PART |! PIPING GUIDE’ ere) (team iad cis (else n= DESIGN AND DRAFTING OF INDUSTRIAL PIPING SYSTEMS‘The ‘PIPING GUIDE’. "PART V" explains w.. "PART II" provides Brings together information of especial value to designers, draftsmen, and systems engineers concerned with piping technology Discusses in detail the design and crafting of piping systems Describes pipe, piping components most commonly used, valves, and equipment Prosents charts, tables, and examples for daily reference Lists piping ‘ers and abbreviations concerned with piping technology Provides @ design reference for companies and consultants Supplements existing company standards, information, and methods Serves as an instructional aid Currant techniques of piping design Piping terms, assembling of piping from components, and methods for connecting to equipment Office organization, and methnds to translate concepts into finished designs from which piants are built Frequentiy-needed design data anc! information, arranged for auick reierence Principal dimensions and weights for pipe, fittings, flanges valves, structural steel, etc. Direct-reading metric conversion tables for dimensionsCONTENTS: Chaptor PIPING: USES, EXPENDITURES, & PLANT CONSTRUCTION .. PIPE, FITTINGS, FLANGES, & LINE EQUIPMENT ... VALVES, PUMPS, COMPRESSORS, & PROCESS EQUIPMENT ORGANIZATION: JOB RESPONSIBILITIES, DRAWING-OFFICE EQUIPMENT, & PROCEDURES DRAFTING: PROCESS & PIPING DRAWINGS DESIGN: ARRANGEMENT, SUPPORT, INSULATION, HEATING, VENTING & DRAINING OF PIPING SYSTEMS, VESSELS'& EQUIPMENT STANDARDS & CODES: PIPING SYSTEN., DRAFTING SYMBOLS, PIPE, PIPESUPPORTS, FLANGES, GASKETS, FITTINGS, PUMPS, VALVES, STEAM TRAPS, VESSELS, EXCHANGERS, & SCREWTHREADS 7 ABBREVIATIONS FOR PIPING DRAWINGS & INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS @ ak OnePART I THE ‘PIPING GUIDE’ A COMPACT REFERENCE FOR THE DESIGN AND DRAFTING OF INDUSTRIAL PIPING SYSTEMS David R. Sherwood Member, American Society cf Mechanical Engineers Member, insutution of Production Engineers (UK) Copyright © David R. Sherwood and Dennis J. Whistance All sighs eserved First Edition frovised) Softcover Sat: ISBN 0:914032.00.0 Hardeovar Sook: ISBN 0914082.035 ‘This publication, in whole or part, may not be reproduced, al system, or be iransmitied for Dennis J. Whistance BSc, MASc. 1978 rodvetion ‘Two volume softcover sot distributed outside the USA and Canada by E, & F.N. Spon Limited 11. New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE ISBN 0 419 11510 2‘The text refers to standards and codes, using designations such as ANSI B31.1, ASTM A:83, ISA $5.1-1968, etc. Full titles of ‘these standards ana codes will Le fuund in tables 7.3 thre 7.16. References: Numbers in steaight brackets (thus: [12]} refer to sources of published information listed under ‘References’ at the end of the index. Sections, figures, charts and tables in Part I ere referred to numerically, and ere located by the margin index. Charts and tables in Part 11 are identified by letter. FOR TERMS NOT EXPLAINED IN THE TEXT, REFER TO THE INDEX. ABBREVIATIONS ARE GIVEN IN CHAPTER 8. The authors are grateful to the companies, designers, and engineers who assisted in the development of the Piping Gui Apart from source material, individual acknowledgements are because neither these contributors nor the authors not ma assume liability or responsibility for designs using information presented herein, The user is responsible for complying with the various codes and standards, Federal, State, and Municipal regulations, and other legal obligations which may pertain to the construction of plants, industrial. installations, etc, Disctssion or mention of products does not necessarily imply endorsenent.rirmiNno: USES, EXPENDITURES, & PLANT CONSTRUCTION USES OF PIPING WwW Piping 1s used for wncustral (process), mani, tan ‘ng, and tor ‘commercial’ alumbing) purposes ation, chur srginear This book is primarily concerned with industrial piping for ers service systems. Process piping is used to srancpart fiuids bevws ‘anks and processing units. Service piping is wsed ta convey eater, ete, tor ¢ vcessing, Piping here defined as ‘service’ pp times veterred to as “utiiy’ piping, but, in the Guide, the teen “tei Piping’ is reserved for major fines supatying water, fuel gases, end tue! 6} ‘that is, for commodities usually purchased from util bulk supplier) Morine piping tot ships is often extensive. Much of itis fbi ‘welded ond screwed carbonsteel piping, using pipe and fi this hook, ad from ings deserved in Transportation piping is sarmally largdiamatar piping used 1m convey liquids, slusios and gases, sometimes over hundreds of mies. Crude oil, petroleum products, water