CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY

This table gives properties of aqueous solutions of 66 substances as a function of concentration. All data refer to a temperature of 20C. The
properties are:
Mass %:
m
c

Mass of solute divided by total mass of solution, expressed as percent.

Molality (moles of solute per kg of water).
Molarity (moles of solute per liter of solution).
Density of solution in g/cm3.
Index of refraction, relative to air, at a wavelength of 589 nm (sodium D line); the index of pure water at 20C is 1.3330.
Freezing point depression in C relative to pure water.
Absolute (dynamic) viscosity in mPa s (equal to centipoise, cP); the viscosity of pure water at 20C is 1.002 mPa s.

Density data for aqueous solutions over a wider range of temperatures and pressures (and for other compounds) may be found in Reference 2.
Solutes are listed in the following order:
Acetic acid
Acetone
Ammonia
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium sulfate
Barium chloride
Calcium chloride
Cesium chloride
Citric acid
Copper sulfate
Disodium ethylenediamine
tetraacetate (EDTA sodium)
Ethanol
Ethylene glycol
Ferric chloride
Formic acid
D-Fructose
D-Glucose
Glycerol
Hydrochloric acid
Lactic acid
Lactose

Lithium chloride
Magnesium chloride
Magnesium sulfate
Maltose
Manganese(II) sulfate
D-Mannitol
Methanol
Nitric acid
Oxalic acid
Phosphoric acid
Potassium bicarbonate
Potassium bromide
Potassium carbonate
Potassium chloride
Potassium hydroxide
Potassium iodide
Potassium nitrate
Potassium permanganate
Potassium hydrogen phosphate
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
Potassium sulfate
1-Propanol

2-Propanol
Silver nitrate
Sodium acetate
Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium bromide
Sodium carbonate
Sodium chloride
Sodium citrate
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium nitrate
Sodium phosphate
Sodium hydrogen phosphate
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate
Sodium sulfate
Sodium thiosulfate
Strontium chloride
Sucrose
Sulfuric acid
Trichloroacetic acid
Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine
Urea
Zinc sulfate

REFERENCES
1. Wolf, A. V., Aqueous Solutions and Body Fluids, Hoeber, 1966.
2. Shnel, O., and Novotny, P., Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Substances, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985.
Solute
Acetic acid
CH3COOH

Mass %
0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0

m/mol kg-1
0.084
0.168
0.340
0.515
0.694
0.876
1.063
1.253
1.448
1.647
1.850
2.271
2.711
3.172
3.655
4.163

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

/C

/mPa s

0.083
0.166
0.333
0.501
0.669
0.837
1.006
1.175
1.345
1.515
1.685
2.028
2.372
2.718
3.065
3.414

0.9989
0.9996
1.0011
1.0025
1.0038
1.0052
1.0066
1.0080
1.0093
1.0107
1.0121
1.0147
1.0174
1.0200
1.0225
1.0250

1.3334
1.3337
1.3345
1.3352
1.3359
1.3366
1.3373
1.3381
1.3388
1.3395
1.3402
1.3416
1.3430
1.3444
1.3458
1.3472

0.16
0.32
0.63
0.94
1.26
1.58
1.90
2.23
2.56
2.89
3.23
3.91
4.61
5.33
6.06
6.81

1.012
1.022
1.042
1.063
1.084
1.105
1.125
1.143
1.162
1.186
1.210
1.253
1.298
1.341
1.380
1.431

-1-

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

/C

/mPa s

22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
92.0
94.0
96.0
98.0
100.0

4.697
5.259
5.851
6.476
7.137
7.837
8.579
9.367
10.207
11.102
16.653
24.979
38.857
66.611
149.875
191.507
260.894
399.667
815.987

3.764
4.116
4.470
4.824
5.180
5.537
5.896
6.255
6.615
6.977
8.794
10.620
12.441
14.228
15.953
16.284
16.602
16.911
17.198
17.447

1.0275
1.0299
1.0323
1.0346
1.0369
1.0391
1.0413
1.0434
1.0454
1.0474
1.0562
1.0629
1.0673
1.0680
1.0644
1.0629
1.0606
1.0578
1.0538
1.0477

1.3485
1.3498
1.3512
1.3525
1.3537
1.3550
1.3562
1.3574
1.3586
1.3598
1.3653
1.3700
1.3738
1.3767
1.3771
1.3766
1.3759
1.3748
1.3734
1.3716

7.57
8.36
9.17
10.00
10.84
11.70
12.55
13.38

1.478
1.525
1.572
1.613
1.669
1.715
1.762
1.812
1.852
1.912
2.158
2.409
2.629
2.720
2.386
2.240
2.036
1.813
1.535
1.223

Acetone
(CH3)2CO

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0

0.087
0.174
0.351
0.533
0.717
0.906
1.099
1.296
1.497
1.703
1.913

0.086
0.172
0.343
0.513
0.684
0.853
1.023
1.191
1.360
1.528
1.696

0.9975
0.9968
0.9954
0.9940
0.9926
0.9912
0.9899
0.9886
0.9874
0.9861
0.9849

1.3334
1.3337
1.3344
1.3352
1.3359
1.3366
1.3373
1.3381
1.3388
1.3395
1.3402

0.16
0.32
0.65
0.97
1.30
1.63
1.96
2.29
2.62
2.95
3.29

1.013
1.024
1.047
1.072
1.099
1.125
1.150
1.174
1.198
1.221
1.244

Ammonia
NH3

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0

0.295
0.593
1.198
1.816
2.447
3.090
3.748
4.420
5.106
5.807
6.524
8.007
9.558
11.184
12.889
14.679
16.561
18.542
20.630
22.834
25.164

0.292
0.584
1.162
1.736
2.304
2.868
3.428
3.983
4.533
5.080
5.622
6.695
7.753
8.794
9.823
10.837
11.838
12.826
13.801
14.764
15.713

0.9960
0.9938
0.9895
0.9853
0.9811
0.9770
0.9730
0.9690
0.9651
0.9613
0.9575
0.9502
0.9431
0.9361
0.9294
0.9228
0.9164
0.9102
0.9040
0.8980
0.8920

1.3332
1.3335
1.3339
1.3344
1.3349
1.3354
1.3359
1.3365
1.3370
1.3376
1.3381
1.3393
1.3404
1.3416
1.3428
1.3440
1.3453
1.3465
1.3477
1.3490
1.3502

0.55
1.14
2.32
3.53
4.78
6.08
7.43
8.95
10.34
11.90
13.55
17.13
21.13
25.63
30.70
36.42
43.36
51.38
60.77
71.66
84.06

1.009
1.015
1.029
1.043
1.057
1.071
1.085
1.099
1.113
1.127
1.141
1.169
1.195
1.218
1.237
1.254
1.268
1.280
1.288

0.5
1.0
2.0

0.094
0.189
0.382

0.093
0.187
0.376

0.9998
1.0014
1.0045

1.3340
1.3349
1.3369

0.32
0.64
1.27

0.999
0.996
0.992

Ammonium
chloride
NH4Cl

-2-

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

/C

/mPa s

3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0

0.578
0.779
0.984
1.193
1.407
1.626
1.849
2.077
2.549
3.043
3.561
4.104
4.674
5.273
5.903

0.565
0.756
0.948
1.141
1.335
1.529
1.726
1.923
2.320
2.722
3.128
3.537
3.951
4.368
4.789

1.0076
1.0107
1.0138
1.0168
1.0198
1.0227
1.0257
1.0286
1.0344
1.0401
1.0457
1.0512
1.0567
1.0621
1.0674

1.3388
1.3407
1.3426
1.3445
1.3464
1.3483
1.3502
1.3521
1.3559
1.3596
1.3634
1.3671
1.3708
1.3745
1.3782

1.91
2.57
3.25
3.94
4.66
5.40
6.16
6.95
8.60

0.988
0.985
0.982
0.979
0.976
0.974
0.972
0.970
0.969
0.969
0.971
0.973
0.978
0.986
0.996

Ammonium
sulfate
(NH4)2SO4

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0

0.038
0.076
0.154
0.234
0.315
0.398
0.483
0.570
0.658
0.748
0.841
1.032
1.232
1.441
1.661
1.892
2.134
2.390
2.659
2.943
3.243
3.561
3.898
4.257
4.638
5.045

0.038
0.076
0.153
0.231
0.309
0.389
0.469
0.551
0.633
0.716
0.800
0.971
1.145
1.323
1.504
1.688
1.876
2.067
2.262
2.460
2.661
2.866
3.073
3.284
3.499
3.716

1.0012
1.0042
1.0101
1.0160
1.0220
1.0279
1.0338
1.0397
1.0456
1.0515
1.0574
1.0691
1.0808
1.0924
1.1039
1.1154
1.1269
1.1383
1.1496
1.1609
1.1721
1.1833
1.1945
1.2056
1.2166
1.2277

1.3338
1.3346
1.3363
1.3379
1.3395
1.3411
1.3428
1.3444
1.3460
1.3476
1.3492
1.3523
1.3555
1.3586
1.3616
1.3647
1.3677
1.3707
1.3737
1.3766
1.3795
1.3824
1.3853
1.3881
1.3909
1.3938

0.17
0.33
0.63
0.92
1.21
1.49
1.77
2.05
2.33
2.61
2.89
3.47
4.07
4.69

1.008
1.014
1.027
1.041
1.057
1.073
1.090
1.108
1.127
1.147
1.168
1.210
1.256
1.305
1.359
1.421
1.490
1.566
1.650
1.743
1.847
1.961
2.086
2.222
2.371
2.530

Barium
chloride
BaCl2

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0

0.024
0.049
0.098
0.149
0.200
0.253
0.307
0.361
0.418
0.475
0.534
0.655
0.782
0.915

0.024
0.048
0.098
0.148
0.199
0.251
0.303
0.357
0.412
0.468
0.524
0.641
0.763
0.889

1.0026
1.0070
1.0159
1.0249
1.0341
1.0434
1.0528
1.0624
1.0721
1.0820
1.0921
1.1128
1.1342
1.1564

1.3337
1.3345
1.3360
1.3375
1.3391
1.3406
1.3422
1.3438
1.3454
1.3470
1.3487
1.3520
1.3555
1.3591

0.12
0.23
0.46
0.69
0.93
1.18
1.44
1.70
1.98
2.27
2.58
3.22
3.92
4.69

1.009
1.016
1.026
1.037
1.049
1.062
1.075
1.087
1.101
1.114
1.129
1.161
1.195
1.234

-3-

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

/C

/mPa s

18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0

1.054
1.201
1.355
1.517
1.687

1.019
1.156
1.297
1.444
1.597

1.1793
1.2031
1.2277
1.2531
1.2793

1.3627
1.3664
1.3703
1.3741
1.3781

Calcium
chloride
CaCl2

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0

0.045
0.091
0.184
0.279
0.375
0.474
0.575
0.678
0.784
0.891
1.001
1.229
1.467
1.716
1.978
2.253
2.541
2.845
3.166
3.504
3.862
4.240
4.642
5.068
5.522
6.007

0.045
0.091
0.183
0.277
0.372
0.469
0.567
0.667
0.768
0.872
0.976
1.191
1.413
1.641
1.878
2.122
2.374
2.634
2.902
3.179
3.464
3.759
4.062
4.375
4.698
5.030

1.0024
1.0065
1.0148
1.0232
1.0316
1.0401
1.0486
1.0572
1.0659
1.0747
1.0835
1.1014
1.1198
1.1386
1.1579
1.1775
1.1976
1.2180
1.2388
1.2600
1.2816
1.3036
1.3260
1.3488
1.3720
1.3957

1.3342
1.3354
1.3378
1.3402
1.3426
1.3451
1.3475
1.3500
1.3525
1.3549
1.3575
1.3625
1.3677
1.3730
1.3784
1.3839
1.3895
1.3951
1.4008
1.4066
1.4124
1.4183
1.4242
1.4301
1.4361
1.4420

