors of thes vilages were placed under the command of cro [elig: Nmakor,Fode Jatt one of erence Namakar’s sons, sn abi Saba, a Maks rom Yoroneen, Aer ine months ‘of combat, they tok Ceakundo, amassing 4 booty compared het of eapives. ‘Samod used: same stratagem for yeuslater when hewante totake Sato. There to, he brought abouca miliary lance a Jeinc entre downed to destroy lager nd amase a large boy ‘Thesa subdued yilagescach sent acontingen ofsolersunderthe ommend of six wn hel erated loa, Upon thelr depareare {or Sika, Faraslay trned the command aver o Yamaga, No- sahors om aed dered Ban Jl, a Malis o take cae of ‘he applies fr the Guan troup fighog inthe Sumerian amy ‘oc Fasbaay betrayed mor andhidoutat Cb daring the siege of sikaso, There he sayed un 8, when Ces was ake by the reneh-" Farabalay was teylaced by Jnamanst son ofhis let troher who became war het who not rea in poe fo long. nar, he siege of Sas andthe resing deprivation um. dergoae by the conquered regions provoked the gree revolt of ego. Unable to prevent te uprising othe Kuru the Bolo, the Gemae, the Banimonoee, andthe Nienendogu, ‘mama kepconrl only of Gana,” "Thieves il 9, hen Samri ssc Nena and fed ete ory Cos, pursued by Boonirs oops!" Atta me ‘theinabitnt of nan pitino groups one prc emalted InGwanan andes the ara ef the Benes thet ‘ers wth naman os hee eader, recreated or were forced t= trot wih Almansa perished the Tory Coast daving ‘thelastyearsof the Samerian pie. Cotontntion ‘With ene 99 artial of Commander Honnic'stroops, all of W- tolonsurendered. The Frc then called al the fabian CGwaan together and asked them so choose « “messenger” A Sash, Flabu Jt, was chosen. The colonizers costa to hs he but laa Jake deat in aes she was replaced by Bo {jn slo, Batik orginal from Bree, he mame one who kad serene srare o ‘wen ondred to tke eae of supplies the Gwanan troup ying singe to Sila, “Ahi time, dhe Gwanan people who hid nt lowed Samet ‘thelvory Coat did ot een heir ands, emalning insted Farogonran ender French protection for fear of Amami earn, ‘Thisis che contertin whch jon atempted to uiteall he Wie selon people sound Furagwaran He seat eissaries to Gwanan, Baya ase, anal, and Kusan,skingthe babies of thes amano place themselves under enh postion, The Ka- ‘in poop Lningtothe south of Gara, asledo be grouped ith ‘Grama inorder escape tet hemyreqssons beens, Chey ‘Si. "work sbusinen of whitetnen.™ Thatexpaine wy colonia) ‘ocument parte he Monographie dere deBougons tablished by R. Tour, ncaded the Kasam wth Gvsnan and why {Bisjomnon earzedy umber yr villages "When in Skso was taken by che French, Fabaly returned so Yrubugul in Gana found Bj Jl tthe hed af te ‘hpi de canto. Unig wnabe wo asume this position be ‘Shue of his Samoan past, araalay ecuraed to Mati Jase to {ake upagrieuere* Bojan lo remsined chef de cacon fo to oF ‘hres before big inescned for reson that emia wnleat. ‘Sie Furs rove i ool ard he French, hak the position of eh de canta. Hewae the alliance of Yorogwe Jlo ‘wth Feral, Petal’ mination of Bjan Jab as stead of ‘Gana and his ateoessionof Baum Jala ce decaton that ent ‘credence to dhe idea ofan algernaton berween Malis snd ‘Stahashi in Goanan, orto the idea chat a aabasiehief would ar ‘woyave atid Maliki ado ™ “Theis in ft fodcolona steture-that of chef decancon whoo bey certain aes reandng leon, nominations ad oom projected onto ape Samorian prio that, side fom ce ‘ain prinipes of relatively sid lineage an dynastie successon [nen oer lath that of warfare One isthe sare ype {alee archi apropos of Frbalyssacessorthe Saabs ofthe ‘eo ineage Alter having oreapied bis positon for soe ine, Farbaly as disisaed orang struck is subjents Heveasre pled by Saba Jake, then, in 1906, by Nor ake, bah ofthe “ee any branch pd engi Tabak Bur Sab, and espe ‘ally Namo, a dies vith Farsalsy who, though xh2 anermserea stare fom his posiionas cof decantor, continued