and solid materials such as el (carried by wet) ‘ue, tearsporteé thru pipelines. Different liquids can be transpervel consecy tively in the seme pipeline, and branching arangements are used 19 divert flows to cifforent destinations. Cia piping is used to distribute public utes (water, Fuel gases), and to Collect roiewator, sewage, and industrial waste waters, Mast piping of this ‘ype fs placa underground, Plumbing (commercial pining) is pipiny installed % curmre'cial buildings, chools, howpitals, residences, ee, for distributing water and fue gases, for ‘callucting waste weter, and for athor puranse COMMISSIONING, DESIGNING, 12 & BUILDING A PLANT ‘woen a manufacturer 10 butt a gm plant or tu expand an existing ane, he wall eithet wmploy aa emningpring company 1 unlerteke desiqa and oestrus, at, id is ‘hissing wate ee vos dey he construrtin vot, nginosiny department is tage eng, te wile a p the projet, ann emplay un oF mae earnrecions In either procedure, the manufacturer supplies information cancerning the purposes of bulldings, aroduction rates, pracesses, design criteria ta meet his practices, detais of existing plant, and site surveys, if any Chart 1.1 shows the princigals involved, and the flo of information and materiel SCHEMATIC FOR PLANT CONSTRUCTION cnanT a V seaman Smee Desion esion PORDLANT consteuction: encineers — [-———~]“"enameres Aovests FoR cquiewent. PARBWane @WATERIALS eQuests FoR Swaveniais Egat GHaaT‘The designing ond building af an incustria plant is @ complex undertekin. Except for the lrger industrial coneerns, wha may maintain their own design salts, the design and construction of plants and relate focilities is usualy ‘undertaken by specialist companies, The Guide describes in 4.1 the organizetion and responsibilities of desian engineering, with spacial reference to the cuties of individuals engaged in the evelopment of piping designs for plants. Domestic US expendicures over the years 1973 thru 1976 ovorsged 283 billion doliars per yeer for now plant and eguipmant in the patroleum, chamical, 4ood and baverage, paper, ruber, textile, mining and fuel ois induetioe, according 10 tha “Sunvey nf rurrent husines’ comoiled by the US Department of Commerce (1976 figures are estimated, and 1975 figures are not final Expenditures on property, plant, end equipment by mejrity-ovsned foreign ofits of US companies over the seme period averaged 14. billion doles Table 1.1 shows the details of thaso expenditures, For these quoted industries, the everage cost of piping is ebout one fith ‘of the cost of the ‘inishas plent and equipment: large varitions from this ratio are possible, however. EXPENDITURES? ON PLANT AND EQUIPMENT BY Tasuen US COMPANIES FOREIGN AFFILIATES 1973 thru 976 (0) Domenie Expandines ‘ra wma 1975 Petrolsum sas B00 «10.50 hemicals 4450869 63D Food & Beversge 311 325 3.38 Mining 27-318 82 Fuel Gas 27 © 292328 Peper yas 258 291 Rubeer 188 «M47 3.08 ies a7 og oe. Siero wn 2793 a18F {by Foren Eponitoes 73 wT WIS Pevreleum 66 as Ghericals 14 21 28 Mining a 1 13 Food & Beverage 0.8 07 7 Paver 06 09 08 Robber 03 03 os. Sabtotas 06 186 “asi ameuns in ition of US Dotan (68) ees nearnessricoe,ris PHUNUGY, FLANGES, & LINE EQUIPMENT PROCESS PIPE 2a Pipe & TUBE aaa “Tubular products ar termed ‘tube’ or pipe’. Tube is custorerly specified by its outside diameter and wall thickness, expressed eithee in WG {Bicmingham wire goya) oF in thousendths ot an inch. Pipe is customarily identified by ‘nominal pige size’, with wall thickness delined ty ‘schedule number’, “APL dasignation’ or ‘weight’-a5 explained in 2.1.3. Nonstendard pipe is spocified try nominal size with wall thickness stated The principal uses for tube ere in heat exchangers, instrument lines, and small interconnections on equipment such as compressors, boilers, and rel rigsrators SIZES & LENGTHS COMMONLY USED FOR STEEL PIPE 2a2 Manufacturers offer pine in established sizes |see 2.1.3} ranging fiom 1/8 thru 4ésinch nominal diameter "nominal pipe size’). Pie sizes narrlly stocked loclude: 1/2, 344, 1, 1%, 1%, 2, 2h, 3, 34, 4, 8,8, 8, 10, 12,14, 16, 18, 2 ant 24, Sizes We, 2, 3, and 6 inch are setdom used Cunuzual sizes ae sometieras required for connecting to equigment, but piping is aormally Tun in the next large stock size ater convection has been mack). 1/8, 1/8, 2/8 and 1/2-inch pipe is usualy restricted ta instrument fines or vo service tnd other fines which have to mete with equipment, 1/2inch pipe is cextuasvely used for steam tracing and for auvliary piping at purs, ete. Straight pine is supplied in “ancom’ lengtis (17 to 26 ft), ard sumnetimes “double randoe’ lengths (38 to 48 {1 if preferred, The ends cf tes lengths are nurtoally either plain (PE}, beveled for welding (BE), ur shrouded and supplied with one coupling par length (threaded and coupled, or ‘TAC’. 