0.22
0.44
0.88
1.33
1.82
2.35
2.93
3.57
4.28
5.04
5.86
7.70
9.83
12.28
15.11
18.30
21.70
25.30
29.70
34.70
41.00
49.70

1.015
1.028
1.050
1.078
1.110
1.143
1.175
1.208
1.242
1.279
1.319
1.408
1.508
1.625
1.764
1.930
2.127
2.356
2.645
3.000
3.467
4.035
4.820
5.807
7.321
8.997

Cesium
chloride
CsCl

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0

0.030
0.060
0.121
0.184
0.247
0.313
0.379
0.447
0.516
0.587
0.660
0.810
0.967
1.131
1.304
1.485
1.675
1.876
2.087
2.310
2.546
2.795
3.060
3.341

0.030
0.060
0.120
0.182
0.245
0.308
0.373
0.438
0.505
0.573
0.641
0.782
0.928
1.079
1.235
1.397
1.564
1.737
1.917
2.103
2.296
2.497
2.705
2.921

1.0020
1.0058
1.0135
1.0214
1.0293
1.0374
1.0456
1.0540
1.0625
1.0711
1.0798
1.0978
1.1163
1.1355
1.1552
1.1756
1.1967
1.2185
1.2411
1.2644
1.2885
1.3135
1.3393
1.3661

1.3334
1.3337
1.3345
1.3353
1.3361
1.3369
1.3377
1.3386
1.3394
1.3403
1.3412
1.3430
1.3448
1.3468
1.3487
1.3507
1.3528
1.3550
1.3572
1.3594
1.3617
1.3641
1.3666
1.3691

0.10
0.20
0.40
0.61
0.81
1.02
1.22
1.43
1.64
1.85
2.06
2.51
2.97
3.46
3.96
4.49

1.000
0.997
0.992
0.988
0.984
0.980
0.977
0.974
0.971
0.969
0.966
0.961
0.955
0.950
0.945
0.939
0.934
0.930
0.926
0.924
0.922
0.922
0.924
0.926

-4-

1.277
1.325
1.378
1.437
1.503

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

/C

/mPa s

38.0
40.0
42.0
44.0
46.0
48.0
50.0
60.0
64.0

3.640
3.960
4.301
4.667
5.060
5.483
5.940
8.910
10.560

3.146
3.380
3.624
3.877
4.142
4.418
4.706
6.368
7.163

1.3938
1.4226
1.4525
1.4835
1.5158
1.5495
1.5846
1.7868
1.8842

1.3717
1.3744
1.3771
1.3800
1.3829
1.3860
1.3892
1.4076
1.4167

Citric acid
(HO)C(COOH)3

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0

0.026
0.053
0.106
0.161
0.217
0.274
0.332
0.392
0.453
0.515
0.578
0.710
0.847
0.991
1.143
1.301
1.468
1.644
1.829
2.024
2.231

0.026
0.052
0.105
0.158
0.211
0.265
0.320
0.374
0.430
0.485
0.541
0.655
0.771
0.889
1.008
1.130
1.254
1.380
1.508
1.639
1.772

1.0002
1.0022
1.0063
1.0105
1.0147
1.0189
1.0232
1.0274
1.0316
1.0359
1.0402
1.0490
1.0580
1.0672
1.0764
1.0858
1.0953
1.1049
1.1147
1.1246
1.1346

1.3336
1.3343
1.3356
1.3368
1.3381
1.3394
1.3407
1.3420
1.3433
1.3446
1.3459
1.3486
1.3514
1.3541
1.3569
1.3598
1.3626
1.3655
1.3684
1.3714
1.3744

0.05
0.11
0.21
0.32
0.43
0.54
0.65
0.76
0.88
1.00
1.12
1.38
1.66
1.95
2.26
2.57
2.88
3.21
3.55
3.89
4.25

1.013
1.024
1.048
1.073
1.098
1.125
1.153
1.183
1.214
1.247
1.283
1.357
1.436
1.525
1.625
1.740
1.872
2.017
2.178
2.356
2.549

Copper
sulfate
CuSO4

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0

0.031
0.063
0.128
0.194
0.261
0.330
0.400
0.472
0.545
0.620
0.696
0.854
1.020
1.193
1.375

0.031
0.063
0.128
0.194
0.261
0.329
0.399
0.471
0.543
0.618
0.694
0.850
1.013
1.182
1.360

1.0033
1.0085
1.0190
1.0296
1.0403
1.0511
1.0620
1.0730
1.0842
1.0955
1.1070
1.1304
1.1545
1.1796
1.2059

1.3339
1.3348
1.3367
1.3386
1.3405
1.3424
1.3443
1.3462
1.3481
1.3501
1.3520
1.3560
1.3601
1.3644
1.3689

0.08
0.14
0.26
0.37
0.48
0.59
0.70
0.82
0.93
1.05
1.18
1.45
1.75

1.017
1.036
1.084
1.129
1.173
1.221
1.276
1.336
1.400
1.469
1.543
1.701
1.889
2.136
2.449

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5

0.015
0.030
0.045
0.061
0.076
0.092
0.108
0.124
0.140

0.015
0.030
0.045
0.060
0.075
0.090
0.106
0.121
0.137

1.0009
1.0036
1.0062
1.0089
1.0115
1.0142
1.0169
1.0196
1.0223

1.3339
1.3348
1.3356
1.3365
1.3374
1.3383
1.3392
1.3400
1.3409

0.07
0.14
0.21
0.27
0.33
0.40
0.46
0.52
0.58

1.017
1.032
1.046
1.062
1.077
1.093
1.109
1.125
1.142

Disodium
ethylenediamine
tetraacetate
(EDTA sodium)
Na2C10H14N2O8

-5-

0.930
0.934
0.940
0.947
0.956
0.967
0.981
1.120
1.238

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Ethanol
CH3CH2OH

Ethylene
glycol
(CH2OH)2

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

/C

/mPa s

0.157
0.173
0.190

0.152
0.168
0.184

1.0250
1.0277
1.0305

1.3418
1.3427
1.3436

0.65
0.71
0.77

1.160
1.178
1.197

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0
42.0
44.0
46.0
48.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
92.0
94.0
96.0
98.0
100.0

0.109
0.219
0.443
0.671
0.904
1.142
1.385
1.634
1.887
2.147
2.412
2.960
3.534
4.134
4.765
5.427
6.122
6.855
7.626
8.441
9.303
10.215
11.182
12.210
13.304
14.471
15.718
17.055
18.490
20.036
21.706
32.559
50.648
86.824
195.355
249.620
340.062
520.946

0.108
0.216
0.432
0.646
0.860
1.074
1.286
1.498
1.710
1.921
2.131
2.551
2.967
3.382
3.795
4.205
4.613
5.018
5.419
5.817
6.212
6.601
6.987
7.370
7.747
8.120
8.488
8.853
9.213
9.568
9.919
11.605
13.183
14.649
15.980
16.225
16.466
16.697
16.920
17.133

0.9973
0.9963
0.9945
0.9927
0.9910
0.9893
0.9878
0.9862
0.9847
0.9833
0.9819
0.9792
0.9765
0.9739
0.9713
0.9687
0.9660
0.9632
0.9602
0.9571
0.9539
0.9504
0.9468
0.9431
0.9392
0.9352
0.9311
0.9269
0.9227
0.9183
0.9139
0.8911
0.8676
0.8436
0.8180
0.8125
0.8070
0.8013
0.7954
0.7893

1.3333
1.3336
1.3342
1.3348
1.3354
1.3360
1.3367
1.3374
1.3381
1.3388
1.3395
1.3410
1.3425
1.3440
1.3455
1.3469
1.3484
1.3498
1.3511
1.3524
1.3535
1.3546
1.3557
1.3566
1.3575
1.3583
1.3590
1.3598
1.3604
1.3610
1.3616
1.3638
1.3652
1.3658
1.3650
1.3646
1.3642
1.3636
1.3630
1.3614

0.20
0.40
0.81
1.23
1.65
2.09
2.54
2.99
3.47
3.96
4.47
5.56
6.73
8.01
9.40
10.92
12.60
14.47
16.41
18.43
20.47
22.44
24.27
25.98
27.62
29.26
30.98
32.68
34.36
36.04
37.67
44.93

1.023
1.046
1.095
1.140
1.183
1.228
1.279
1.331
1.385
1.442
1.501
1.627
1.761
1.890
2.019
2.142
2.259
2.370
2.476
2.581
2.667
2.726
2.768
2.803
2.829
2.846
2.852
2.850
2.843
2.832
2.813
2.547
2.214
1.881
1.542
1.475
1.407
1.342
1.273
1.203

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0

0.081
0.163
0.329
0.498
0.671
0.848
1.028
1.213
1.401
1.593
1.790
2.197

0.080
0.161
0.322
0.484
0.646
0.809
0.972
1.136
1.299
1.464
1.628
1.959

0.9988
0.9995
1.0007
1.0019
1.0032
1.0044
1.0057
1.0070
1.0082
1.0095
1.0108
1.0134

1.3335
1.3339
1.3348
1.3358
1.3367
1.3377
1.3386
1.3396
1.3405
1.3415
1.3425
1.3444

0.15
0.30
0.61
0.92
1.24
1.58
1.91
2.26
2.62
2.99
3.37
4.16

1.010
1.020
1.048
1.074
1.099
1.125
1.153
1.182
1.212
1.243
1.277
1.348

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

5.0
5.5
6.0

-6-

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

/C

/mPa s

14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
24.0
28.0
32.0
36.0
40.0
44.0
48.0
52.0
56.0
60.0

2.623
3.069
3.537
4.028
5.088
6.265
7.582
9.062
10.741
12.659
14.872
17.453
20.505
24.166

2.292
2.626
2.962
3.300
3.981
4.669
5.364
6.067
6.776
7.491
8.212
8.939
9.671
10.406

1.0161
1.0188
1.0214
1.0241
1.0296
1.0350
1.0405
1.0460
1.0514
1.0567
1.0619
1.0670
1.0719
1.0765

1.3464
1.3484
1.3503
1.3523
1.3564
1.3605
1.3646
1.3687
1.3728
1.3769
1.3811
1.3851
1.3892
1.3931

5.01
5.91
6.89
7.93
10.28
13.03
16.23
19.82
23.84
28.32
33.30
38.81
44.83
51.23

1.424
1.500
1.578
1.661
1.843
2.047
2.280
2.537
2.832
3.166
3.544
3.981
4.475
5.026

Ferric
chloride
FeCl3

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
24.0
28.0
32.0
36.0
40.0

0.031
0.062
0.126
0.191
0.257
0.324
0.394
0.464
0.536
0.610
0.685
0.841
1.004
1.174
1.353
1.541
1.947
2.398
2.901
3.468
4.110

0.031
0.062
0.125
0.189
0.255
0.321
0.388
0.457
0.526
0.597
0.669
0.817
0.969
1.126
1.289
1.457
1.810
2.189
2.595
3.030
3.496

1.0025
1.0068
1.0153
1.0238
1.0323
1.0408
1.0493
1.0580
1.0668
1.0760
1.0853
1.1040
1.1228
1.1420
1.1615
1.1816
1.2234
1.2679
1.3153
1.3654
1.4176

1.3344
1.3358
1.3386
1.3413
1.3441
1.3468
1.3496
1.3524
1.3552
1.3581
1.3611
1.3670
1.3730

0.21
0.39
0.75
1.15
1.56
2.00
2.48
2.99
3.57
4.19
4.85
6.38
8.22
10.45
13.08
16.14
23.79
33.61
49.16

1.024
1.047
1.093
1.139
1.187
1.238
1.292
1.350
1.412
1.480
1.553
1.707
1.879
2.080
2.311
2.570
3.178
4.038
5.274
7.130
9.674

Formic acid
HCOOH

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
28.0
36.0
44.0
52.0

0.109
0.219
0.443
0.672
0.905
1.143
1.387
1.635
1.889
2.149
2.414
2.962
3.537
4.138
4.769
5.431
8.449
12.220
17.070
23.535