text considerable Inuence. As former cfd cacon, descendant of prestigious ‘ag, and erent Mosler, he enjoyed he seppoe of the stirs primar spokesman. He continually undermined the anthony of ‘hf de canton fro te senior ranch, which bought the det. Commanders to reconsider and entrance learship again to. ‘Stash om the junior emily branch, Bute returtea poe of ‘he Saas of Mdina asad at bring tends the fiaorof ‘oli winston. In fc, Merb, hf de canton 0, ‘vas involved along wit his brothers nan flare wrastorired Tewingoffnes.Mamevoa’sauhority wa farther weaken he ‘ct hat some ofthe Gwanan people dd not recogni is legit rey ince hewas descended oma slave. ‘the time, th dstiet commanders strbuted hee problens withthe he deanton othe eth mat of them were ot hil Uy vireo thee ineage, bu men of humble origin" Wha was needed then, wi oem nen oft covet ineage Ths, ‘ven Mamerba Jake ed nor an authente Sabet Made InaJass, Amd, icceded hin,” Amada aitained thebestof reais wih Lasse, the distreccommnder who spared Amid ‘hedifeaiesfsuppyingrabberandrie er thew effrey at ndertaking“investgutions during the census p4a that could Iaverecordada conser anger number oinhabizan” Mas ve Lasaot's support, Amad wa al ale coostrar one a dred and ity kllometers of rads that allowed the country tbe opened ‘These practices displeased nlrge part of the population in ‘Gwanan because ofthe many deaths ceersagin Madina fas, ‘lling heap death athe oe de canta, wish were eb ‘oitonings.Brema Wala, balbrother of Ss, oserded him 28 ede canton and ean that pion wt the cielo seaterminaed ngs ‘Cod relatins continued exe beeen the dst officer and ‘ene canton lade, which allowed techies sad otblesofec- inlet increase el wealth yen danage ofthe ie Ferncehenoenthe arta population numbers nd hws acount shifts. Discord within Gwanan ntensied caus ofthe d= hunciations to which these proiters were susceptible. Several sureaacren snare 93 faetorsmade the anton angovernable the 946appesraneof“pol- it,” thatis electoral competion betwenthe Slaese Pry fr Progress PS.) andthe Democratic African Party (LD.A.), com rounded bythe undermining arid out by the unracoesf rival ‘ot Brema Walen forthe 2949 leon, the interpreter Cevulen Jai 3 Ting the administeaion woried abot he “turmoil” seed ‘upbyaaraboutin de canons southern prcon The dst Seer intervened and ford the marskout ogo tothe ory Coat, Inigo ttake matters in hand, ce dint cer decided bald ‘cass order toners tax revenue but expel toreseaish ‘onde. This move entailed numerous “palaver” in-depth confer nee censu taking and nthe preparation of vlage mono raps! Nevertces the muthort a th ce de canton ened reariows du nhs propensity to sep sineurer, Originally a ‘member ofthe PS.P, he went over tothe RDA. during he 936 ‘etions. The PSP then soused him of eston ad blamed hm forstrengthening he RD.A.nflaene inthe iret In gf lowing he nomisadion as ake wilge chitin Yorobugul the local Jl, who were Maks, asked forth separate anton ™ ‘Ther request eas no granted pd Gvanaa remained unchanged ie tag When the cherie canon was supptesed, Thi ayia tensed old ade among the sgmented groupe however ‘There wre continal feds between Male and Sabasi nd ‘tween Saabachi members he nla brachanhowe ofthe jo or brand. The colonial ministration, te Sats ineage ‘he nor ranch, andthe Malis who ookadvantage of apices among che Saabashi interpreted hese feuds a niatve af the ‘tructuralnatreof tie atenaionamongrivl segments. In thes ‘lalconseiounes, the permanent feeding tok the form of «po Tal hares" thatis an alilanceof power bringing together the descendants af the fourmen of Gwanan”Calaiastion thus made the condition resulting from zlations among war eit nto a mode ofeepmentary. “This series of evens iusto one way ia which segment - ete appeated a Altea lowing the per etblisted by he ‘colonial politcal spparsns, chiefs ual on warfare nla ry disappeared become