11 pipe i ordered “T&C’, the rating af the coupling is specified-—ne chart 2.3. COnier types-ot ends, such 3s urooved tor special couplings, car be bt to omer, DIAMETERS & WALL THICKNESSES OF PIPE aaa Thu sien uf ail pipe is identifind by the nominal pipe size, abbreviated ‘NPS', wil is seldom equal to the true bore {internal dismeter) of the pinethe diferent in sume instances i large, 14-inch NPS and larger pice as ouiside ameter equal 10 the numinal pipe size, Pipe in the various sizes is made in severel wall thicknasses for each size, ‘which heve boan established by three different souress.= {1} The Armarican National Standards Institute, thru “schedule numbers (2) The American Saciety of Mechanical Engineers end the American Sceiety for Tasting and Materials, thru the designetions ‘STD’ (stan: ard, "XS" lextrasteong), and "XXS" (daubleextrs-stiang), drawn from timensions established by manufacturers. fa the Guide, these desig: ‘ations are termed ‘manufacturers’ weights” (3) The American Petroleum Irstitute, thru its standards SL and SLX, These dimensions have ao ceferences for individual sizes and wall thicknesses “Wanufecturers’ weights (sezond souree} wero intend, af long ago as 1939, to be superseded by schedule numbers. Howevar, damand for these vrll thicknossas has caused their menufacture to continue. Certsin fittings are ‘aailala only in manufacturers’ weights, Pipa dimensions tram the second and third sources aie incorporated in American National Standard 836, 10-1970. Table P-t lists dimensions for welded ond searness steel pipe in this standard, and gives derived dota, IRON PIPE SIZES wore initially established for wrought-iron pipe, with wall thicknessos designated by the terms ‘standard’, ‘extrastrong, and “double- extrastrong’, ANS! 836,10-1970 lists these wrought iran pipe dimensions {in table 3}. Wroughtiran pipa hes been almost completely supplanted ny steel pipe. Before the schedule number scheme for stee! pipe was first published by the American Stendards Assocation in 1926, the iran ipe sizes wore modified for steel pipe by slightly decreasing tha wall thicknasses leaving the outside diameters constant) so that the weights per foot (Ib/ft) ‘equaled the iron pipe weights, Tabie P-1, whieh is reproduced by permission af the Crane Company (Midwest Fitting vision) ists stel pipe data under the ‘neading ‘iron pipe sizes’. As ANSI 636.10-1970 states that “the size of al pine is identified by nominal pige size, the Guide uses the tern ‘manu facturers’ weights' to denote the STO, XS, and XXS designations appiad by ‘manufacturers to steel pipe and fittings LIGHT-WALL (also tecmed ‘light-gane’) is a commerciallyancupted desi nation corresgonding to SCH 10S (ANS! 826.19} and SCH 10 (ANS! 836.10) in contain sires, Table PT lists thas sizos under ‘L'STAINLESSSTEEL SIZES American National Standord 836.19+1968 (re- vised 1977) establishes a range of thin-walled sizes for stainless-steel pipe, identified by schedules 6S end 10S. These sizes ave included in table Pt. MATERIALS FOR PIPE ane REFERENCES: “Metallic piping’. Masek J,A. 1988. Chomical Engineering, un 17. 218-28 ‘Materials of construction: 18th’ Biennial CE Report’. Aldrich C.K. “980, Chemicel Engineering, Nov 14 “Linod pipe systems’. Ward J.R. 1968, Chemical Engineering, Jun 17. 238-42 ‘Non-metallic pipe: promise and problems’. Weight CE, 1968. Chomis Enginooring, Jum 1) 230-7 —— gineering companies have matorels engineers to determine maternts to ‘be used in piping systems. Most pipe is of carbon steel and (depending on service) is manufactured to ASTM A:83. STEEL PIPE Straight-soam-neided and spirelwveléed pipe is made tram plate, and soemiess pipe is made by piecing solid bile, Carbor'steel pipe is strong, ductile, weldable, machineablo, reesonably dut- able and is neerly always cheaper than pipe mate, fram othor materials, It corbonsteel pipe ean mest the requirements of pressure, tempeature, corrosion resistance and tygione, itis she natural choice “The most cedily-evilabl caborstee! pipe is made to ASTM ASE in schedules 40, 80, STD, and XS sizas, in elecrictesistance welded (Grade A and Grade B-the ltier grade has the higher tensile strength and in seamless (Grades A ond B) constrtions. Common finishes are ‘beck’ (plin’ or ‘mill finish) and gavaizad. Mest sizes and waights are also available in seamless cartian steel to ASTM ‘A106, which is 8 comparable specification to A-E3, but prescribing more stringent testing, Three grades of A-106 aro avalabla—Grades A, B, and C, in crdar of increasing tensile strangth, Charis 