‫ﻤﻌـﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴـل ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‬

‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻌﺯﺍﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ‪/‬ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪/‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺼل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻠﺨﺹ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻋﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﺓ‪.‬ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ ﻝﻠﻅـﻭﺍﻫﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﻤﺫﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺃﺴﺎﻝﻴﺏ ﺁﻝﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻨﻅﻡ ﻭﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺩ ﺃﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﻠﻰ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴﺔ ﻝﻜﺸﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴـﺔ ﻭﺒﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻝﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﺭﻗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴـل ﺍﻝﻤﻜـﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻝﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ‪.‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﺃﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺨﻭل ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻝﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻺﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤـﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﻀﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺨﺼﻭﺹ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅـﺔ‬
‫ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﻤـﺼﺩﺭﺍ ﺭﺌﻴـﺴﻴﺎ ﻝﺘـﺸﻜﻴل ﻗﺎﻋـﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ‪.‬ﻭﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ‪ Arcview3.3‬ﻭﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩﺍﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ ‪ Spatial Analysis‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ‪ . 3D Analysis‬ﻭﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﺠـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﺭﺯ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝﻬﺎ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﺼﻴﻎ ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻭﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Treatment and Analysis of Data Base in Ninivah Governovate By Using‬‬

‫‪Geographical Information System‬‬
‫‪Ali Abed Abbas‬‬
‫‪Department of Geography‬‬
‫‪College of Education‬‬
‫‪University of Mosul‬‬
‫‪E-Mail :ali_azawy2000@yahoo.com‬‬
‫‪ABSTRACT‬‬
‫‪Geographical information system (GIS) is one of the most modern applied‬‬
‫‪computer techniques contributing in supporting contemporary geographical studies.‬‬
‫‪This is done through making a database of geographical phenomena, modeling them‬‬
‫‪digitally by providing mechanical models, systems and programs of managing,‬‬
‫‪handling and analyzing databases with spatial and non–spatial reference. These are‬‬
‫‪the important tasks in geographical information system that are used to reach‬‬
‫‪optimum decisions using logical operation to reveal spatial relation and correlations‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪among geographical phenomena. Thus, GIS is the contemporary way to develop‬‬
‫‪spatial treatment of geographical information instead of old traditional means in‬‬
‫‪geographical analysis. GIS will also provide geography with means to cope with‬‬
‫‪modern techniques to evaluate and predict geographical phenomena.‬‬
‫‪The study aims to utilize the geographical information system (GIS) in making‬‬
‫‪a geographical database of agricultural statistics in Nineveh to be analyzed in place.‬‬
‫‪Agricultural statistical data in Nineveh are used as the main source for agricultural‬‬
‫‪database using Arc view 3.3 software and its extensions (Spatial Analyst, and 3D.‬‬
‫‪Analyst. Finally, the outputs of the quality of such analyzed information were shown‬‬
‫‪in the form of maps and graphs.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﻤـﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻲ ﺒﺜﻭﺭﺓ )ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ( ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺘﻬـﺎ ﺘـﺴﻬﻴل ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻡ ﻫﺎﺌل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺴﺱ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﻭﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﻬﺎ ﻝﻼﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝـﺴﺒﺏ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺤﺎﺴﻭﺒﻲ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﻊ ﻭﺨﺯﻥ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺭﻑ‬
‫ـﺼﺭ‬ ‫ـﻲ() ‪ (Geographical information system‬ﻴﺨﺘـ‬ ‫ـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓـ‬ ‫ـﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـ‬
‫) ﺒﻨﻅـ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﻡ) ‪.(GIS‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻝﺔ ﻭﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﺓ ﻻﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﻋـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻝﻠﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺌﺔ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻴﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺴـﻭﺏ ﻭ ﻝﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﺭﻗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﻭﻋﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻭﺤﺩ‪.‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﺘﺎﺡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﻝﻠﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﺸﻤل ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻓﻀل ﻭﺘﻨﺒﺅﺍﺕ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻲ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨـﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ‪.‬ﺍﻝﺸﻜل)‪ (1‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫ﺸﻜل)‪ (1‬ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺩﻑ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ‪.‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺩ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻨﻅﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﺤـﺼﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻋﺭﺽ ﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻴﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺘﻬﺎﻭﺍﺒﺭﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺼﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻹﺨﺭﺍﺝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻝﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺠﺩﻭﺍﻫﺎ ﻴﻘـﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺤـﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺇﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﺘﻘﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻕ ﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻨﻅﻡ ﺒل ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﺜﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺜﺭﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ‪:‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﻝﺒﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻗﺎﻝﻴﻡ ﺍﻭﺍﻝﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻩ ﺒﺎﻝﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺍﺤﻴﺎﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﻝﻠﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺭﺴـﻭﻡ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺨـﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬
‫ﺍﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻝـﻙ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻜﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺌل ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻨﻬـﺎ ﻻﺘﺎﺤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺒﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺃﻓﻀل‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻨﻅﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺘﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﻴﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪-‬ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ)‪Geographical Information System ( GIS‬‬
‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ‪ -‬ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ) ‪(Geodatabase‬‬
‫ﺍ‪-‬ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺏ‪-‬ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺝ‪-‬ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ )ﺒﻨﻰ( ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺜﺎﻝﺜﺎ‪-‬ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺒﻌﺎ‪-‬ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺨﺎﻤﺴﺎ‪-‬ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺴﺎﺩﺴﺎ‪-‬ﺍﻝﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ -‬ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ )‪: (GIS‬‬
‫ﻴﺠﻤﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜل ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺽ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺭﺒﻁﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل ﻝﻠﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺤﺭﻜﻲ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻝﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﻭﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﻭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻭﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻝﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﺘﻁﻠـﺏ‬
‫ﻋﺭﺽ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺴﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﺤﻭل ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻜﻨﺞ ﺘﺴﻭﻨﻎ )‪ :(1)(Kang. Tsung‬ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺒﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﻨﻅﺎﻤﺎ ﺤﺎﺴﻭﺒﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻝﺠﻤﻊ ﻭﺨﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺭﺠﺎﻉ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻭﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‪) (2)United Nation‬ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﻷﺠﻬـﺯﺓ ﻭﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻝﺠﻤﻊ ﻭﺨﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﺴـﺘﺭﺠﺎﻉ ﻭﺘﺤـﺩﻴﺙ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻭﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻴﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﻝﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﻝﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻨﻅﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺨﺯﻥ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺼﻨﻊ ﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻝﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﺼـﺎﻨﻌﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺭﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻤﻭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ‪ -‬ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﻌﺩ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻝﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻝﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﻭﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻔـﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻫﺩﻑ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ)ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ Files‬ﻭﺍﻝﺴﺠﻼﺕ ‪ Records‬ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻘﻭل ‪ Fields‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﻜل ﺤﻘل ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ()‪. (3‬‬
‫ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﺄﻝﻑ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻻﺘﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – 1‬ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ‪Attribute Data:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻝﻜل ﺴﻤﺔ ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺴﺠل ﺨـﺎﺹ‬
‫ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ) ‪Non Spatial‬‬
‫‪ (Data‬ﻭﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻝﻴﺱ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ )ﻝﻴﺱ‬
‫ﻝﻬﺎ ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ( ﻭﺘـﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴـﺔ ﺒـﺭﻗﻡ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔـﻲ ‪(ID‬‬