agricul village communities.6 ADominated Segmentary State: Jima, “Torco chitin we hr choen ost Cream andthe Juma ile significantly inher origin, The Fla” hielo of Gnas reslte om the cunbling othe gee ites of Mali and Snr, while che Jus originated nthe eghe {eentrentary intervention bythe ngom of Seguin the Upper ‘ge Valley. annterventon whic produce a dominated semen tary “Bambara tate By "dominated segment te,” Tan 9 formot potcalorganinuonncermedite betwen sees sor lees and state soe. These poli! ormtions were theo Shoot ofarge Kinglone,carcerned ty the gic hat re ‘as an inertineage conics (fedonke) hello the. es ‘rly fom andy these confi hat the ceial ingdoms drow the fren, eh that the sate prodaced and repre ise largely in egmenay een. Though the mode ofemeaion and ‘heehnie afiaton of these ow heen difee,s earat {nook eases the segmentary pole sn the state pole formed wo complementary aspecsof singe realy. Inuryingtoreraethe genesis as ola wholesuch assum, nc invaraly confront the imps of witing he Mistry 4 population's expansion, This ote lac inermation-in which eae anthropology s Malinowski decared, would ave ‘iveup hor an prodce oly "mythical charers-but rather A vowinaten steweeany stare 95 pcan what looks ike collection ofineags taka on all the ee ‘ues ofastrectiizing seep. Tn cdher words, inorder fees, local pola theory needa limited number fentegorin eset tht of he firsts and thr ofthe conquerors "The history of diferent kaos hasbosores lanenremely pare sonarn consisting of wo element, oe oper Imposed pon the ther alayer landowners dugg) ad press (some) overtaken bya wave of cogeros whe domme {hom and sie piel pots As we ve nea sen egeding ‘Gnanan however thisexogery of st setters fan intletaly ‘nv ition hallows oe to fru the theme of aliance fotten ofthe "joking relationship” rype-senantuya) becwoen the Tanner an the posses of spirit power on one hand eed ‘he possessor of pysel power (ferga on the other Teturs oot thatthe et seer were fetin nme ony and ha they were pe- tevdedas mech at we can determine from the orl tradition oF ‘hea wten exsa-by sn ete series of groups whose os ton sient forthe regions history or poi rarely “Anaher element entersthe picture: Banba Saganogo, wh came eo Keng and ppearsin reveal legends about the ounding of Bx ‘ko’ dominated the area between Demen ie he haf af or, hhisvillage, Dement iow popalated iy the Dunbia who oi nally came om Kemeni ner Seg andthe Trawel, native to ong who, under the command of Mor took power inthis are.* "There ar other vilagesin the area, Woror, near Jl, Sob, or Felon in Keleyudugtox Deteni none which ly avon the Hractar of the oa pole scour. ‘Onthe other han ofthe illge tht ply aree-Bonboys, Fenn, and Jakokoroainwo have today dappenedheha- Tet Bouya today pepe hy Danis, whosetaboo isthe "mea Ticblckna™ (mol) and who sr jong relatives een) eo the omar ronn Norn Soon. Pere was ihabied by Dus- ‘ie erent fom those of Eonboy.* Thee taboo ithe panther (araalan and they areelted tothe Dunbija of Demet and to those who preceded te Taravele to Keleyaigy. The descendants ‘ofthe Danby of Ferenan who now ivet Sinan those of De- ‘nun areal wnank fhe Bayo who founded Keeyadngu in the eighteen centr.Acconlingo certain version the Dang of Salon vedi he ‘oligo eenan an Jakskorenin when the Kulu areved there Acari to otber sis, the Kula were Boshi ee Ing Sege around xo, atthe ine che Jara took power they met up wi he Dania st Solon and cane wih dhem othe area that ‘ould becom uma The Danbia founded Perea, the Kalb Sete in Jaokoroni, In fat, acoeding to the colonial adiis- tetr, M Rio, itseems at Joman, who commanded the Dania ‘of erena, dominated the county poiealy and bad Mori, eet ‘ofthe Kellar his mat, Thue contador verse fer to the psiions of diferent groups jockeying fo lee] political power. Batcisimportan to empbusz ha one of dhe groups of firs ster, he Kalua, was sel the product