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 indicate pipe specifications most used industrially Steel specificetions in other countries may correspond with USA specif ‘etions. Some corresponding surepecn otondarde for earbon steds and stainless steels ere listed in table 2.1 IRON pige is rede ftom castiron and duction. The principal .ses a8 for water, ges, end sewage fines. Wiccughtiron pipe is seldom employed. OTHER METALS & ALLOYS Pipe or tube mace from copper, ead, nok, brass, aluminum end various stainless steels can be road ly obtain. “These materials ere relatively expansive and are selected usually either becouse of their perticuler corrosion rasistance to the procass chemical, ther gnod heat transfer, or for their tensile strength at high temperatures. Cooper and copper slloys ere traditional for Instrumant tins, food processing, and heat srrentne navinmant hus eainlacs staal are ineveasinaly bine used fcr these PLASTICS Pipe made from plastios may be used to convey actively corrosive fluids, and is especially useful for handling cortasive or hazardous goses and dilute minerai acids. Plastios are employed in three ways: as all-plastic pipe, ‘2 ‘filled’ plastic materials (glassiber-reinforced, cerbon-filed, ete.) and as Jining or coating materials. Plastic pipe is made from polypropylene, poly: ethylene (PE), polybutylene (PB), polyvinyl chloride PVC), acrylonitile butadiene styrene (ABS), callulose aoetete butyrate (CAB), polyolefins, and ‘polyesters. Pipe made from polyaster and epoxy resins is frequently clase ‘iberreinforoed (‘FAP ané commercial products af this type have good resistance to waor end chemical etteck. COMPARABLE USA & FURNPEAN SPECIFICATIONS FOR STEEL PIPE ssa aguas ey APIS Sn Big races ‘suai ine 368, SH Bene SORTS a| for pipe made fram various plastics. These AQIS! stanaaros ana cine 1 plastis pipe are listed in table 7.4 GLAss Allxlass piging is used for its chemical existance, cleatiness avd trensparanoy. Glass pipe is nat subject to ‘crazing’ often found in Gass fined pipe and vessels subject to repeatad theimal stresses, Pige, fittings, and hard vnare are available both for precess piping and for drainage. Corning Glass Works offers a Pyrex ‘Conical’ system for arovess lines in 1, Wh, 2, 3,4 ‘and G-inch sizes (10} with 450 F as the maximum operating temporetu®, fand pressure ranges OBS PSIA (1 In. thru 3 in}, 0-80 PSIA {4 in.) end (0-36 PSIA (6 in), Glass cack, strainers and thermovells are availabe, pe fittings and. equipment are joined by flange assemblies which tear on the hlekencd cunival vids of pipe lengths end fittings Carning also nis a Pyrex Acid-Weste Orainline syszom in 1%, 2, 3, & and Beinch sires (10) with ‘beaded ends joined by TeFlangesketed nylon compression couplings, 82th Corning systems are made fram the same borosilicate glass LININGS & COATINGS Lining or coating carbon-stee pipa with 4 material able to withstand chemical attack permits its use to cerry corrosive fludk. Lengths of ined pipeend fittings are joined by flanges, and elbows, tes, te wallabe elready flanged. Linings (rubber, for exemple can be eopied sftor fabricating the piping, but pige is often predined, and menufacturers ie instructions for making joints. Linings of various rubbas, plastics, cvetals snd vitreous (glassy) mateialsareevellable, Polyvinyl chloride, polyprapylens ‘and copolymers arg the rest common coating materials. Carvonsteal pipe Finecoated by immersion into maiten zinc (hot-dip gelvanized is used for conveying drinking water, instrament air and various other fids. Rutber lining is aften used to handle abrasive fluids ‘TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE LIMITS 21s Carbon stats fase strength at high tamperetuces, Elcctrinresistance woided pipe is not considered satisfactory for servige above 750 F, and furnecetutt- ‘weldad pipe above about 660 F, For highar temperatures, pipe made fram stainlus stoe's or othar alloys should be considered ‘The Midwest catalog 61 [64], the Taylor Force catalog 671 and the Ledish catalog 55 [33] give pressure limits for earbonstes pipe at various teeper- tures These tebles are derived from the ANSI 831 Cade for Pressure Pina {detailed in table 7.2). METHODS FOR JOINING PIPE 22 The joints used for most carbonsteel and stainless-steel pipe are auTTWeLoeD : <. SeE 2 SOCKETIMELDED. ss cs SEEM ScREWEO : Les SE 28 BOLTED FLANGE. SEE 23,2418 251 BOLTED QUICK COUPLINGS see 282 Lines Zinch end larger are usually buttwveided, tmis oeieg cme ust economic leakproof way of joining Tacger-ciameter oiging. Usually such linee are subcontracted £0 9 pibing febricator for prefabrication in sections termed ‘spools’, then \ensparted