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‫)‪. Number‬ﻝﻜل ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻝﻪ‪.‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺨﺯﻥ ﺒﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻀـﻤﻥ ﺒـﺭﺍﻤﺞ ‪GIS‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺸﻤل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ )‪(Quantitative‬ﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤـﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻗـﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﻝﺤﺔ ﻝﻠﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﻝﺤﺔ ﻝﻠﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻤﺢ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼـﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴـﺔ) ‪.(Qualitative‬ﻜﺄﺴـﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﻭﻴﻥ ﻭﺃﻱ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻜﻤﻲ ﻝﻠﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (2‬ﻴﻭﻀـﺢ ﺠـﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻝﻼﺤﺼﺎﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫‪-2‬ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪Spatial Data:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ‪ Spatial Features‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ‪ Map Layers‬ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻲ ﻝﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝـﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﻓـﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺤـﺎﻝﻲ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝـﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ‪ Digital Map‬ﻭﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍ‪-‬ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻨﻘﻁﻴﺔ)‪ (Point data‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ )‪ (x,y‬ﻭﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﺒﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﻜـﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻴﻁﺎﻥ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪-‬ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺨﻁﻴﺔ)‪ (line data‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻨﻘـﺎﻁ )‪ (x,y….n‬ﻭﺘﺘﻤﺜـل ﺒﺨﻁـﻭﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻬﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪-‬ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﻴﺔ)‪ (polygon data‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻝﺘﺸﻜل ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﻤﻐﻠﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﺒﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻭﺍﻻﻗﺎﻝﻴﻡ‪.‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪.(3‬‬

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 ‫ﺸﻜل)‪ (2‬ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ)‪(Attribute Data Presentation‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‪،‬ﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‪،‬ﺴﺠﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪. 2005،‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل)‪ (3‬ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ )‪(Spatial Data Presentation‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺩﺭ‪:‬ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ‬