fo "stat dis dence emendingad nie the problem ofan orginal layer of socio, Origin ofthe Samake and Foundation ofJieuma Similan, dhe foundatin of Jeuma by the Samak seems to ave lkoresclted roma dixan “te dsidene." To pinpoint gea- ‘ss ofthis ao, one has to go buck to the Kingdom of Toon. c= ‘condingto the foundation myth reported by Rao, who received e from the donant inetges “TheSame (Tre) aneestors were two bothers, Dabs Ngo and Dein an Tey weve orl ae igo Tro, region ‘ntl ar Kerane nhs Gane ton rhea ‘Stloiattbe bot blsared Manny nde ch ‘ere prtl Rail, ing’seee Acorn gen, Doh wasthesneer feat om Ral nd Dea ‘plo the enero othe Sake om tum Dba Ngo we, ln, gave rho Kas Ngo and Kalu Np anssos of he ‘no dna sme nape Sernana se ue Tisvingbecome power hwo threo overtone ingot tron hy ahd ple bj eed ol tyes afar, bu could nat takccontolané wee frst eis ‘Wek sal oop hey wea Jnana Karla whereby ‘ened bah he Tron myth Bec ey had veo ‘Sing wih them et oe Kerala peopl Daring igh hy coed Kel nd were med ony beaut he af Keyra Bape to dc King ‘Toro that el ot seam, thereby seins reales benwcenKelgndiguad tama Having apd cheng Tern, theta scted in Nonna Nshadagy Bena) whers both Kulun and er gounget son pie, ie Te ect oi ‘Neplo ound hinve ender ofthe fan Taking tun Basa Npicsyoengetson he ledthe warn enka For both Jruma and Gvanan, as nest, che myth ofr functions to unite roupsof people wih the same are around ‘common ancestor inthis ease the Samak ft and thot ‘Kula, Though the authentic of his long migration sot ‘questioned patent syathesies several epoch aad generations, ‘hu dismalatng the fandementalbeero gency ofthe whole of the Suk, bth ssa and of Kola InallUkliood the ‘conquerors of itu must have already been sted at Nekoi 3snan for sometime when, upon the areva of he Jakie-Rsb, they ado Dee ‘ere ismare ofthe legend recorded by Rou ‘goto, imu Mss, and hi entourage arrived a Feet, where hy sed Meri Kaba of aokoroala tb tein Hele, batman Dany aceyted Nol sn Joma pled hi lay (Gol on beter Join took Ngle ta plas where hey ould ‘tulad bere thy ound he lage la gol aed depl fr his brother Np ad was inonslable at isda He cherub bis robe som, Jus an who eae ‘rmost used eld advisor Nolo ask se lhe oe evondhe fat ofthetegon Sarss were required avrg, alive ‘oy andthe contruconota ht meets kadedomned thse ter. Nglos sons, Srna ad Smale" each hada ‘rin among their, bt both ave oan cm vero ‘rerfice, Only Jitumu Mass seeped, bt ot Sloe ving ie Uroters wear to anole is prise. The ames ere Mako- {a and Nangolgy, an remain he ntonal anes of ananore, Manas ote Sirima nd Soma, bared forthe etre ‘wanted gtd hi They asked thio ten ne evento the ig of Sep, They then setae arene toteep Mar prison se sdanger to the souney Demonson pat ‘Masai The ld Nga gow worried bout as prolonged* s oovsaeeo seeurnray stare sheene and sent another braher, Semon, to take Mas's place ‘Mas ried ome to Jl were Nol ied the lowing o> ‘anol FrennrnusiedSomon'sabcnee and hd Maio ‘nin, Bodh nervened and bined lose ‘Masa wae no mare noble than the other cldren of Npe and Ngo Arouc of beneiion frac be material and mer ‘pert he ites parents daring heir lage Th, Mas {heragreed accompany and suppor their aged meter dering ther fight Noss romaine wih heraeNenkent onsen be ‘re Ths god onther wast nieeats herons actions She ‘Shuind or him eheblesings ofthe ed Nol, ber wel, whom be “sipped isis oldage. He ws worthy ais eountypotony for Invng risked his if in aero elegans o Sega, ut for having lone aseped pant eerie. Ged ithe cal sc ‘ones partly poms. hie he a fom hi lave Net ‘ure, labore rhe prosperity fms wtih sl bear is ue ima Mus) Ths why hie priany ond tha of sect escent have een recogni thot he camry Inthicnaraive three themes conceal what was acl see Ingo power bythe yoimges nage fom the elder ed Nol. “Thefirsteworegppear constant in foundation mys af or sates intisregio: vnton (gevmancy and