to the sita, Lines. TYiinen and smaller ate usually either screwed of sccketvolded, and are aarmally field-run by the piging contractor from drawings, Field-run and shop-labricated picing ara diseusted in 5.28, SOCKET:WELOED JOINTS 222 Like screned piping socket welding is used for fines of smaller sizes, but has the advantage thet absence of leaking i assurec: this is @ valuele factor when flanmala, toxic. or radigact¥ve fluids are being conveyed—the use of socketwelded [aints fs nat resricted to such tuids, however. BOLTED-FLANGE JOINTS 223 Flanges are expensive and for the most part are used to mate with Hanged vestls, equipment, valves, and for process lines which may require periodic lesning Fang joints are made ay bottng together two flanges wth a gasket besween them to provide 3 seal, Refer to 2.6 for standard forgodsteel flanges and gaskets. FITTINGS 224 Fittings permite change in diveaton of piping, «change in dimeter of pipe, fo a brenth to be mate from the main ran af pipe, They are Farmed from ste or pipe, machined from forged blanks, cast, oF molded fram plastics. Chart 2.1 shows the ratings of buttavelding fittings used with pipe of various schedule numbers and manufacturers’ weights. For dimensions of butt ‘welding fittings and flanges, see tables D-1 thru 0-7, ond tatios F-1 thru F-9, Drafting symbols are gon in charts 6.3 thru 85. Screwed or socket-welding forged-stee fittings ere cated to the nominal cold hon-shoek working pressure in pstnds per square inch {PSI} of the Fitting Fittings coted st 2000, 3000, and 6000 PSY are avaliable and are use with pigy as snown in table 2.2 ScREWED & SOCKET:NELDING FORGED STEEL FITTINGS. ‘ABLE 22 TO SE USED MHTH CARBON STEEL PIPE OF VARIOUS WEIGHTS FORGEDSTEEL FITTING (ANSI BIB.IN SCREWED eoener weLowne Paessune native oF FITTIVGIeSD | 2000 | 3000 ‘3000 | 900 ao | 60 oe-wcionr | SOHEOHLE wo | 2 tsuateuseo | nowaen__| vere 7 RI TTEME FwneacruntRe Pose Ts. | xs TABLES: 21 &22Seotions 2.1.3 thu 2.2.4 have shown that there is a wide variety of diferentiy-ated pipa, fittings and materials trom which to. make @ chico Charts 2.1 thru 23 show how various weights of pipe, fittings and valves van be combined in @ pining system. COMPONENTS FOR BUTT-WELDED 23 PIPING SYSTEMS. WHERE USED: For most process, utility ond service piging ADVANTAGE OF JOINT: Most practicable way of joining larger pipes and fittings whieh offers raliaha, leakaraot joints DISADVANTAGE OF JOIN HOW JOINT IS MADE: Tho end of the pie is beveled as showy in chart 2.1. Fittings are similarly beveled by rmanvfecturer, The two parts ae signed, properly gapned, tack welded, and than @cont- inuous weld is made to complete the joint Intruging weld metel may affact flow Chart 2.1 shows the ratings of pipe, fittings and valves that are commonly combined or may be used together. It is ¢ guide only, end not a substitute or project spacitication. FITTINGS, BENDS, MITERS & FLANGES 23.4 FOR BUTT-WELDED SYSTENS afar to tables D, F and W-4 for dimensions and weights of fittings end ‘lenges, —— ELBOWS or "ELLS' make 80- or 45-degre2 changes in direction of the run of pipe. The elbows normally used are ‘long radius’ (LA) with eanteline radius of curvature equal to 1% times the nominal pipe size for 3¢inot and lorger sizes, ‘Short radius’ (SR) sloovis with contains radius of curvature equal to the nominel pipe size re also avaiable. S0-degree LAL elbows with 2 stisight @xtersion at one end (long tangent’) are still avalabie in STD weight, if required REDUCING ELBOW makes 2 Q0-degree change in direction with change in line sie, Reducing elbows have centerline radius af curvature 1% timer the nominal size of the pipe ta be attecied to the larger ene. RETURN changés cirection of flow thru 180 degrees, and is used to construct heating coils, vents on tenks, ete BENDS ace made from stieight pipe, Common bending radii ere 3 and 5 times the pioe size (3R end SR bends, where R= nominal pipe site— nominal diameter, ot radius). SR bends are available from stock, Larger BUTT-WELDED PIPING at CHART 2.1 CARBON-STEEL PIPE & FORGED-STEEL FITTINGS Vswaw INE Se wonHALLY Se ekee aeumnaraer 2wsince FoRcaNTROL vaLvEs | USUALLYID0W MUM ISEE 3.10 Ri pt ok yy enn omy benta yp Hi i L_2enes PONCE for INGREASER) joins e rar pipe ‘oa smater ove, The two Gib lye, concentric and eorentig a ea The sccerie reducer rect ,'e307 to Keay ether te top we we bottem af tne tne ‘elo! eau x Uae 10 mins sel Reoucens Ficune 23 ConceNTaIc eocewrare 22 BES | Bing. na PE HEE I oy Suttwelead dines, used ay itive ta the cegons in line size are rauived, Regucg sages siege ogee Geet change of in san, wo eons The “ventas svege allows smaottor (ei Refer 00 table 23 for