0.109
0.217
0.436
0.655
0.876
1.097
1.320
1.544
1.768
1.994
2.221
2.678
3.139
3.605
4.074
4.548
6.481
8.477
10.529
12.633

0.9994
1.0006
1.0029
1.0053
1.0077
1.0102
1.0126
1.0150
1.0175
1.0199
1.0224
1.0273
1.0322
1.0371
1.0419
1.0467
1.0654
1.0839
1.1015
1.1183

1.3333
1.3336
1.3342
1.3348
1.3354
1.3359
1.3365
1.3371
1.3376
1.3382
1.3387
1.3397
1.3408
1.3418
1.3428
1.3437
1.3475
1.3511
1.3547
1.3581

0.21
0.42
0.82
1.24
1.67
2.10
2.53
2.97
3.40
3.84
4.27
5.19
6.11
7.06
8.08
9.11
13.10
17.65
22.93
29.69

1.006
1.011
1.017
1.195
1.032
1.039
1.046
1.052
1.058
1.064
1.070
1.082
1.094
1.106
1.119
1.132
1.179
1.227
1.281
1.340

-7-

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

/C

/mPa s

60.0
68.0

32.587
46.166

14.813
17.054

1.1364
1.1544

1.3612
1.3641

38.26

1.410
1.490

D-Fructose
C6H12O6

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0
42.0
44.0
46.0
48.0

0.028
0.056
0.113
0.172
0.231
0.292
0.354
0.418
0.483
0.549
0.617
0.757
0.904
1.057
1.218
1.388
1.566
1.753
1.950
2.159
2.379
2.612
2.859
3.122
3.402
3.700
4.019
4.361
4.728
5.124

0.028
0.056
0.112
0.168
0.225
0.283
0.340
0.399
0.458
0.517
0.576
0.697
0.820
0.945
1.072
1.201
1.332
1.465
1.600
1.738
1.878
2.020
2.164
2.312
2.461
2.613
2.767
2.925
3.084
3.247

1.0002
1.0021
1.0061
1.0101
1.0140
1.0181
1.0221
1.0262
1.0303
1.0344
1.0385
1.0469
1.0554
1.0640
1.0728
1.0816
1.0906
1.0996
1.1089
1.1182
1.1276
1.1372
1.1469
1.1568
1.1668
1.1769
1.1871
1.1975
1.2080
1.2187

1.3337
1.3344
1.3358
1.3373
1.3387
1.3402
1.3417
1.3431
1.3446
1.3461
1.3476
1.3507
1.3538
1.3569
1.3601
1.3634
1.3667
1.3700
1.3734
1.3768
1.3803
1.3839
1.3874
1.3911
1.3948
1.3985
1.4023
1.4062
1.4101
1.4141

0.05
0.10
0.21
0.32
0.43
0.54
0.66
0.78
0.90
1.03
1.16
1.43
1.71
2.01
2.32
2.64
3.05
3.43
3.82
4.20

1.015
1.028
1.054
1.080
1.106
1.134
1.165
1.198
1.232
1.270
1.309
1.391
1.483
1.587
1.703
1.837
1.986
2.154
2.348
2.562
2.817
3.112
3.462
3.899
4.418
5.046
5.773
6.644
7.753
9.060

D-Glucose
C6H12O6

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0

0.028
0.056
0.113
0.172
0.231
0.292
0.354
0.418
0.483
0.549
0.617
0.757
0.904
1.057
1.218
1.388
1.566
1.753
1.950
2.159
2.379
2.612
2.859

0.028
0.056
0.112
0.168
0.225
0.282
0.340
0.398
0.457
0.516
0.576
0.697
0.819
0.944
1.070
1.199
1.329
1.462
1.597
1.734
1.873
2.014
2.158

1.0001
1.0020
1.0058
1.0097
1.0136
1.0175
1.0214
1.0254
1.0294
1.0334
1.0375
1.0457
1.0540
1.0624
1.0710
1.0797
1.0884
1.0973
1.1063
1.1154
1.1246
1.1340
1.1434

1.3337
1.3344
1.3358
1.3373
1.3387
1.3402
1.3417
1.3432
1.3447
1.3462
1.3477
1.3508
1.3539
1.3571
1.3603
1.3635
1.3668
1.3702
1.3736
1.3770
1.3805
1.3840
1.3876

0.05
0.11
0.21
0.32
0.43
0.55
0.67
0.79
0.91
1.04
1.17
1.44
1.73
2.03
2.35
2.70
3.07
3.48
3.90
4.34
4.79

1.010
1.021
1.052
1.083
1.113
1.145
1.179
1.214
1.250
1.289
1.330
1.416
1.512
1.625
1.757
1.904
2.063
2.242
2.458
2.707
2.998
3.324
3.704

-8-

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Glycerol
CH2OHCHOHCH2OH

Hydrochloric
acid
HCl

/C

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

36.0
38.0
40.0
42.0
44.0
46.0
48.0
50.0
52.0
54.0
56.0
58.0
60.0

3.122
3.402
3.700
4.019
4.361
4.728
5.124
5.551
6.013
6.516
7.064
7.665
8.326

2.304
2.452
2.603
2.756
2.912
3.071
3.232
3.396
3.562
3.732
3.905
4.081
4.261

1.1529
1.1626
1.1724
1.1823
1.1924
1.2026
1.2130
1.2235
1.2342
1.2451
1.2562
1.2676
1.2793

1.3912
1.3949
1.3986
1.4024
1.4062
1.4101
1.4141
1.4181
1.4222
1.4263
1.4306
1.4349
1.4394

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
24.0
28.0
32.0
36.0
40.0
44.0
48.0
52.0
56.0
60.0
64.0
68.0
72.0
76.0
80.0
84.0
88.0
92.0
96.0
100.0

0.055
0.110
0.222
0.336
0.452
0.572
0.693
0.817
0.944
1.074
1.207
1.481
1.768
2.068
2.384
2.715
3.429
4.223
5.110
6.108
7.239
8.532
10.024
11.764
13.820
16.288
19.305
23.075
27.923
34.387
43.436
57.009
79.632
124.878
260.615

0.054
0.109
0.218
0.327
0.438
0.548
0.659
0.771
0.883
0.996
1.109
1.337
1.568
1.800
2.035
2.271
2.752
3.242
3.742
4.252
4.771
5.300
5.838
6.385
6.944
7.512
8.092
8.680
9.277
9.884
10.498
11.121
11.753
12.392
13.039
13.694

0.9994
1.0005
1.0028
1.0051
1.0074
1.0097
1.0120
1.0144
1.0167
1.0191
1.0215
1.0262
1.0311
1.0360
1.0409
1.0459
1.0561
1.0664
1.0770
1.0876
1.0984
1.1092
1.1200
1.1308
1.1419
1.1530
1.1643
1.1755
1.1866
1.1976
1.2085
1.2192
1.2299
1.2404
1.2508
1.2611

1.3336
1.3342
1.3353
1.3365
1.3376
1.3388
1.3400
1.3412
1.3424
1.3436
1.3448
1.3472
1.3496
1.3521
1.3547
1.3572
1.3624
1.3676
1.3730
1.3785
1.3841
1.3897
1.3954
1.4011
1.4069
1.4129
1.4189
1.4249
1.4310
1.4370
1.4431
1.4492
1.4553
1.4613
1.4674
1.4735

0.07
0.18
0.41
0.63
0.85
1.08
1.32
1.56
1.81
2.06
2.32
2.88
3.47
4.09
4.76
5.46
7.01
8.77
10.74
12.96
15.50

1.011
1.022
1.048
1.074
1.100
1.127
1.157
1.188
1.220
1.256
1.291
1.365
1.445
1.533
1.630
1.737
1.988
2.279
2.637
3.088
3.653
4.443
5.413
6.666
8.349
10.681
13.657
18.457
27.625
40.571
59.900
84.338
147.494
384.467
780.458

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0

0.138
0.277
0.560
0.848
1.143
1.444

0.137
0.275
0.553
0.833
1.117
1.403

1.0007
1.0031
1.0081
1.0130
1.0179
1.0228

1.3341
1.3353
1.3376
1.3399
1.3422
1.3445

0.49
0.99
2.08
3.28
4.58
5.98

1.008
1.015
1.029
1.044
1.059
1.075

-9-

/mPa s
4.193
4.786
5.493
6.288
7.235
8.454
9.883
11.884
14.489
17.916
22.886
29.389
37.445

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Lactic acid
CH3CHOHCOOH

Lactose
C12H22O11

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

/C

/mPa s

6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0

1.751
2.064
2.385
2.713
3.047
3.740
4.465
5.224
6.020
6.857
7.736
8.661
9.636
10.666
11.754
12.907
14.129
15.427
16.810
18.284

1.691
1.983
2.277
2.574
2.873
3.481
4.099
4.729
5.370
6.023
6.687
7.362
8.049
8.748
9.456
10.175
10.904
11.642
12.388
13.140

1.0278
1.0327
1.0377
1.0426
1.0476
1.0576
1.0676
1.0777
1.0878
1.0980
1.1083
1.1185
1.1288
1.1391
1.1492
1.1594
1.1693
1.1791
1.1886
1.1977

1.3468
1.3491
1.3515
1.3538
1.3561
1.3607
1.3653
1.3700
1.3746
1.3792
1.3838
1.3884
1.3930
1.3976
1.4020
1.4066
1.4112
1.4158
1.4204
1.4250

7.52
9.22
11.10
13.15
15.40
20.51

1.091
1.108
1.125
1.143
1.161
1.199
1.239
1.282
1.326
1.374
1.426
1.483
1.547
1.620
1.705
1.799
1.900
2.002
2.105

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
24.0
28.0
32.0
36.0
40.0
44.0
48.0
52.0
56.0
60.0
64.0
68.0
72.0
76.0
80.0

0.056
0.112
0.227
0.343
0.463
0.584
0.709
0.836
0.965
1.098
1.233
1.514
1.807
2.115
2.437
2.775
3.506
4.317
5.224
6.244
7.401
8.722
10.247
12.026
14.129
16.652
19.736
23.590
28.546
35.154
44.405

0.055
0.111
0.223
0.334
0.447
0.560
0.673
0.787
0.902
1.017
1.132
1.365
1.600
1.837
2.076
2.318
2.807
3.305
3.811
4.325
4.847
5.377
5.917
6.466
7.023
7.588
8.161
8.741
9.328
9.922
10.522

0.9992
1.0002
1.0023
1.0043
1.0065
1.0086
1.0108
1.0131
1.0153
1.0176
1.0199
1.0246
1.0294
1.0342
1.0390
1.0439
1.0536
1.0632
1.0728
1.0822
1.0915
1.1008
1.1105
1.1201
1.1297
1.1392
1.1486
1.1579
1.1670
1.1760
1.1848

1.3335
1.3340
1.3350
1.3360
1.3370
1.3380
1.3390
1.3400
1.3410
1.3420
1.3430
1.3450
1.3470
1.3491
1.3511
1.3532
1.3573
1.3615
1.3657
1.3700
1.3743
1.3786
1.3828
1.3871
1.3914
1.3958
1.4001
1.4045
1.4088
1.4131
1.4173

0.10
0.19
0.38
0.57
0.76
0.95
1.16
1.36
1.57
1.79
2.02
2.49
2.99
3.48
3.96
4.44

1.014
1.027
1.056
1.084
1.110
1.138
1.167
1.198
1.229
1.262
1.296
1.366
1.441
1.522
1.607
1.699
1.902
2.136
2.414
2.730
3.114
3.566
4.106
4.789
5.579
6.679
8.024
9.863
12.866
16.974
22.164