magi are slos a ‘ays asocatd witha power tkoover beens they are mcually Tinkedto the maser of mpertaral occ reling te word Tes ‘cause Fm Moss oth gest sooteayer and great magi ‘an-he dine die, bat dauppeared-Carle could seize poe, nt Teens he used free [fanga-" Beyond it fixed and recurrent ‘oem, this mottakes on a prt mening ere: ster souncedthe nae of eum Meson ofthe greatest geome: ‘fee region, during ineationsnocompsnyngsaciiees, making ‘eleeoce tas ight against the seceteniety ofthe Romer (als of sed hemo of wm, oe oli deleases {ptm rca ieksmitis send. ‘Thiscarue him pera fame her naraivesempasie the fat hs Jt Mus se geo ‘mancyto the detriment ofthe Fm extablished bythe Steers, ‘that, 6 osu hs power waslinked wo ancter typeof ideo A powewares szemunrany sans °° logical domination, that emanating fom the Arabieand Islaic ‘worl this foundation narrative the theme of Sgn’ interven tioniemoreconerete, ths dcatingthacno power cul be esta- Tied witout at est the ai approval of the Kings Bat hi ver Sons obvious nani since emphases Ngoostoleinab- {ain Juma Muss release and een home, ths lying the complementary roles of the senior an junior lineages in go ‘eninge chietom. “According V.Piqus, after having ied Ngoo, Mas seized power over jiu Acct quiclyarese hetwee ela and Fer ‘hun however ine the Sani a stolen good fom Feenan Jo nn The incened Jorn commanded Mor Kula Sein mo- thn ccc ores guns en whereupon torrential rae deste the lage. Ths event provides one othe possible etymologies of thckafo'sname,sncedn Bambara “Siu” eas "destruction by ‘vier Anatheristhe Toro il athe boom of whieh resided the Samak, "The hospitality Ngolo asked ofthe indigenes hae resistance ‘acongh igi, andthe dstrueon of elaareso many symbole "ment the barely conceal the institution of new power (0) in the region One are, Noro Doni of Sing, confirms thio: ‘en Nolo arrive Ferean, the Bambara raed danmane Fang you hee af forma, seas exorion[ian 9 ‘rt Nal despoed andrnaged the people We ad mohing, be Tpoladon isan pracce Stling the belonging snther and ‘ling tem for proc Atthat time « paso eu stele woman {hd herby tel che tthe ara, Thac is why we bade erento ste ‘Theintiason of thisuew powereukng frm eam Mass vie tory oer Ngo alo provked sion within the dominant genp. ‘Ngo son,Seriman left sete Bene, wbicbeeue se it village aed bythe senior Hneage, ha ofthe Semana, wheres: [Nps son, uma Musa, seed Namal berweenSanakoro sp Bagayogobuge. With Moss death, issn, Fabue, ated to ‘he leaershipof the cieem, founded the vilage of Sananor0, nd geist te junior nage tat ofthe Faun‘Thelin group of favs y Nevlo and Ne inched lives and dependens They either let Toro wih the Sake or joined "pst hem daring the peregrinations that ook tem tum, ithe course of denity conversions, these groups orginally af ‘ery verc origins ining vome of ery humble status mere ‘Smutty Samake belonging to dominant ncages ‘orenampl,theeief af the Samakes slaves was named arab Ssko, Once serived at Fumo, He abandoaed his patronymic nd ‘ook the Samakeparonync of his master Fabune, Pura feuded Segesonan andhisderendans ford the Fra ineage Astor ‘Tina Muss Flan shepheed be was elled Soma Sangare. Ae ong certsn cles, when Juma Mss wie discovered him racing geome, he wasequred teach vnaon tis ter He ook his samame from Me because of kis attachment him and went onto found he illag of Konia and become the an ‘esta fhe Soma of Koninduga lineage. inirly, Npichs Ka- ‘mar afinaoiginally rom Bled and rerberc Nols and $euma Man's entourage, exchanged hs patronym for that of ‘Same Heserhimslupt Kaban which boca the pray le luge ofthe Npiebala lineage Finally, Nae Juba headed a group of Dlacksnishs (nam orgy fom Ntenkoni im ana) wa foe Towel Ngolo and Npeta her flight eo frun, He too sok the same of bis hot tig founded the vilge of Neclabugu. an sve se tothe Nomad neage. The hoe of thse maj por teins fa, fabon or taba ha