Spelt 22208 tor joining to socket walt fo and to table 2.4 for Spall segs fr joining to seremedpiaug fet, soo ‘Reducer’ ket ne! Fedeer SWAGES, or SHAGED nipFUcs Ficune 24 MITERED ELBOWS sj fed from pipe—they are not Sietings. They in direction is praticatly resticted to lowaresute fi iF the pressure drop i Stearn (OF Tes ust rule elbows vaca ho Coston, A 2piece, SO-deares miter hos feur to six neste hydreulic resstanee oF the ears, paged slr longrativs tow, and shove Used with caution, A S piece 90 earee rite has about double ine {estarcs 10 low of the eeguter tony [edt ehow-refer to table F-10 Constantine for 2, 4 and S-nieee rivers Hn in tables Ne APIECE & 2FLECE Mites Fioune 25 Smee wiTeR 2IECE wiTER rR CHasr 24 Fisuiees 21-25‘The following five flange types are used for buttwelded lines. The diferent flange facings available re discussed in 2.5, WELDING-NECK FLANGE, REGULAR & LONG Royular weldingreck Hanges are used with buttwelding fittings. Lang walding-neck flanges fate primarily used for vessel and eouipment nozzles, rarely for ip Suitable whore extreme temperature, shear, impett and vibratory stasses apply, Regu larity of the bore Is maintained. Refer to tables F for bore diameters of these Henge WELDING.NECK FLANGE SLIP-ON FLANGE is properly used to flange pips, Slip-on flanges cen be used with long-tangent elbows, reducers, and swagas(not usual practice The internal welé is slightly more subject to cotsosion than the butt veld “The langahes poor reastance to shock and vibration, 1 intraduces irregularity in the bare. It is cheaper to buy than the welding neck. ‘lange, butis costlier to assomble, It i oasisr to align than the welding-neck flange, Calculated strengths under interna pressure are ebout one third that of the cortespanding wolding-neck flanges. Tho pipe or fiting is sot back fram the fece of the ‘lange a distence equal tothe wall thickness -0" + 1/76". SLIP-ON FLANGE rioure 27 REDUCING FLANGE Suitable for changing line size, but should not be used if abrupt transition would create undesirable turbulence, as et pump connections, Avaliabo te order in welding neck and eccentric types, and from stock in slip-on types. Specify by line size of tho smaller pipe and the OD of the flange to be meted, Exempla: a slip-on reducing fiange to connect 4inch bipe to a Grech linesz flange for 150 PSI service is ordered RED FLG 4%x11"0D i60# SO For @ weldingneck reducing flange, corrert bore is obtained by aiving the pipe schedule number or manufacturers’ weight of tho pipe io be welded on, yau0s WOTKHL “I See EXPANDER FLANGE Application as for welding-nack flange—see above, Increases pipe size to first or second larger siza, Alternative to using reducer and welding-neck flange, Useful for connecting to valves, compressors ang pumps. Pressere ratings end dimensions are in accord with ANSI 8185. Ayellable from the Tube Turns Division af the Chametron Corporation, and from the Tube-Line Menufacturing Comaany. EXPANDER (or INCREASEA) FLANGE FIGURE 28a stainless steel is used, as tha flange con be of carbon steel and any the lap- joint stub end need be of the line materi, & stub end must bo std in lap joint, and the cost of the two items must be considered, If bot stub end flange ate of the same material they will Be more expensive than 2 walting neck flange, Useful where alignment of Dalt Miles is difficult, as ith spools tobe attached to fnged nozzles of vessels, LAPAOINT FLANGE (wih Stuband Fioune 2.10 BUTT-WELDING FITTINGS FOR BRANCHING 232 FROM BUTT.WELDED SYSTEMS. STUBAN Term for 8 branch pipe welded directly into the sida cf the mein pige run-itis note fitting, Ths s the commonest and lesst expensive method of welding a fullsize or reducing branch for pipe 2-inch and larger. A stub‘n cen be reinforced by means set out in 2.11 sTuBiN : FIGURE 2.11 | | a [ eee EST BUTT-WIELDING TEES, STRAIGHT or REDUCING, ere employed fo make ‘Q0-dogcoe branches from the main run cf pipe, Straight tees, with branch the same size as the run, are readily aveilaule, Reducing tees fave branch sunaller than the run, Bullhead tees have branch larger than the run, and are very seldom used but can bo made to special order. None of these tees requires reinforcement, Raducing tees are ordered as talon y t RenucinG ON ARaNEH |g ao [ROH eure BUTT WELOING TEES figure 212 aaa ao —— ‘The mart tour branching itings are made by Bunney Farge and Foundry inc. These fittings offer en altarate means of connecting into the main run, and 0 not require rainforcement, They are preshaped to the curvature ofthe run pine WELDOLET maker 2 90-dagrae branch, fullsize or reducing, on straight pipe, Closet manifolding is possible than with tars. Flat-based