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0

0.015
0.030
0.060
0.090
0.122

0.015
0.029
0.059
0.089
0.119

1.0002
1.0021
1.0061
1.0102
1.0143

1.3337
1.3345
1.3359
1.3375
1.3390

0.03
0.06
0.11
0.17
0.23

1.013
1.026
1.058
1.089
1.120

-10-

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

/C

/mPa s

5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0

0.154
0.186
0.220
0.254
0.289
0.325
0.398
0.476
0.556
0.641

0.149
0.179
0.210
0.241
0.272
0.304
0.367
0.432
0.498
0.565

1.0184
1.0225
1.0267
1.0308
1.0349
1.0390
1.0473
1.0558
1.0648
1.0746

1.3406
1.3421
1.3437
1.3453
1.3468
1.3484
1.3515
1.3548
1.3582
1.3619

0.29
0.35
0.42
0.50

1.154
1.191
1.232
1.276
1.321
1.370
1.476
1.593
1.724
1.869

Lithium
chloride
LiCl

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0

0.119
0.238
0.481
0.730
0.983
1.241
1.506
1.775
2.051
2.333
2.621
3.217
3.840
4.493
5.178
5.897
6.653
7.449
8.288
9.173
10.109

0.118
0.237
0.476
0.719
0.964
1.211
1.462
1.715
1.971
2.230
2.491
3.022
3.564
4.118
4.683
5.260
5.851
6.453
7.069
7.700
8.344

1.0012
1.0041
1.0099
1.0157
1.0215
1.0272
1.0330
1.0387
1.0444
1.0502
1.0560
1.0675
1.0792
1.0910
1.1029
1.1150
1.1274
1.1399
1.1527
1.1658
1.1791

1.3341
1.3351
1.3373
1.3394
1.3415
1.3436
1.3457
1.3478
1.3499
1.3520
1.3541
1.3583
1.3625
1.3668
1.3711
1.3755
1.3799
1.3844
1.3890
1.3936
1.3983

0.42
0.84
1.72
2.68
3.73
4.86
6.14
7.56
9.11
10.79
12.61
16.59
21.04

1.019
1.037
1.072
1.108
1.146
1.185
1.226
1.269
1.313
1.360
1.411
1.522
1.647
1.787
1.942
2.128
2.341
2.600
2.925
3.318
3.785

Magnesium
chloride
MgCl2

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0

0.053
0.106
0.214
0.325
0.438
0.553
0.670
0.791
0.913
1.039
1.167
1.432
1.710
2.001
2.306
2.626
2.962
3.317
3.690
4.085
4.501

0.053
0.106
0.213
0.322
0.433
0.546
0.660
0.777
0.895
1.015
1.137
1.387
1.645
1.911
2.184
2.467
2.758
3.060
3.371
3.692
4.022

1.0022
1.0062
1.0144
1.0226
1.0309
1.0394
1.0479
1.0564
1.0651
1.0738
1.0826
1.1005
1.1189
1.1372
1.1553
1.1742
1.1938
1.2140
1.2346
1.2555
1.2763

1.3343
1.3356
1.3381
1.3406
1.3432
1.3457
1.3483
1.3508
1.3534
1.3560
1.3587
1.3641
1.3695
1.3749
1.3804
1.3859
1.3915
1.3972
1.4030
1.4089
1.4148

0.26
0.52
1.06
1.65
2.30
3.01

1.024
1.046
1.091
1.139
1.188
1.241
1.298
1.358
1.423
1.493
1.570
1.745
1.956
2.207
2.507
2.867
3.323
3.917
4.694
5.709
7.017

Magnesium
sulfate
MgSO4

0.5
1.0
2.0

0.042
0.084
0.170

0.042
0.084
0.169

1.0033
1.0084
1.0186

1.3340
1.3350
1.3371

0.10
0.19
0.36

1.027
1.054
1.112

-11-

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

/C

/mPa s

3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0

0.257
0.346
0.437
0.530
0.625
0.722
0.822
0.923
1.133
1.352
1.582
1.824
2.077
2.343
2.624
2.919

0.256
0.345
0.436
0.528
0.623
0.719
0.817
0.917
1.122
1.336
1.557
1.788
2.027
2.275
2.532
2.800

1.0289
1.0392
1.0497
1.0602
1.0708
1.0816
1.0924
1.1034
1.1257
1.1484
1.1717
1.1955
1.2198
1.2447
1.2701
1.2961

1.3391
1.3411
1.3431
1.3451
1.3471
1.3492
1.3512
1.3532
1.3572
1.3613
1.3654
1.3694
1.3735
1.3776
1.3817
1.3858

0.52
0.69
0.87
1.05
1.24
1.43
1.64
1.85
2.31
2.86
3.67

1.177
1.249
1.328
1.411
1.498
1.593
1.702
1.829
2.104
2.412
2.809
3.360
4.147
5.199
6.498
8.066

Maltose
C12H22O11

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
52.0
54.0
56.0
58.0
60.0

0.015
0.030
0.060
0.090
0.122
0.154
0.186
0.220
0.254
0.289
0.325
0.398
0.476
0.556
0.641
0.730
0.824
0.923
1.026
1.136
1.252
1.948
2.921
3.165
3.429
3.718
4.034
4.382

0.015
0.029
0.059
0.089
0.119
0.149
0.179
0.210
0.241
0.272
0.303
0.367
0.431
0.497
0.564
0.631
0.700
0.770
0.842
0.914
0.988
1.375
1.797
1.886
1.976
2.068
2.159
2.253

1.0003
1.0023
1.0063
1.0104
1.0144
1.0184
1.0224
1.0265
1.0305
1.0345
1.0385
1.0465
1.0545
1.0629
1.0716
1.0801
1.0894
1.0984
1.1080
1.1171
1.1269
1.1769
1.2304
1.2416
1.2528
1.2638
1.2740
1.2855

1.3337
1.3345
1.3359
1.3374
1.3389
1.3404
1.3420
1.3435
1.3450
1.3466
1.3482
1.3513
1.3546
1.3578
1.3612
1.3644
1.3678
1.3714
1.3749
1.3785
1.3821
1.4013
1.4217
1.4260
1.4308
1.4350
1.4394
1.4440

0.03
0.06
0.11
0.17
0.23
0.29
0.35
0.42
0.48
0.55
0.62
0.77
0.92
1.08
1.25
1.43
1.64
1.85
2.08
2.34
2.62
4.41

1.016
1.030
1.060
1.092
1.126
1.162
1.200
1.239
1.281
1.325
1.372
1.474
1.588
1.715
1.859
2.021
2.216
2.463
2.753
3.066
3.427
6.926
17.786
22.034
28.757
38.226
49.298

Manganese(II)
sulfate
MnSO4

1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0

0.067
0.135
0.205
0.276
0.349
0.423
0.498
0.576
0.655
0.736
0.903

0.067
0.135
0.204
0.275
0.347
0.421
0.495
0.572
0.650
0.729
0.893

1.0080
1.0178
1.0277
1.0378
1.0480
1.0583
1.0688
1.0794
1.0902
1.1012
1.1236

1.3348
1.3366
1.3384
1.3402
1.3420
1.3438
1.3457
1.3475
1.3494
1.3513
1.3551

0.16
0.31
0.44
0.57
0.70
0.84
0.98
1.12
1.28
1.44
1.80

1.046
1.090
1.137
1.187
1.242
1.301
1.363
1.431
1.505
1.587
1.779

-12-

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

D-Mannitol
CH2(CHOH)4CH2OH

Methanol
CH3OH

Nitric acid
HNO3

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

/C

/mPa s

14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0

1.078
1.261
1.454
1.656

1.063
1.240
1.424
1.616

1.1467
1.1705
1.1950
1.2203

1.3589
1.3629
1.3668
1.3708

2.21
2.67
3.19
3.80

2.005
2.272
2.580
2.938

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0

0.028
0.055
0.112
0.170
0.229
0.289
0.350
0.413
0.477
0.543
0.610
0.678
0.749
0.820
0.894
0.969

0.027
0.055
0.110
0.166
0.222
0.279
0.336
0.393
0.451
0.509
0.567
0.626
0.686
0.746
0.806
0.867

1.0000
1.0017
1.0053
1.0088
1.0124
1.0159
1.0195
1.0230
1.0266
1.0302
1.0338
1.0375
1.0412
1.0450
1.0489
1.0529

1.3337
1.3345
1.3359
1.3374
1.3389
1.3403
1.3418
1.3433
1.3447
1.3462
1.3477
1.3491
1.3506
1.3521
1.3536
1.3552

0.05
0.10
0.21
0.32
0.43
0.54
0.66
0.77
0.90
1.02
1.15
1.28
1.41
1.55
1.69
1.84

1.019
1.032
1.057
1.081
1.107
1.135
1.166
1.200
1.236
1.275
1.314
1.355
1.398
1.443
1.489
1.537

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0

0.157
0.315
0.637
0.965
1.300
1.643
1.992
2.349
2.714
3.087
3.468
4.256
5.081
5.945
6.851
7.803
8.803
9.856
10.966
12.138
13.376
14.688
16.078
17.556
19.129
20.807
31.211
46.816
72.826
124.844
280.899

0.156
0.311
0.621
0.930
1.238
1.544
1.850
2.155
2.459
2.762
3.064
3.665
4.262
4.856
5.447
6.034
6.616
7.196
7.771
8.341
8.908
9.470
10.028
10.580
11.127
11.669
14.288
16.749
19.040
21.144
23.045
24.710

0.9973
0.9964
0.9947
0.9930
0.9913
0.9896
0.9880
0.9864
0.9848
0.9832
0.9816
0.9785
0.9755
0.9725
0.9695
0.9666
0.9636
0.9606
0.9576
0.9545
0.9514
0.9482
0.9450
0.9416
0.9382
0.9347
0.9156
0.8944
0.8715
0.8468
0.8204
0.7917

1.3331
1.3332
1.3334
1.3336
1.3339
1.3341
1.3343
1.3346
1.3348
1.3351
1.3354
1.3359
1.3365
1.3370
1.3376
1.3381
1.3387
1.3392
1.3397
1.3402
1.3407
1.3411
1.3415
1.3419
1.3422
1.3425
1.3431
1.3426
1.3411
1.3385
1.3348
1.3290

0.28
0.56
1.14
1.75
2.37
3.02
3.71
4.41
5.13
5.85
6.60
8.14
9.72
11.36
13.13
15.02
16.98
19.04
21.23
23.59
25.91
28.15
30.48
32.97
35.60
38.60
54.50
74.50

1.022
1.040
1.070
1.100
1.131
1.163
1.196
1.229
1.264
1.297
1.329
1.389
1.446
1.501
1.554
1.604
1.652
1.697
1.735
1.769
1.795
1.814
1.827
1.835
1.839
1.837
1.761
1.600
1.368
1.128
0.861
0.586

0.5
1.0
2.0

0.080
0.160
0.324

0.079
0.159
0.320

1.0009
1.0037
1.0091

1.3336
1.3343
1.3356

0.28
0.56
1.12

1.004
1.005
1.007

-13-

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

/C

/mPa s

3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0

0.491
0.661
0.835
1.013
1.194
1.380
1.570
1.763
2.164
2.583
3.023
3.484
3.967
4.476
5.011
5.576
6.172
6.801
7.468
8.175
8.927
9.727
10.580

0.483
0.648
0.814
0.982
1.152
1.324
1.498
1.673
2.030
2.395
2.768
3.149
3.539
3.937
4.344
4.760
5.185
5.618
6.060
6.512
6.971
7.439
7.913

1.0146
1.0202
1.0257
1.0314
1.0370
1.0427
1.0485
1.0543
1.0660
1.0780
1.0901
1.1025
1.1150
1.1277
1.1406
1.1536
1.1668
1.1801
1.1934
1.2068
1.2202
1.2335
1.2466

1.3368
1.3381
1.3394
1.3407
1.3421
1.3434
1.3447
1.3460
1.3487
1.3514
1.3541
1.3569
1.3596
1.3624
1.3652
1.3680
1.3708
1.3736
1.3763
1.3790
1.3817
1.3842
1.3867

1.70
2.32
2.96
3.63
4.33
5.05
5.81
6.60
8.27
10.08
12.04
14.16

1.010
1.014
1.018
1.022
1.027
1.032
1.038
1.044
1.058
1.075
1.094
1.116
1.141
1.169
1.199
1.233
1.271
1.311
1.354
1.400
1.450
1.504
1.561