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 ‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ )ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ( ﻝﻠﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﻰ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻝﻠﻌﻼﻗـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺒﺩﺁ ﺒﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ ‪.‬ﻜﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤـﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﻝﺤﺔ ﻝﻠﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤـﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﺍﻝـﺼﺎﻝﺤﺔ ﻝﻠﺯﺭﺍﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺤﺴﺏ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻱ ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴـﺔ ﻭﻋـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬ﻭﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺒﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺜﻼ ﺇﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ )ﺒﻨﻴﺔ( ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﻴﺔ)‪:(4)(Relational database Structure‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﺒﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁـﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻷﺠل ﻓﻬﻡ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻠﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺃﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻝﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﺭﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ)‪(Hierarchical Database Structure‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻫﺭﻤﻲ ﻭﻓﻕ ﻤﺒـﺩﺁ ﺍﻝﻤـﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻤـﺔ ﺍﻝـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ)‪ ، (5‬ﻓﻴﺘﻔﺭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ )ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ( ﻋـﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫)ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻗﻀﻴﺔ( ﻭﻓﻕ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻔﺭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ )ﺍﻻﻗـﻀﻴﺔ(ﻋـﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫)ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ( ﻭﻓﻕ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺜﺎﻝﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪.‬ﻭﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻜل ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﺅﺸـﺭ ‪ ID‬ﻤـﻊ‬
‫)ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ( ﻭﻜل ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﻝﺒﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺌﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻝﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ)‪:(Network Database Structure‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﻤل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﻭﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﻴـﺩ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ‪ Linkage‬ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻅـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺒﻪ ﺇﺸﻜﺎل ﻤﺼﻭﺭﺓ )ﻜﺎﻝﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ( ﻭﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻨﻪ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪،‬ﻜﺭﺒﻁ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻤـﺴﺘﻭىﺎﻭ‬
‫ﺒﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﻼﺤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺒـﺫﻝﻙ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻜل ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻘﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺼﻠﺢ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺃﻱ ﻨـﻭﻉ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ‪،‬ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺒﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺒﻌﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺎﺼـﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻋـﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺎﺼـﺭ ﺒﻌـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ)‪.(6‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﺍﻋـﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ ﻤﺤـﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻨﻅﻤـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻜل)‪ (4‬ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻬﺭﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل)‪ (4‬ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻬﺭﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ‬

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‫‪7‬‬
 ‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻝﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁﻴﺔ)‪:(Relational database structure‬‬
‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺭﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪،‬ﺍﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺭﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻔـﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻝﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﻓﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻏﻠﺏ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ ﺘﺠﻤﻴـﻊ‬
‫ﻝﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺒﻌﻅﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﻔﺎﺘﻴﺢ ﻓﺎﻝﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺩﻭﻝﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل)‪ .(5‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺸﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺘﺼﺎل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺼﻔﻭﻓﻪ ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭﻝﻴﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜﻠﻴﻥ) ‪ (7 ،6‬ﻓﺎﻝﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﻁـﺎﻕ‬
‫ﻭﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻴﺘﻤﺜل ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ)‪ ،( Zone code‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻲ )‪ (ID‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺎ ﺴﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻗﺎﻋـﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻭﻤﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﺨﺎﺼﻴﺘﻴﻥ )‪ ،(7‬ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ‪:‬ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﺠـﺩﻭل‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﻔﺼل ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺒﻪ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻝﺤﻴﻥ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻝﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﻓﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺒﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺫﺍﻙ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻜﻔﻭﺀﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﻝﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁـﻲ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺘـﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻗﻭﺍﻋـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻘﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺘﻜـﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻭﻝﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺜﺎﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل)‪ (5‬ﺍﻝﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁﻴﺔ‬

‫ا*)ر‪ -* . :‬اﺡ‪,‬‬

‫‪8‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل)‪(6‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺠﺩﻭﻝﻴﻥ ﻝﻠﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‬

‫ﺸﻜل)‪(7‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺒﻁ‬

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 ‫ﺜﺎﻝﺜﺎ‪-‬ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻝـﻡ ﺘﻜـﻥ ﺒﻬﻴﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪ Digital‬ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺤﺎﺴﻭﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻤﺅﻝﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺨﻁﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻜل ﻤﻥ )‪.(8)(Burroughs and McDonnell‬ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻫﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺴﺢ ﺍﻝﻀﻭﺌﻲ )‪ (Scanner‬ﻝﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻝﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﻴﺔ ‪ Analog Sources‬ﺍﻝﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ‪ Digital Form‬ﺒﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺨﻁﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺠﻬﺔ )‪ (Vector‬ﻝﻬـﺎ ﺍﻝﻘـﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺘﻤﺜﻴـل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻼ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻗﺭﺏ ﻝﻠﻭﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻬﻤـﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴـل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺒﺤﺜﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﺨـﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ)‪ (9‬ﺒﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ 200000/1‬ﻝﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻜﻁﺒﻘـﺎﺕ )‪ (Layers‬ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﺭﻙ ﻓﻴﻭ)‪ (Arc view‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ ﺘﻤﺜﻴل) ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻜﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻬﺎﺭﻜﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻘل ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺭﺍﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺨﺎﻤﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺴﺎﺩﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺴﺎﺒﻌﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ )ﺍﺤﺎﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺽ(‪.‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل)‪.(8‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل)‪ (8‬ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺩﺭ‪:‬ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ‬