weldnts are ble for connecting to pipe caps and vessal heeds, FIGURES wetooueT Figure 210 28-213BUTT-WELDING ELBOLET makes a taducing tengent branch on long-adius ond shortadius elbove, eueouer BUTT.WELDING LATROLET Figure 2.14 Figure 2.16 BUTT-WELDING LATROLET rates @ 45-degiee reducing branch on straight pipe SWEEPOLET mokes 90-cegree ‘edcing brench from the mein run of pipe Primarily developed for high yield pipe used in oil and gas arsmission lines. Provides good flow pattern, end optimum ses distibuton, sweeroueT FIGURE 2.16 The next three fittings ere usually used for soecal designs CROSS, STRAIGHT or REDUCING Straight orossesare usvally stock items Feducing crosses may not be reecily available. For economy, availability and to minimize the numberof iters in inventory, it is preferred to use tees, ett, BUTT-ELDING cAOSS Fioune 217 LATERAL, STRAIGHT or REDUCING, portits osd-engled entry into the pipe run whare low resistance to flow is important. Streit laterals with branch bore aque to run bore are availeble in STD and XS weights. Reducing laterals and laterals at engles other than 4 dagress ar usually aveilable only 10 spacial order. Reinforcement is required where itis necessary to eestore the strength of the joint to the full stength of the pipe. Reducing laterals ‘210 ordered similcrly to butkwelding toes, except that the angie between branch and con is els stated, LATERAL Fioune 218 SN SHAPED NIPPLE Mow carey vsee, but can be obtained fram stack in 90: ‘end 45-deqre2 angles. and in any size end ancl, including offset, to speciet ‘ordar, The run is field-cut, using the nipple es template. Needs reinforcement if it iz necessary to bring the stength of the joint up to the full strangth of the pip, ‘SHAPED NIPPLE Figure 2.19CAP. is used to seal tne end of pipe. (See figure 2.20Ia.1 FLAT CLOSURES Fiat plates are normally cut espec by tha fabricator or eractor, (See figure 2.20 {bh} ld ‘THREE WELDED CLOSURES riguae 220 —9D- ELLIPSOIDAL, or DISHED, HEADS sre 7 diameter, ond are similer to thase used for consteveting ves COMPONENTS FOR SOCKET-WELDED. 2a PIPING SYSTEMS WHERE USED: For lines conveying tlamimable, toxic, or ‘expensive material, where no leaka be permittod, For steam: 300 19800 PS sand sometimes 160 PSI steam. Fer corres Ive conditions, sae Index under ‘Careosion ADVANTAGES OF JOINT: (1) Easier alignment an small fnas than butt welding, Tack welding re (2) Nu wld motal can enter b (3) Joint will not leak, when proper made y DISADVANTAGES OF JOINT: {1} The 1/18 inch recess in jaint (se chart 2.2) packets liquid (2) Usonot permitted by ANSI 831.1.0 1967 if severe erosion oF crevice ‘orrusion is anticipated WOW JOINT 15 MADE: The end of the pipe is finished flat, as shown in chart 2.2. It is located in the fitting, valve, flange, ec,, snd a contin cus filet wed is made around te cixcur- ference Chert 2.2 shows the ratings of pipe, fittings and valves thet are convmonly smbinad, oF may Bo uead togpther. The ute for 9 arojact specification, SOCKET-WELDED PIPING Bax CHART 2.2 CARBON-STEEL PIPE & FORGED-STEEL FITTINGS is 8 guide onty, and nat 8 Bone ost eouwan conaianion: ice oF waren on VALVES ? 32 4 chant 22 FISURES 2.14-2.20FITTINGS & FLANGES FOR, at SOCKET-WELDED SYSTEMS Dimensions of fittings and flanges are given in tables D8 ano F8 ——- FULL-COUPLING {termed ‘COUPLING) joins pipe to pige, oF to @ nips, sag, et, FULLCourLING FIgURE221 REDUCER joins two different diameters of pipe. REDUCER FicuRE 222 REDUCER INSERT A reducing fiting used for connecting sna pipe to 8 larger fitting. Socket-ended reducer ingerts can be made in eny reduction by boring standard forged blanks, S0CKET.NELDING REDUCING INSERTS FiQURE 223, FIrviNG, FLANGE, ==—+t UNION is used primarily for maintenance ond installation purposes. This @ ferewed joint designad for use with sockat-weided piping systems. See ex: planation in 2.6.1 of uses given under ‘screwed union’. Union should be screwed tight before the ends re welded, to minimize werping of the seat SOCKETIWELDING UNION Figure 224 SWAGED NIPPLES According to type, these eliow joining: (1) Socket fended items of different sizes-this type of swaged nigple hos bath ends plein (PBE) for insertion ita socket ands. (2) A socket ended iter to a larger bouttwelding pipe t fitting—this type of swogod nigple hes the larger end bev- led (BLE) and the smaller end plein (PSE) for insertion into a socket-ended item. A swaged nipple is also refered to 25a ‘swage’ (pranqunced ‘swedge’) sbbreviated on drawings as ‘SWG' or ‘SWG NIPP', When ordering 8 swege, state the weight designations of the pipes to be joined: for example, 2"(SCH 40) x 1°(SCH 80), Examples of the different and terminations