Oxalic acid
(COOH)2

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0

0.056
0.112
0.169
0.227
0.285
0.343
0.403
0.463
0.523
0.585
0.709
0.836
0.966

0.056
0.111
0.167
0.224
0.281
0.337
0.395
0.452
0.510
0.568
0.684
0.802
0.920

1.0006
1.0030
1.0054
1.0079
1.0103
1.0126
1.0150
1.0174
1.0197
1.0220
1.0265
1.0310
1.0355

1.3336
1.3342
1.3347
1.3353
1.3359
1.3364
1.3370
1.3375
1.3381
1.3386
1.3397
1.3407
1.3418

0.16
0.30
0.44
0.57
0.71
0.84
0.97
1.09

1.013
1.023
1.033
1.044
1.055
1.065
1.076
1.086
1.097
1.108
1.129
1.150
1.172

Phosphoric
acid
H3PO4

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0

0.051
0.103
0.208
0.316
0.425
0.537
0.651
0.768
0.887
1.009
1.134
1.392
1.661
1.944
2.240
2.551
2.878
3.223
3.585

0.051
0.102
0.206
0.311
0.416
0.523
0.631
0.740
0.850
0.962
1.075
1.304
1.538
1.777
2.022
2.273
2.529
2.791
3.059

1.0010
1.0038
1.0092
1.0146
1.0200
1.0254
1.0309
1.0363
1.0418
1.0474
1.0531
1.0647
1.0765
1.0885
1.1009
1.1135
1.1263
1.1395
1.1528

1.3335
1.3340
1.3349
1.3358
1.3367
1.3376
1.3385
1.3394
1.3403
1.3413
1.3422
1.3441
1.3460
1.3480
1.3500
1.3520
1.3540
1.3561
1.3582

0.12
0.24
0.46
0.69
0.93
1.16
1.38
1.62
1.88
2.16
2.45
3.01
3.76
4.45
5.25
6.23
7.38
8.69
10.12

1.010
1.020
1.050
1.079
1.108
1.138
1.169
1.200
1.232
1.267
1.303
1.382
1.469
1.565
1.671
1.788
1.914
2.049
2.198

-14-

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

/C

/mPa s

28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0

3.968
4.373
4.802
5.257
5.740
6.254
6.803

3.333
3.614
3.901
4.194
4.495
4.803
5.117

1.1665
1.1804
1.1945
1.2089
1.2236
1.2385
1.2536

1.3604
1.3625
1.3647
1.3669
1.3691
1.3713
1.3735

11.64
13.23
14.94
16.81
18.85
21.09
23.58

2.365
2.553
2.766
3.001
3.260
3.544
3.856

Potassium
bicarbonate
KHCO3

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0

0.050
0.101
0.204
0.309
0.416
0.526
0.638
0.752
0.869
0.988
1.110
1.362
1.626
1.903
2.193
2.497
2.817
3.154

0.050
0.100
0.202
0.305
0.409
0.515
0.622
0.730
0.840
0.951
1.064
1.293
1.528
1.770
2.017
2.272
2.533
2.801

1.0014
1.0046
1.0114
1.0181
1.0247
1.0310
1.0379
1.0446
1.0514
1.0581
1.0650
1.0788
1.0929
1.1073
1.1221
1.1372
1.1527
1.1685

1.3335
1.3341
1.3353
1.3365
1.3376
1.3386
1.3397
1.3409
1.3419
1.3430
1.3441
1.3462
1.3484
1.3506
1.3528
1.3550
1.3572
1.3595

0.18
0.34
0.67
0.98
1.29
1.60
1.91
2.22
2.53
2.84
3.16
3.79
4.41

1.009
1.015
1.027
1.040
1.053
1.067
1.081
1.096
1.112
1.128
1.145
1.183
1.224
1.270
1.319
1.373
1.432
1.497

Potassium
bromide
KBr

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0

0.042
0.085
0.171
0.260
0.350
0.442
0.536
0.633
0.731
0.831
0.934
1.146
1.368
1.601
1.845
2.101
2.370
2.654
2.952
3.268
3.601
3.954
4.329
4.727
5.150
5.602

0.042
0.084
0.170
0.257
0.345
0.435
0.526
0.618
0.711
0.806
0.903
1.099
1.302
1.512
1.727
1.950
2.179
2.416
2.661
2.914
3.175
3.445
3.724
4.012
4.311
4.620

1.0018
1.0054
1.0127
1.0200
1.0275
1.0350
1.0426
1.0503
1.0581
1.0660
1.0740
1.0903
1.1070
1.1242
1.1419
1.1601
1.1788
1.1980
1.2179
1.2383
1.2593
1.2810
1.3033
1.3263
1.3501
1.3746

1.3336
1.3342
1.3354
1.3366
1.3379
1.3391
1.3403
1.3416
1.3429
1.3441
1.3454
1.3481
1.3507
1.3535
1.3562
1.3591
1.3620
1.3650
1.3680
1.3711
1.3743
1.3776
1.3809
1.3843
1.3878
1.3914

0.15
0.29
0.59
0.88
1.18
1.48
1.78
2.10
2.42
2.74
3.07
3.76
4.49
5.25
6.04
6.88
7.76
8.70
9.68
10.72
11.82
12.98

1.000
0.998
0.994
0.990
0.985
0.981
0.977
0.974
0.970
0.967
0.964
0.958
0.953
0.949
0.946
0.944
0.943
0.943
0.944
0.947
0.952
0.959
0.968
0.979
0.993
1.010

Potassium
carbonate
K2CO3

0.5
1.0
2.0

0.036
0.073
0.148

0.036
0.073
0.147

1.0027
1.0072
1.0163

1.3339
1.3347
1.3365

0.18
0.34
0.66

1.013
1.025
1.048

-15-

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

/C

/mPa s

3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
24.0
28.0
32.0
36.0
40.0
50.0

0.224
0.301
0.381
0.462
0.545
0.629
0.716
0.804
0.987
1.178
1.378
1.588
1.809
2.285
2.814
3.405
4.070
4.824
7.236

0.223
0.299
0.378
0.457
0.538
0.620
0.704
0.789
0.963
1.144
1.330
1.523
1.722
2.139
2.584
3.057
3.559
4.093
5.573

1.0254
1.0345
1.0437
1.0529
1.0622
1.0715
1.0809
1.0904
1.1095
1.1291
1.1490
1.1692
1.1898
1.2320
1.2755
1.3204
1.3665
1.4142
1.5404

1.3382
1.3399
1.3416
1.3433
1.3450
1.3467
1.3484
1.3501
1.3535
1.3569
1.3603
1.3637
1.3671
1.3739
1.3807
1.3874
1.3940
1.4006
1.4168

0.99
1.32
1.67
2.03
2.40
2.77
3.17
3.57
4.45
5.39
6.42
7.55
8.82
11.96
16.01
21.46
28.58
37.55

1.071
1.094
1.119
1.146
1.174
1.204
1.235
1.269
1.339
1.414
1.497
1.594
1.707
1.978
2.331
2.834
3.503
4.360
9.369

Potassium
chloride
KCl

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0

0.067
0.135
0.274
0.415
0.559
0.706
0.856
1.010
1.166
1.327
1.490
1.829
2.184
2.555
2.944
3.353
3.783
4.236

0.067
0.135
0.271
0.409
0.549
0.691
0.835
0.980
1.127
1.276
1.426
1.733
2.048
2.370
2.701
3.039
3.386
3.742

1.0014
1.0046
1.0110
1.0174
1.0239
1.0304
1.0369
1.0434
1.0500
1.0566
1.0633
1.0768
1.0905
1.1043
1.1185
1.1328
1.1474
1.1623

1.3337
1.3343
1.3357
1.3371
1.3384
1.3398
1.3411
1.3425
1.3438
1.3452
1.3466
1.3493
1.3521
1.3549
1.3577
1.3606
1.3635
1.3665

0.23
0.46
0.92
1.38
1.85
2.32
2.80
3.29
3.80
4.30
4.81
5.88

1.000
0.999
0.999
0.998
0.997
0.996
0.994
0.992
0.990
0.989
0.988
0.990
0.994
0.999
1.004
1.012
1.024
1.040

Potassium
hydroxide
KOH

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0

0.090
0.180
0.364
0.551
0.743
0.938
1.138
1.342
1.550
1.763
1.980
2.431
2.902
3.395
3.913
4.456
5.027
5.629

0.089
0.179
0.362
0.548
0.736
0.929
1.124
1.322
1.524
1.729
1.938
2.365
2.806
3.261
3.730
4.213
4.711
5.223

1.0025
1.0068
1.0155
1.0242
1.0330
1.0419
1.0509
1.0599
1.0690
1.0781
1.0873
1.1059
1.1246
1.1435
1.1626
1.1818
1.2014
1.2210

1.3340
1.3350
1.3369
1.3388
1.3408
1.3427
1.3445
1.3464
1.3483
1.3502
1.3520
1.3558
1.3595
1.3632
1.3670
1.3707
1.3744
1.3781

0.30
0.61
1.24
1.89
2.57
3.36
4.14
4.92

1.010
1.019
1.038
1.058
1.079
1.102
1.126
1.151
1.177
1.205
1.233
1.294
1.361
1.436
1.521
1.619
1.732
1.861

-16-

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

/C

/mPa s

26.0
28.0
30.0
40.0
50.0

6.262
6.931
7.639
11.882
17.824

5.750
6.293
6.851
9.896
13.389

1.2408
1.2609
1.2813
1.3881
1.5024

1.3818
1.3854
1.3889
1.4068
1.4247

Potassium
iodide
KI

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0

0.030
0.061
0.123
0.186
0.251
0.317
0.385
0.453
0.524
0.596
0.669
0.821
0.981
1.147
1.322
1.506
1.699
1.902
2.117
2.343
2.582
2.835
3.103
3.388
3.692
4.016

0.030
0.061
0.122
0.184
0.248
0.312
0.377
0.443
0.511
0.579
0.648
0.790
0.937
1.088
1.244
1.405
1.571
1.744
1.922
2.106
2.297
2.495
2.700
2.913
3.134
3.364

1.0019
1.0056
1.0131
1.0206
1.0282
1.0360
1.0438
1.0517
1.0598
1.0679
1.0762
1.0931
1.1105
1.1284
1.1469
1.1659
1.1856
1.2060
1.2270
1.2487
1.2712
1.2944
1.3185
1.3434
1.3692
1.3959

1.3337
1.3343
1.3357
1.3370
1.3384
1.3397
1.3411
1.3425
1.3440
1.3454
1.3469
1.3498
1.3529
1.3560
1.3593
1.3626
1.3661
1.3696
1.3733
1.3771
1.3810
1.3851
1.3893
1.3936
1.3981
1.4027

0.11
0.22
0.43
0.64
0.86
1.08
1.30
1.53
1.77
2.01
2.26
2.77
3.30
3.87
4.46
5.09
5.76
6.46
7.21
8.01
8.86
9.76
10.72
11.73
12.81
13.97

0.999
0.997
0.991
0.986
0.981
0.976
0.969
0.963
0.957
0.951
0.946
0.937
0.929
0.921
0.915
0.910
0.905
0.901
0.898
0.895
0.892
0.891
0.890
0.890
0.893
0.897

Potassium
nitrate
KNO3

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0

0.050
0.100
0.202
0.306
0.412
0.521
0.631
0.744
0.860
0.978
1.099
1.349
1.610
1.884
2.171
2.473
2.790
3.123

0.050
0.099
0.200
0.302
0.405
0.509
0.615
0.722
0.830
0.940
1.051
1.277
1.509
1.747
1.991
2.240
2.497
2.759

1.0014
1.0045
1.0108
1.0171
1.0234
1.0298
1.0363
1.0428
1.0494
1.0560
1.0627
1.0762
1.0899
1.1039
1.1181
1.1326
1.1473
1.1623