divided ito amity ‘of minor matriceatrel (bon) patriineage formed the per Inostaer of de cietoms Two Hneages dominated the Seren sod the Fabunela, whosrelinkedin the expression Np i Ngo the tracesoffipe an Nola). Junt blowin the sei irs are the dependent lineages, whos alesis heterogenous saves, Fa Tan, taucory groups). As we have ten they acquired the jamu Samak and ate no considered authentic Samabe by the Sein snd Fubunela Yer the origin ofthese dependent ineages ie neti ‘mediately apparent to otsders and this mystery rene the -ajo’s identity othe outside word (an de eden) all the while a sings sci heratehy win, "These two groups the dominant lineage andthe dependeat ‘ones, donot make up che cota of te Satake. The Dogeey and Ketone Samaras be nade. The Dogo, originally om Koralamin, were chinfof wo villages, bat played no pla role Inthe operations ofthe chiefdom They were to «certain extent onfanetona, abe ike certain village existed nthe region ‘shen the Suse fst arrive. The Kantee Sana Samantenjan, Towever, who were the joking relatives (snanta) ofthe Serimana fd the Fabel, id ot head any village Ie seems that these Semake, who lived bok a Kurulamini and Comala, were feed slaves Ine past Sama of dranan lineages didnt ntermary vite, ‘Since they were no endogamous, the Samake needed potential siti villages nd Seger with pron ferent rn thelr ‘wn, Hence the importance for them of ilies and inagoe with snhish hey were ined or matrilineal (faruayogon or elnis) ‘onneced, owhich they provided ive nd fom whieh they took "These ae vilages ofthe “sss,” tats, people whom the Samak found when they themscverariedin che gion. Bonboy led the Dushiya, erenan ld by other Disa, Jakoharonia, ‘whos chiefs were Kalali, as well as other ilage communities, ‘ade up te indigenous population. The Samake willingly naa ined tha they cme iter. the boom of the social erszchy ‘rere the slaves jon and thee deseondans (wel), who formerly Tatlars bon rately mero batho wereatzromnsserlly eed in nunber, ether beemse ma eft or becase they were ‘tegrated ino telanger group. ‘Consequeny dhe strikingensare of he Fim sci ierarchy sis exordinary lsc ands capac tontegratemany pop“Seen ee anten,//| ange ene wma ogre! | venonon ie ef eeaa Lag! lations with very diverse origins. Thus, dring te course fname ‘hanges and ineorpaaton int dominane Seas Enea, groups ‘wihaelatvelylow aru could havea certain pear mob. In ‘hit ofthis mobi, however pli a he cielo was ‘onetiles confin the interior group of men, thai de ‘nant dependent and find incages.Aswumerous asthe slaves wer they were esd fom membership in wha consid Ue Samake“oaion” Functioning ofthe Chefdom ‘Though Jama was province ofthe kinglom ofSegu for sea teeing periods poset say the eens ar more res setonomes Inc, eventhough masa hao wastosome ax ‘enc production ofthe kingdom of Seu, with resting exoge ‘ous morphogenesis, Jamu nevertheless contnsed io exis afer Segu ellandarremsinedneitence thoughout diverse histor ‘viisudesto this ay, Seu thus new ll war (Jaden), whieh resulted in Nglo, thet fam of um, cong power uma Mase. According {othe principal informer athe Rafi of Fam, p to Saori nd icing Nolo, uoued from che juiorlineage, abuses chat ‘esis name fom Fakune, son of itumu Masa "Thiele vp woe cesin fee ane chia sang athe ely one have been able co obtain oaly. Wie the ‘mes of itu Nasa sd Fab re accepted byallzbe people of Sian, only ewoothernames onthe fis, Keraekoro and Forabs jn have een confirmed other informers. Aside rom them the ‘ama Fotig Sumake,Fabunea who, scoring Binet, raled Sirus, Keleyadngy, and alakorodge and who, according Per Son, resided at Sido does ot gure onthe fis, dothe names of ‘vo other Fabusela, Te and Semi, whe became fanousin the ‘hitom's history asweshal ye below ‘Given theange nur fhe from Sonankoro itso that, limos al the iformers nda ha village ss capa of {um Besides, the villages the home