that mey be specified are as follows: = [SPECIFYING SIZE & ENO FINISH qABLe2a ‘OF SOCKET WELDING SAGES SAGE FOR JOINING — SARGER to SMALLER EXANPLE NOTE ON DRAWING cwitew [Sw Tew SWG 1%" x 1” PRE aw FirtiNG oreire | swirem | SWG 2” x 1” BLE-PSE DW = Socket welding SW © Bute weaing ABBREVIATIONS PRE Plat bothends PLE = Fain reer PSE = Pian rll nd BLE ~ Bevo! eye and SWAGE (PoE) FIQURE 2.26SOCKET:VELDING ELBOWS Faune 226 SOCKET.WELDING FLANGE Regular type ing type is avaliable 10 oroes, For exaraie 8 Linch pipe ta a Veinch fine RED FLG 1” x5" 00 1502 3M able from stect. Reduc duning fienge {6 connect I serving f nected ag fiance SOCKETAVELOING FLANGE noun 227 eS. 2, . Seats FITTINGS FOR BRANCHING FROM 242 SOCKET-WELDED SYSTEMS, BRANCH FROM SOCKET:AVELDED RUN TEE, STRAIGHT or REDUCING, makes {0-degree. branch frem the main tun af pipe, Reducing tees are custamfabricsted by boring stardard forged blanis. SPECIFYING SIZE OF SOCKET. WELDING TEES, C42 LATERAL smokes full-size 45-degtee branch from sn rmoin sort of pipe SOCKET.-WELOING LATERAL Ficune 229 GROSS Remarks for buttwelding cross soply~soe 2.9.2, Rasuning cronees ce eustom-fabrizatod fy horing standard oxged blanks, SOCKETHELOING CROSS FaURE 230 FIGURES 2.21-2.30 TABLE 23FITTINGS FOR SOCKET:NELDED BRANCH 243 FROM VESSEL OR SUTT:WELDED MAIN RUN HALF-COUPLING — The fulleoupling is nat used for branching oF for ves- sl connections, asthe half-coupling is the seme length and is stronger. The hl-coupling permits S0-degree entry into a larges pipe or vessel well. The sockulet is more practiceble a5 shaping is necessary with the coupling SOCKETWVELDING HALF-COUPLING Figure 231 ‘Tho next four fittings are made by Bonney Forge and Foundry Inc, and offer ‘an alternate method of entering tha main pipe run. They have the advantage that the beveled welding ends are shaped to the curveture of the run pipe Reinforcement for the uttwelded piping oF vessel is not required. SOCKOLET makes 2 Q0-depree branch, fulbsize or reducing, on steight pipe Flat-based sockolets are avallavle for branch cannections on pipe caps and and vessel haeds, sockoveT Figure 222 SOCKET-WELDING ELBOLET makes a reducing tangent branch an fong ras and shortedius elbows, ‘SOCKET:NELOING ELEOLET Figuae 233 SOCKET.WELDING LATROLET makes 6 45-degree reducing branch on sireight pipe SOCKET.ELOING LATROLET Fcune 234 NIPOLET A variant af the sockalet, having inteprat plain nipple. Primarily developac for small valved connactions—see figure 6.47, h NipoueT FIGURE 2.35 STUBIN See comments in 2.3.2 Not prefered for lines under 2-inch due to risk of wld motel entering line end restricting flow, eLosuRE 244 SOCKET-WELDING CAP seels plein-endad pipe sockeTaWELDING CAP FIGURE 236PIPING SYSTEMS WHERE USED: Fe tin Piping ADVANTAGES: (I) Easily made from gipe and fittings an site (2 Minimizes fire hazard when installing siping in 98 where flammable gases or liquids are conveying services, and for salle provess ‘ DISADVANTAGES: {1}* Use not permitted by ANS! 837.1.0~1967, if severe arosion, crevice cossosion, shock, or vibration i anticipated, or et temparatures over 925 F. For corrosive cancitions, 2 Index under *Cortosior’ (2) Possible leakage of joint (3}* Seal welding may be requlted—see footnote to chert 2.3 (4) Strength of the pioe is recuced, as faiming the serewthvead reduces the wal thickness FITTINGS & FLANGES FOR 251 SCREWED SYSTEMS ‘A wide vange of serewed fittings has been daisioped by many manufacturers for special purposes, and for plumbing in buildings. Most of these fittings are ot utilized in pracess piping, although ther pressure and ternperature ratings may be sultabie, Galvanized 150 and SOD PSI malleableron fittings and simitery-rated valves ‘ara used with SCH 40 pipe for drinking water and sir linot, Tha overall ‘economics are in favor of utilizing as few different types of scroned fittings as possibia, Material specifications, drafting, checking, purchasing and sarehovs ing are simplified, Dimensions of malteableiron fittings are given jo table DS Screwed forgodsstel fitings are used mare extonsivaly than caskiron and malleabieiron fittings bacause of their greator mechanical stengts, Dimer: sions of lorgedstee! sereved fittings are given in table D-10, ——_ FULL:COUPLING termed ‘COUPLING jain pipe or items with threaded ends, FULL-COUPLING Ficune 237 los Chart 2.3 shows the ratings of pipe, fittings and valves that are commonly ~ combined, or may be used together. Tha chart is a quida only, and aot @ itute for a projec + specification ‘weighs oF rire al cHaRT ND PRESSURE! eens: 23. rari RIGURES 231-237 VALVES Segoe One ceatcryetom nti mt mh eee loner ar Sr pa DR etn! Tw orton eve eine cot dome octane