1.3335
1.3339
1.3349
1.3358
1.3368
1.3377
1.3386
1.3396
1.3405
1.3415
1.3425
1.3444
1.3463
1.3482
1.3502
1.3521
1.3541
1.3561

0.17
0.33
0.64
0.94
1.22
1.50
1.76
2.02
2.27
2.52
2.75

0.999
0.996
0.990
0.986
0.983
0.980
0.977
0.975
0.973
0.971
0.970
0.970
0.972
0.976
0.982
0.990
0.999
1.010

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0

0.032
0.064
0.096
0.129
0.196

0.032
0.064
0.096
0.128
0.193

1.0017
1.0051
1.0085
1.0118
1.0186

0.11
0.22
0.32
0.43

1.001
1.000
0.999
0.998
0.995

Potassium
permanganate
KMnO4

-17-

2.006
2.170
2.357
3.879
7.892

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
/C

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

0.264
0.333
0.404

0.260
0.327
0.394

1.0254
1.0322
1.0390

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0

0.029
0.058
0.087
0.117
0.147
0.178
0.208
0.239
0.271
0.302
0.366
0.432
0.499

0.029
0.058
0.087
0.117
0.146
0.176
0.207
0.237
0.268
0.299
0.362
0.426
0.491

1.0025
1.0068
1.0110
1.0153
1.0195
1.0238
1.0281
1.0324
1.0368
1.0412
1.0500
1.0590
1.0680

1.3338
1.3345
1.3353
1.3361
1.3368
1.3376
1.3384
1.3392
1.3399
1.3407
1.3422
1.3438
1.3453

0.13
0.25
0.37
0.49
0.61
0.73
0.86
0.97
1.10
1.22
1.46
1.70
1.95

1.013
1.023
1.034
1.046
1.057
1.069
1.081
1.094
1.107
1.120
1.147
1.177
1.209

Potassium
dihydrogen
phosphate
KH2PO4

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0

0.037
0.074
0.112
0.150
0.227
0.306
0.387
0.469
0.553
0.639
0.727
0.816

0.037
0.074
0.111
0.149
0.225
0.302
0.380
0.459
0.539
0.621
0.703
0.786

1.0018
1.0053
1.0089
1.0125
1.0197
1.0269
1.0342
1.0414
1.0486
1.0558
1.0630
1.0703

1.3336
1.3342
1.3348
1.3354
1.3365
1.3377
1.3388
1.3400
1.3411
1.3422
1.3434
1.3445

0.13
0.25
0.37
0.49
0.72
0.96
1.19
1.41
1.63
1.84
2.04
2.23

1.010
1.019
1.028
1.038
1.060
1.083
1.108
1.133
1.160
1.187
1.215
1.245

Potassium
sulfate
K2SO4

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0

0.029
0.058
0.117
0.177
0.239
0.302
0.366
0.432
0.499
0.568
0.638

0.029
0.058
0.116
0.176
0.237
0.298
0.360
0.424
0.488
0.554
0.620

1.0022
1.0062
1.0143
1.0224
1.0306
1.0388
1.0470
1.0553
1.0637
1.0721
1.0806

1.3336
1.3343
1.3355
1.3368
1.3380
1.3393
1.3405
1.3417
1.3428
1.3440
1.3452

0.14
0.26
0.50
0.73
0.95
1.17

1.006
1.011
1.021
1.033
1.045
1.058
1.072
1.087
1.102
1.117
1.132

1-Propanol
CH3CH2CH2OH

1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0

0.168
0.340
0.515
0.693
0.876
1.062
1.252
1.447
1.646
1.849
2.269
2.709
3.169
3.652

0.166
0.331
0.496
0.660
0.823
0.987
1.149
1.312
1.474
1.635
1.958
2.278
2.595
2.911

0.9963
0.9946
0.9928
0.9911
0.9896
0.9882
0.9868
0.9855
0.9842
0.9829
0.9804
0.9779
0.9749
0.9719

1.3339
1.3348
1.3357
1.3366
1.3376
1.3385
1.3394
1.3404
1.3414
1.3423
1.3442
1.3460
1.3477
1.3494

0.31
0.61
0.93
1.24
1.57
1.91
2.26
2.61
2.99
3.36
4.09
4.91
5.78
6.67

1.051
1.100
1.152
1.208
1.267
1.325
1.387
1.449
1.514
1.577
1.710
1.849
1.986
2.106

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

4.0
5.0
6.0
Potassium
hydrogen
phosphate
K2HPO4

Solute

-18-

/mPa s
0.992
0.989
0.985

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

2-Propanol
CH3CHOHCH3

Silver
nitrate
AgNO3

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

/C

/mPa s

20.0
24.0
28.0
32.0
36.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0

4.160
5.254
6.471
7.830
9.359
11.093
24.958
66.556

3.223
3.838
4.441
5.033
5.613
6.182
8.860
11.275
13.368

0.9686
0.9612
0.9533
0.9452
0.9370
0.9288
0.8875
0.8470
0.8034

1.3510
1.3539
1.3566
1.3592
1.3614
1.3635
1.3734
1.3812
1.3852

7.76
9.12
10.17
10.66

2.218
2.432
2.612
2.765
2.900
3.010
3.186
2.822
2.227

1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0

0.168
0.340
0.515
0.693
0.876
1.062
1.252
1.447
1.646
1.849
2.269
2.709
3.169
3.652
4.160
11.093
24.958
66.556

0.166
0.331
0.495
0.659
0.822
0.985
1.148
1.310
1.472
1.633
1.955
2.276
2.596
2.913
3.227
6.191
8.809
11.103
13.058

0.9960
0.9939
0.9920
0.9902
0.9884
0.9871
0.9855
0.9843
0.9831
0.9816
0.9793
0.9772
0.9751
0.9725
0.9696
0.9302
0.8824
0.8341
0.7848

1.3338
1.3346
1.3355
1.3364
1.3373
1.3382
1.3392
1.3400
1.3410
1.3420
1.3439
1.3459
1.3478
1.3496
1.3514
1.3642
1.3717
1.3765
1.3742

0.30
0.60
0.93
1.26
1.61
1.96
2.32
2.68
3.06
3.48
4.43
5.29
6.36
7.40
8.52

1.056
1.112
1.166
1.225
1.287
1.352
1.417
1.485
1.553
1.629
1.794
1.970
2.160
2.352
2.550

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0

0.030
0.059
0.120
0.182
0.245
0.310
0.376
0.443
0.512
0.582
0.654
0.803
0.958
1.121
1.292
1.472
1.660
1.859
2.068
2.289
2.523
2.770
3.033
3.311
3.608
3.925

0.030
0.059
0.120
0.181
0.243
0.307
0.371
0.437
0.503
0.571
0.641
0.783
0.930
1.083
1.241
1.406
1.577
1.755
1.940
2.132
2.332
2.541
2.758
2.985
3.223
3.472

1.0027
1.0070
1.0154
1.0239
1.0327
1.0417
1.0506
1.0597
1.0690
1.0785
1.0882
1.1079
1.1284
1.1496
1.1715
1.1942
1.2177
1.2420
1.2672
1.2933
1.3204
1.3487
1.3780
1.4087
1.4407
1.4743

1.3336
1.3342
1.3352
1.3363
1.3374
1.3385
1.3396
1.3407
1.3419
1.3431
1.3443
1.3467
1.3493
1.3519
1.3546
1.3574
1.3602
1.3632
1.3662
1.3694
1.3726
1.3760
1.3795
1.3832
1.3871
1.3911

0.10
0.20
0.40
0.59
0.78
0.96
1.15
1.33
1.51
1.69
1.87
2.21
2.55
2.86

1.003
1.005
1.009
1.013
1.016
1.020
1.024
1.027
1.031
1.035
1.039
1.049
1.060
1.072
1.086
1.101
1.117
1.135
1.154
1.176
1.200
1.227
1.257
1.290
1.326
1.366

-19-

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

/C

/mPa s

Sodium
acetate
CH3COONa

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0

0.061
0.123
0.249
0.377
0.508
0.642
0.778
0.918
1.060
1.206
1.354
1.662
1.984
2.322
2.676
3.047
3.438
3.849
4.283
4.741
5.224

0.061
0.122
0.246
0.371
0.497
0.624
0.752
0.882
1.013
1.145
1.279
1.552
1.829
2.112
2.400
2.694
2.993
3.297
3.606
3.921
4.243

1.0008
1.0034
1.0085
1.0135
1.0184
1.0234
1.0283
1.0334
1.0386
1.0440
1.0495
1.0607
1.0718
1.0830
1.0940
1.1050
1.1159
1.1268
1.1377
1.1488
1.1602

1.3337
1.3344
1.3358
1.3372
1.3386
1.3400
1.3414
1.3428
1.3442
1.3456
1.3470
1.3498
1.3526
1.3554
1.3583
1.3611
1.3639
1.3666
1.3693
1.3720
1.3748

0.22
0.43
0.88
1.34
1.82
2.32
2.85
3.40
3.98
4.57

1.021
1.040
1.080
1.124
1.171
1.222
1.278
1.337
1.401
1.468
1.539
1.688
1.855
2.054
2.284
2.567
2.948
3.400
3.877
4.388
4.940

Sodium
bicarbonate
NaHCO3

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0

0.060
0.120
0.181
0.243
0.305
0.368
0.432
0.496
0.561
0.627
0.693
0.760

0.060
0.120
0.180
0.241
0.302
0.364
0.426
0.489
0.552
0.615
0.679
0.743

1.0018
1.0054
1.0089
1.0125
1.0160
1.0196
1.0231
1.0266
1.0301
1.0337
1.0372
1.0408

1.3337
1.3344
1.3351
1.3357
1.3364
1.3370
1.3377
1.3383
1.3390
1.3396
1.3403
1.3409

0.20
0.40
0.59
0.78
0.98
1.16
1.35
1.54
1.72
1.90
2.08
2.26

1.015
1.028
1.042
1.057
1.071
1.086
1.102
1.118
1.134
1.151
1.168
1.185

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0

0.049
0.098
0.198
0.301
0.405
0.512
0.620
0.732
0.845
0.961
1.080
1.325
1.582
1.851
2.133
2.430
2.741
3.069
3.415
3.780
4.165
4.574

0.049
0.098
0.197
0.298
0.400
0.504
0.610
0.717
0.826
0.937
1.050
1.281
1.519
1.765
2.020
2.283
2.555
2.837
3.129
3.431
3.744
4.069

1.0021
1.0060
1.0139
1.0218
1.0298
1.0380
1.0462
1.0546
1.0630
1.0716
1.0803
1.0981
1.1164
1.1352
1.1546
1.1745
1.1951
1.2163
1.2382
1.2608
1.2842
1.3083

1.3337
1.3344
1.3358
1.3372
1.3386
1.3401
1.3415
1.3430
1.3445
1.3460
1.3475
1.3506
1.3538
1.3570
1.3604
1.3638
1.3673
1.3708
1.3745
1.3783
1.3822
1.3862

0.17
0.34
0.69
1.04
1.39
1.76
2.14
2.53
2.93
3.34
3.77
4.67
5.65
6.74

1.004
1.007
1.012
1.017
1.022
1.028
1.034
1.040
1.046
1.053
1.060
1.077
1.096
1.119
1.144
1.174
1.207
1.244
1.287
1.336
1.395
1.465

Sodium
bromide
NaBr

-20-

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

/C

/mPa s

34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0

5.007
5.467
5.957
6.479

4.406
4.755
5.119
5.496

1.3333
1.3592
1.3860
1.4138

1.3903
1.3946
1.3990
1.4035

Sodium
carbonate
Na2CO3

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0

0.047
0.095
0.193
0.292
0.393
0.497
0.602
0.710
0.820
0.933
1.048
1.166
1.287
1.410
1.536
1.665

0.047
0.095
0.192
0.291
0.392
0.495
0.600
0.707
0.816
0.927
1.041
1.156
1.273
1.392
1.514
1.638

1.0034
1.0086
1.0190
1.0294
1.0398
1.0502
1.0606
1.0711
1.0816
1.0922
1.1029
1.1136
1.1244
1.1353
1.1463
1.1574