af wo magia objects the ‘Makungoba andthe Nangooko, neither of hich have ever been allowed ee Tt pover rmsd in the FebuneaTiseage, sit has inal kei- hood er dein part the fae tht the members ofthis ines exec from am Ma. His exploits else em is poster Joy ehusalonghsdscendins a sacred legiiney. Awe hav sen, ‘Sum Mea mos certainly sealed power y the ratio of go. mane. an Arabic dvinatory teetniqte, ndimposed tothe der sentof the weet seclety ofthe Kom, prerogative ofthe "plythe ic” moet Learng behind mark of gemancy- he print ‘this foe and that child oma aterie-he disappeared tN truss ander mysterious eneditons, ndoning his spear end {rip Every seven yar all the Rneages of Jism sacrificed ola ‘ts, chirkens, gts, abl onder co demote cobesion ‘within the a sd these tne to merk the preeminence of ‘the Serimana andthe Fabel who alone bad the right 0 p> ‘prone the le104 ‘A bowtuateo seewsxeany sear “The Seimanaand Fabunela ere slg loslyastocinted in ong ning hefner for she andthe eahronemento ie acon ‘The Fabunela immediately laformed the Seria when a chief ied. The fanera servcesincladed the serie ofan ok wth arts fits body distrbuted corzespondg ote onder of cession to ‘the chip: telmmedie saccexor received chet portion, ‘Me native resevedeheheae he thitd he ver, The ender ofthe meat woloogo went te the anes ‘Thveemonth after the death, sioesor was chosen, The Ser sana designated woof tei men fom Sasankoro and asked the Fane to chose one of them sade. The one cose ad ‘obeparlaedy pre (yea), thas no leginate, Arson as ‘he Fabnea aren her eoie, lhe lager in the af were Informed. Th Fabusel announeed the cose before ll he t= age beads and village chiefs gathered at Sanankoro In pice, thesuoseerwoalde the oldest member ofthe nao patina, ‘uth did nc haveo live aSantkoro.* ‘The Srimana gave ther asent etl were sere and ib tions were offered, secompaniod by the sound of wr dram nasa). Toe ajo ston the roya skin tht ofthe ox Ele forhiseathronement. Upon the command af the Serimans, the DasbiyaofBonboys, sean lineage an the inhabitants ofthe oles village inthe eon ha the eit stand tnd three times ‘onthe oa skin (mesogo). Thee haf inherits pede cessor regalia, artical his emblem ofleadershi (hei of othe ne eer was no fom Sapankory, he thereupon r= ‘aroedtohisvllage, and would time be bared here, ‘Though acount of nominations ofeiels give te pression of at stil, a stailiy evident enforced as with other pla Sevelopments, bythe instation ofthe canton chesney he ‘power ofthe Fubune cid ot hae an inflibie legacy eage ornate sonny ws deruptedvreral tine yc orintemecine wars /adenta) Rivals (fade) ante the people ‘susnst two despotic afi, who were robeoquttyelinated. (One ficame Mo's sos, for example, Tle of Cesana, was gly ‘of multiple qnorions rom the people ofSanankoro, Ho seie the sotdsof several doceased villagers and pillaged the re on woo: fasions revenge he all ofthe vest of Juma, Sanaor, de Soped Cosa village and brought his power tan cod A pounaren sroxnrany stare 105 Hissueeestr, Semioba of atl, sina bis Aer theme bre od le ia aed home Sheldrick, ant tapes thoy, When they wea honor efi of Sse onc the peer preted srs shi cming. He amelie Stcome tw poi reapa tw coms en at fener Ie {eto lt, ode legnn nano ethene ‘eer cui ne vila alte igen went tet sac dec ouoie vie wet bee oath ad ‘These to sori offend show athe poe ofthe kee vasdopoic inna Ons tee tapicsen eae “tp hemes sing ap rales mong lineages nd loos wei poston o ent ariteary l f cea oma Geran prais,sch s thone conering tie wee pro she nora wsing of power The eer oe jn Feber lineage ands entorage formed an espa on) thar aed inthe equ confes ihn che chit, war common fr one lg calnge sn hen atc ae Toes Isley nd py eprint arene «ame rsh angen, Hower he aia ok ‘nbthinteral and eel ofits kf endings, hea wood plage alla onthe requ of nh lags

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