1.3341
1.3352
1.3375
1.3397
1.3419
1.3440
1.3462
1.3483
1.3504
1.3525
1.3547
1.3568
1.3589
1.3610
1.3631
1.3652

0.22
0.43
0.75
1.08
1.42
1.77
2.13

1.025
1.049
1.102
1.159
1.222
1.292
1.367
1.448
1.538
1.638
1.754
1.884
2.028
2.186
2.361
2.551

Sodium
chloride
NaCl

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0

0.086
0.173
0.349
0.529
0.713
0.901
1.092
1.288
1.488
1.692
1.901
2.333
2.785
3.259
3.756
4.278
4.826
5.403
6.012

0.086
0.172
0.346
0.523
0.703
0.885
1.069
1.256
1.445
1.637
1.832
2.229
2.637
3.056
3.486
3.928
4.382
4.847
5.326

1.0018
1.0053
1.0125
1.0196
1.0268
1.0340
1.0413
1.0486
1.0559
1.0633
1.0707
1.0857
1.1008
1.1162
1.1319
1.1478
1.1640
1.1804
1.1972

1.3339
1.3347
1.3365
1.3383
1.3400
1.3418
1.3435
1.3453
1.3470
1.3488
1.3505
1.3541
1.3576
1.3612
1.3648
1.3684
1.3721
1.3757
1.3795

0.30
0.59
1.19
1.79
2.41
3.05
3.70
4.38
5.08
5.81
6.56
8.18
9.94
11.89
14.04
16.46
19.18

1.011
1.020
1.036
1.052
1.068
1.085
1.104
1.124
1.145
1.168
1.193
1.250
1.317
1.388
1.463
1.557
1.676
1.821
1.990

Sodium
citrate
(HO)C(COONa)3

1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0

0.039
0.079
0.120
0.161
0.204
0.247
0.292
0.337
0.383
0.431
0.528
0.631
0.738
0.851
0.969

0.039
0.078
0.118
0.159
0.200
0.242
0.284
0.327
0.371
0.415
0.505
0.598
0.693
0.790
0.891

1.0049
1.0120
1.0186
1.0260
1.0331
1.0405
1.0482
1.0557
1.0632
1.0708
1.0861
1.1019
1.1173
1.1327
1.1492

1.3348
1.3366
1.3383
1.3401
1.3419
1.3437
1.3455
1.3473
1.3491
1.3509
1.3546
1.3583
1.3618
1.3656
1.3693

0.20
0.39
0.59
0.79
0.97
1.17
1.36
1.57
1.77
1.96
2.38
2.82
3.27
3.82
4.39

1.043
1.081
1.122
1.166
1.210
1.263
1.314
1.371
1.427
1.499
1.649
1.832
2.045
2.290
2.596

-21-

1.546
1.639
1.745
1.866

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

/C

/mPa s

24.0
28.0
32.0
36.0

1.224
1.507
1.823
2.180

1.099
1.318
1.548
1.792

1.1813
1.2151
1.2487
1.2843

1.3767
1.3845
1.3923
1.4001

Sodium
hydroxide
NaOH

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0

0.126
0.253
0.510
0.773
1.042
1.316
1.596
1.882
2.174
2.473
2.778
3.409
4.070
4.412
4.762
5.488
6.250
7.052
7.895
8.784
9.723
10.715
11.766
12.880
14.064
15.324
16.668

0.125
0.252
0.510
0.774
1.043
1.317
1.597
1.883
2.174
2.470
2.772
3.393
4.036
4.365
4.701
5.387
6.096
6.827
7.579
8.352
9.145
9.958
10.791
11.643
12.512
13.398
14.300

1.0039
1.0095
1.0207
1.0318
1.0428
1.0538
1.0648
1.0758
1.0869
1.0979
1.1089
1.1309
1.1530
1.1640
1.1751
1.1971
1.2192
1.2412
1.2631
1.2848
1.3064
1.3277
1.3488
1.3697
1.3901
1.4102
1.4299

1.3344
1.3358
1.3386
1.3414
1.3441
1.3467
1.3494
1.3520
1.3546
1.3572
1.3597
1.3648
1.3697
1.3722
1.3746
1.3793
1.3840
1.3885
1.3929
1.3971
1.4012
1.4051
1.4088
1.4123
1.4156
1.4186
1.4215

0.43
0.86
1.74
2.64
3.59
4.57
5.60
6.69
7.87
9.12
10.47
13.42
16.76

1.027
1.054
1.112
1.176
1.248
1.329
1.416
1.510
1.616
1.737
1.882
2.201
2.568
2.789
3.043
3.698
4.619
5.765
7.100
8.744
10.832
13.517
16.844
20.751
25.290
30.461
36.312

Sodium
nitrate
NaNO3

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
18.0
20.0
30.0
40.0

0.059
0.119
0.240
0.364
0.490
0.619
0.751
0.886
1.023
1.164
1.307
1.604
1.915
2.583
2.941
5.042
7.844

0.059
0.118
0.238
0.359
0.483
0.607
0.734
0.862
0.991
1.123
1.256
1.527
1.806
2.387
2.689
4.326
6.200

1.0016
1.0050
1.0117
1.0185
1.0254
1.0322
1.0392
1.0462
1.0532
1.0603
1.0674
1.0819
1.0967
1.1272
1.1429
1.2256
1.3175

1.3336
1.3341
1.3353
1.3364
1.3375
1.3387
1.3398
1.3409
1.3421
1.3432
1.3443
1.3466
1.3489
1.3536
1.3559
1.3678
1.3802

0.20
0.40
0.79
1.18
1.56
1.94
2.32
2.70
3.08
3.46
3.84
4.60
5.37
6.98
7.81

1.004
1.007
1.012
1.018
1.025
1.032
1.040
1.049
1.059
1.069
1.081
1.107
1.138
1.215
1.263
1.609
2.226

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0

0.031
0.062
0.093
0.124
0.156
0.189

0.031
0.062
0.093
0.125
0.157
0.189

1.0042
1.0100
1.0158
1.0216
1.0275
1.0335

1.3343
1.3356
1.3369
1.3381
1.3394
1.3406

0.19
0.37
0.53
0.67
0.79

1.033
1.064
1.094
1.126
1.161
1.198

Sodium
phosphate
Na3PO4

-22-

3.409
4.586
6.541
9.788

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Sodium hydrogen
phosphate
Na2HPO4

Sodium
dihydrogen
phosphate
NaH2PO4

Sodium
sulfate
Na2SO4

/C

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

0.221
0.254
0.287
0.321
0.355
0.389
0.424
0.459
0.495
0.530

0.222
0.255
0.289
0.323
0.357
0.392
0.427
0.462
0.498
0.535

1.0395
1.0456
1.0517
1.0579
1.0642
1.0705
1.0768
1.0832
1.0896
1.0961

1.3419
1.3432
1.3444
1.3457
1.3470
1.3482
1.3495
1.3507
1.3519
1.3532

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5

0.035
0.071
0.107
0.144
0.181
0.218
0.255
0.293
0.332
0.371
0.410

0.035
0.071
0.107
0.143
0.180
0.217
0.255
0.292
0.331
0.369
0.408

1.0032
1.0082
1.0131
1.0180
1.0229
1.0279
1.0328
1.0378
1.0428
1.0478
1.0528

1.3340
1.3349
1.3358
1.3368
1.3377
1.3386
1.3396
1.3405
1.3414
1.3424
1.3433

0.17
0.32
0.46

1.021
1.042
1.064
1.088
1.113
1.138
1.165
1.193
1.223
1.254
1.286

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0

0.042
0.084
0.127
0.170
0.214
0.258
0.302
0.347
0.393
0.439
0.532
0.627
0.725
0.824
0.926
1.137
1.357
1.588
1.830
2.084
2.351
2.632
2.929
3.242
3.572
3.923
4.294
4.689
5.109
5.557

0.042
0.084
0.126
0.169
0.212
0.255
0.299
0.343
0.387
0.432
0.522
0.613
0.706
0.800
0.896
1.091
1.292
1.499
1.711
1.930
2.155
2.387
2.625
2.870
3.123
3.383
3.650
3.925
4.208
4.499

1.0019
1.0056
1.0094
1.0131
1.0168
1.0206
1.0244
1.0281
1.0319
1.0358
1.0434
1.0511
1.0589
1.0668
1.0747
1.0907
1.1070
1.1236
1.1404
1.1576
1.1752
1.1931
1.2113
1.2299
1.2488
1.2682
1.2879
1.3080
1.3285
1.3493

1.3336
1.3343
1.3349
1.3356
1.3362
1.3369
1.3375
1.3382
1.3388
1.3395
1.3408
1.3421
1.3434
1.3447
1.3460
1.3486
1.3512
1.3538
1.3565
1.3592
1.3618
1.3646
1.3673
1.3700
1.3728
1.3756
1.3784
1.3812
1.3840
1.3869

0.14
0.28
0.42
0.56
0.70
0.84
0.98
1.12
1.25
1.39
1.65
1.89
2.12
2.35
2.58
3.06
3.53
4.03
4.55
5.10

1.018
1.035
1.051
1.068
1.085
1.103
1.121
1.140
1.160
1.180
1.223
1.270
1.319
1.371
1.428
1.552
1.694
1.861
2.050
2.283
2.550
2.850
3.214
3.682
4.300
5.079
6.008
7.098
8.363
9.814

0.5
1.0
2.0

0.035
0.071
0.144

0.035
0.071
0.143

1.0027
1.0071
1.0161

1.3338
1.3345
1.3360

0.17
0.32
0.61

1.013
1.026
1.058

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0

-23-

/mPa s
1.238
1.281
1.327
1.375
1.426
1.480
1.538
1.598
1.662
1.729

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

/C

/mPa s

3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0

0.218
0.293
0.371
0.449
0.530
0.612
0.696
0.782
0.960
1.146
1.341
1.545
1.760
1.986

0.217
0.291
0.367
0.445
0.523
0.603
0.685
0.768
0.938
1.114
1.296
1.483
1.677
1.875

1.0252
1.0343
1.0436
1.0526
1.0619
1.0713
1.0808
1.0905
1.1101
1.1301
1.1503
1.1705
1.1907
1.2106

1.3376
1.3391
1.3406
1.3420
1.3435
1.3449
1.3464
1.3479
1.3509
1.3539
1.3567
1.3595
1.3620
1.3643

0.87
1.13
1.36
1.56

1.091
1.126
1.163
1.202
1.244
1.289
1.337
1.390
1.508
1.646
1.812
2.005
2.227
2.481

Sodium
thiosulfate
Na2S2O3

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
30.0
40.0

0.032
0.064
0.129
0.196
0.264
0.333
0.404
0.476
0.550
0.626
0.703
0.862
1.030
1.205
1.388
1.581
2.711
4.216

0.032
0.064
0.128
0.194
0.261
0.329
0.398
0.468
0.539
0.611
0.685
0.835
0.990
1.150
1.315
1.485
2.417
3.498

1.0024
1.0065
1.0148
1.0231
1.0315
1.0399
1.0483
1.0568
1.0654
1.0740
1.0827
1.1003
1.1182
1.1365
1.1551
1.1740
1.2739
1.3827

1.3340
1.3351
1.3371
1.3392
1.3413
1.3434
1.3454
1.3475
1.3496
1.3517
1.3538
1.3581
1.3624
1.3667
1.3711
1.3756
1.3987
1.4229

0.14
0.28
0.57
0.84
1.09
1.34
1.59
1.83
2.06
2.30
2.55
3.06
3.60
4.17
4.76
5.37

1.012
1.023
1.044
1.066
1.090
1.115
1.141
1.169
1.199
1.231
1.267
1.345
1.435
1.537
1.657
1.798
2.903
5.758

Strontium
chloride
SrCl2

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0

0.032
0.064
0.129
0.195
0.263
0.332
0.403
0.475
0.549
0.624
0.701
0.860
1.027
1.202
1.385
1.577
1.779
1.992
2.216
2.453
2.703
2.968

0.032
0.064
0.128
0.194
0.261
0.329
0.399
0.469
0.541
0.615
0.689
0.843
1.002
1.167
1.338
1.515
1.699
1.890
2.087
2.293
2.507
2.730

1.0027
1.0071
1.0161
1.0252
1.0344
1.0437
1.0532
1.0628
1.0726
1.0825
1.0925
1.1131
1.1342
1.1558
1.1780
1.2008
1.2241
1.2481
1.2728
1.2983
1.3248
1.3523

1.3339
1.3348
1.3366
1.3384
1.3402
1.3421
1.3440
1.3459
1.3478
1.3498
1.3518
1.3558
1.3599
1.3641
1.3684
1.3728
1.3772
1.3817
1.3864
1.3911
1.3961
1.4013

0.16
0.31
0.62
0.93
1.26
1.61
1.98
2.38
2.80
3.25
3.74
4.81
6.03
7.41
8.98
10.74
12.74
14.99

1.012
1.021
1.039
1.057
1.076
1.096
1.116
1.136
1.157
1.180
1.204
1.258
1.317
1.383
1.460
1.549
1.650
1.765
1.897
2.056
2.245
2.527

-24-

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Sucrose
C12H22O11

Sulfuric acid
H2SO4

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

34.0
36.0

3.250
3.548

2.962
3.205

1.3811
1.4114

1.4067
1.4124

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0
42.0
44.0
46.0
48.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0

0.015
0.030
0.060
0.090
0.122
0.154
0.186
0.220
0.254
0.289
0.325
0.398
0.476
0.556
0.641
0.730
0.824
0.923
1.026
1.136
1.252
1.375
1.505
1.643
1.791
1.948
2.116
2.295
2.489
2.697
2.921
4.382
6.817
11.686
0.051
0.103
0.208
0.315
0.425
0.537
0.651
0.767
0.887
1.008
1.133
1.390
1.660
1.942
2.238
2.549
2.876
3.220
3.582
3.965

0.015
0.029
0.059
0.089
0.118
0.149
0.179
0.210
0.241
0.272
0.303
0.367
0.431
0.497
0.564
0.632
0.700
0.771
0.842
0.914
0.988
1.063
1.139
1.216
1.295
1.375
1.456
1.539
1.623
1.709
1.796
2.255
2.755
3.299
0.051
0.102
0.206
0.311
0.418
0.526
0.635
0.746
0.858
0.972
1.087
1.322
1.563
1.810
2.064
2.324
2.592
2.866
3.147
3.435

1.0002
1.0021
1.0060
1.0099
1.0139
1.0178
1.0218
1.0259
1.0299
1.0340
1.0381
1.0465
1.0549
1.0635
1.0722
1.0810
1.0899
1.0990
1.1082
1.1175
1.1270
1.1366
1.1464
1.1562
1.1663
1.1765
1.1868
1.1972
1.2079
1.2186
1.2295
1.2864
1.3472
1.4117
1.0016
1.0049
1.0116
1.0183
1.0250
1.0318
1.0385
1.0453
1.0522
1.0591
1.0661
1.0802
1.0947
1.1094
1.1245
1.1398
1.1554
1.1714
1.1872
1.2031

1.3337
1.3344
1.3359
1.3373
1.3388
1.3403
1.3418
1.3433
1.3448
1.3463
1.3478
1.3509
1.3541
1.3573
1.3606
1.3639
1.3672
1.3706
1.3741
1.3776
1.3812
1.3848
1.3885
1.3922
1.3960
1.3999
1.4038
1.4078
1.4118
1.4159
1.4201
1.4419
1.4654
1.4906
1.3336
1.3342
1.3355
1.3367
1.3379
1.3391
1.3403
1.3415
1.3427
1.3439
1.3451
1.3475
1.3500
1.3525
1.3551
1.3576
1.3602
1.3628
1.3653
1.3677

-25-

/C

/mPa s
2.846
3.206

0.03
0.06
0.11
0.17
0.23
0.29
0.35
0.42
0.49
0.55
0.63
0.77
0.93
1.10
1.27
1.47
1.67
1.89
2.12
2.37
2.64
2.94
3.27
3.63
4.02
4.45
4.93

1.015
1.028
1.055
1.084
1.114
1.146
1.179
1.215
1.254
1.294
1.336
1.429
1.534
1.653
1.790
1.945
2.124
2.331
2.573
2.855
3.187
3.762
4.052
4.621
5.315
6.162
7.234
8.596
10.301
12.515
15.431
58.487
481.561

0.21
0.42
0.80
1.17
1.60
2.05
2.50
2.95
3.49
4.08
4.64
5.93
7.49
9.26
11.29
13.64
16.48
19.85
24.29
29.65

1.010
1.019
1.036
1.059
1.085
1.112
1.136
1.159
1.182
1.206
1.230
1.282
1.337
1.399
1.470
1.546
1.624
1.706
1.797
1.894

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Trichloroacetic
acid
CCl3COOH

Tris
(hydroxymethyl)methylamine
H2NC(CH2OH)3

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

/C

/mPa s

30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0
42.0
44.0
46.0
48.0
50.0
52.0
54.0
56.0
58.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
92.0
94.0
96.0
98.0
100.0

4.370
4.798
5.252
5.735
6.249
6.797
7.383
8.011
8.685
9.411
10.196
11.045
11.969
12.976
14.080
15.294
23.790
40.783
91.762
117.251
159.734
244.698
499.592

3.729
4.030
4.339
4.656
4.981
5.313
5.655
6.005
6.364
6.734
7.113
7.502
7.901
8.312
8.734
9.168
11.494
14.088
16.649
17.109
17.550
17.966
18.346
18.663

1.2191
1.2353
1.2518
1.2685
1.2855
1.3028
1.3205
1.3386
1.3570
1.3759
1.3952
1.4149
1.4351
1.4558
1.4770
1.4987
1.6105
1.7272
1.8144
1.8240
1.8312
1.8355
1.8361
1.8305

1.3701
1.3725
1.3749
1.3773
1.3797
1.3821
1.3846
1.3870
1.3895
1.3920
1.3945
1.3971
1.3997
1.4024
1.4050
1.4077

36.21
44.76
55.28

2.001
2.122
2.255
2.392
2.533
2.690
2.872
3.073
3.299
3.546
3.826
4.142
4.499
4.906
5.354
5.917

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
24.0
28.0
32.0
36.0
40.0
44.0
48.0

0.031
0.062
0.125
0.189
0.255
0.322
0.391
0.461
0.532
0.605
0.680
0.835
0.996
1.166
1.343
1.530
1.933
2.380
2.880
3.443
4.080
4.809
5.650

0.031
0.061
0.123
0.186
0.249
0.313
0.377
0.442
0.508
0.574
0.641
0.777
0.916
1.058
1.203
1.351
1.654
1.968
2.294
2.632
2.984
3.349
3.726

1.0008
1.0034
1.0083
1.0133
1.0182
1.0230
1.0279
1.0328
1.0378
1.0428
1.0479
1.0583
1.0692
1.0806
1.0921
1.1035
1.1260
1.1485
1.1713
1.1947
1.2188
1.2435
1.2682

1.3337
1.3343
1.3356
1.3369
1.3381
1.3394
1.3406
1.3418
1.3431
1.3444
1.3456
1.3483
1.3510
1.3539
1.3568
1.3597
1.3652
1.3705
1.3759
1.3813
1.3868
1.3923
1.3977

0.11
0.21
0.42
0.64
0.86
1.08
1.30
1.53
1.76
1.99
2.23
2.73
3.26
3.82

1.011
1.021
1.044
1.069
1.096
1.123
1.150
1.177
1.204
1.233
1.263
1.326
1.393
1.462
1.533
1.608
1.768
1.935
2.118
2.320
1.543
2.797
3.076

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0

0.041
0.083
0.168
0.255
0.344
0.434
0.527

0.041
0.083
0.166
0.249
0.333
0.417
0.502

0.9994
1.0006
1.0030
1.0054
1.0078
1.0103
1.0128

1.3337
1.3344
1.3359
1.3374
1.3388
1.3403
1.3418

0.08
0.16
0.31
0.47
0.64
0.80
0.97

1.014
1.027
1.054
1.083
1.115
1.148
1.182

-26-

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS:

DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)

Solute

Mass %

m/mol kg-1

c/mol L-1

/g cm-3

/C

/mPa s

7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
30.0
40.0

0.621
0.718
0.816
0.917
1.126
1.344
1.572
1.812
2.064
3.538
5.503

0.587
0.672
0.758
0.844
1.019
1.194
1.372
1.552
1.733
2.670
3.657

1.0153
1.0179
1.0204
1.0230
1.0282
1.0335
1.0389
1.0443
1.0498
1.0781
1.1076

1.3433
1.3448
1.3463
1.3478
1.3508
1.3539
1.3570
1.3601
1.3633
1.3797
1.3970

1.15
1.33
1.51
1.70
2.08
2.47
2.90
3.36
3.85

1.218
1.256
1.295
1.337
1.427
1.527
1.642
1.772
1.920
2.998
5.208

Urea
(NH2)2CO

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0
42.0
44.0
46.0

0.084
0.168
0.340
0.515
0.694
0.876
1.063
1.253
1.448
1.647
1.850
2.270
2.710
3.171
3.655
4.163
4.696
5.258
5.850
6.475
7.136
7.835
8.577
9.366
10.205
11.100
12.057
13.082
14.183

0.083
0.167
0.334
0.502
0.672
0.842
1.013
1.185
1.358
1.531
1.706
2.059
2.415
2.775
3.139
3.506
3.878
4.253
4.632
5.014
5.401
5.791
6.185
6.584
6.988
7.397
7.812
8.234
8.665

0.9995
1.0007
1.0033
1.0058
1.0085
1.0111
1.0138
1.0165
1.0192
1.0220
1.0248
1.0304
1.0360
1.0417
1.0473
1.0530
1.0586
1.0643
1.0699
1.0756
1.0812
1.0869
1.0926
1.0984
1.1044
1.1106
1.1171
1.1239
1.1313

1.3337
1.3344
1.3358
1.3372
1.3387
1.3401
1.3416
1.3431
1.3446
1.3461
1.3476
1.3506
1.3537
1.3568
1.3599
1.3629
1.3661
1.3692
1.3723
1.3754
1.3785
1.3817
1.3848
1.3881
1.3913
1.3947
1.3982
1.4018
1.4056

0.16
0.31
0.62
0.93
1.24
1.55
1.88
2.22
2.56
2.91
3.26
3.95
4.66
5.40
6.19
7.00
7.81
8.64
9.52
10.45
11.40
12.34
13.27
14.20
15.11
15.99
16.83
17.62

1.007
1.010
1.012
1.017
1.025
1.033
1.041
1.049
1.057
1.065
1.074
1.091
1.109
1.130
1.153
1.178
1.205
1.235
1.266
1.298
1.332
1.371
1.413
1.459
1.509
1.565
1.629
1.700
1.780

Zinc sulfate
ZnSO4

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0

0.031
0.063
0.126
0.192
0.258
0.326
0.395
0.466
0.539
0.613
0.688
0.845
1.008
1.180

0.031
0.062
0.126
0.191
0.258
0.326
0.395
0.465
0.537
0.611
0.686
0.840
1.002
1.170

1.0034
1.0085
1.0190
1.0296
1.0403
1.0511
1.0620
1.0730
1.0842
1.0956
1.1071
1.1308
1.1553
1.1806

1.3339
1.3348
1.3366
1.3384
1.3403
1.3421
1.3439
1.3457
1.3475
1.3494
1.3513
1.3551
1.3590
1.3630

0.08
0.15
0.28
0.41
0.53
0.65
0.77
0.89
1.01
1.14
1.27
1.55
1.89
2.31

1.021
1.040
1.081
1.126
1.175
1.227
1.283
1.341
1.403
1.470
1.545
1.716
1.918
2.152

-27-