‫ﺭﺍﺒﻌﺎ‪ -‬ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ‪:Attributes‬‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻝﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﺘﻴﺢ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺸﻤل ﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ) ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻗـﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤـﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﺎﻝﺤﺔ ﻝﻠﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﻝﺤﺔ ﻝﻠﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺤﺴﺏ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻱ ﻭﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴـﺔ ﻭﻋـﺩﺩ‬
‫ـﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫ـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼـ‬‫ـﺩﺍﻭل ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨـ‬
‫ـﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺠـ‬
‫ـﻭﻉ ﺍﻹﻨﺘـ‬‫ـﺔ ﻭﻨـ‬‫ـﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌـ‬‫ـﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺤـ‬ ‫ـﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻴـ‬ ‫ﻭﻤـ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ) ‪.(Qualitative‬ﻜﺄﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﻭﻴﻥ ﻭﺃﻱ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻜﻤﻲ ﻝﻠﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ‬

‫‪10‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﻭﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺴﺠﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺘﺸﻜل ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻥ ﻜل ﺴﺠل ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﻓـﺎﻥ ﺍﻝـﺴﺠل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻪ ﻴﻤﻴﺯ ﺃﻝﻴﺎ ﻭﺒﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒـﺎﻝﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺼﻔﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ)‪ .(10‬ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻴﺯ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻝﻠﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺨﺎﻤﺴﺎ‪-‬ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺘﻤﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺍﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺨـﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﺘـﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝـﻰ‬
‫)‪(11‬‬
‫ﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺎﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻝﻠﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻝﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ)‪ (Arc view 3.3‬ﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻌﺩ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ‪ (12)Arc view‬ﻤـﻥ ﺒـﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﻨﻅـﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺭﺒﻁﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴـﺔﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫)‪ ( Mapinfo, Arcinfo, AutoCAD, R2V‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﻀﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝـﺼﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺼﻴﻎ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ)‪ (BMP, JPEJ, TIFF‬ﻭﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ )‪ (DXF‬ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ )‪) (ESRI‬ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ)‪ (13‬ﻫﻲ‪:‬ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻬﺩ)‪ ،(view‬ﺍﻝﺠﺩﺍﻭل )‪،(Tabular‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁﺎﺕ‪ ،((Chart‬ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺭﺍﺝ)‪ ،(Layouts‬ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺔ)‪(Scripts‬ﻭﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺘﺨﺯﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﻠﻑ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ )‪.(Project‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺨﺯﻥ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻝﻜل ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺒﺎﻝﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻻﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ Shapfile‬ﻤﻠﻑ ﻝﺨﺯﻥ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺔ )ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺨﻁ‪ ،‬ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ(‬
‫‪ Shx‬ﻤﻠﻑ ﻝﺨﺯﻥ )ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ(‪ Dbf.‬ﻤﻠﻑ ﻝﺨﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﻓﺘﺢ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻝﻜل ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻭﺭﺒﻁﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼـﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ )‪(Themes‬ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻭﺍﻤـﺭ ﺘﺤﺭﻴـﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﻴﻁـﺔ) ‪Edit‬‬
‫‪ (Legend‬ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻀﻡ ﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺎﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻝﻘﺎﻋـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ)‪:(Attribute Data Analysis‬‬
‫ﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺒﻁ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼـﻔﻴﺔ ﺒـﺎﻝﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻭﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﻫﺩﻑ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻌﻤل ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺭﺴﺎل ﺍﻝﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻝـﻰ ﻗﺎﻋـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ‪ DBMS‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻓﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل)‪: (14‬‬
‫‪-1‬ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻴـﺔ ﻝﻤﻭﺍﻀـﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀـﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﻝﺤﺔ ﻝﻠﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻗﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‪،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺸﺭﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﺎﻡ)‪ (Tack bar‬ﻴﻨﻘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ) ‪ (Theme‬ﺜﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻤﺭ ﺘﺤﺭﻴـﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﻴﻁـﺔ ‪(Edit‬‬
‫)‪ Legend‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺤﻘـل ﻨـﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺭﻴـﺭ) ‪ (Legend Type‬ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴـﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻘـﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻷﻝﻭﺍﻥ )‪(Unique Value color‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺤﻘل ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ )‪ (Classification‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻨﻭﻉ‬

‫‪11‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺼﻨﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻨﻘﺭ ‪ ok‬ﻓﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻤﺼﻨﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻡ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻗﻀﻴﺔ‪.‬ﺍﻹﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻴﺔ‪.(13 ،12 ،11، 10 ،9)0‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل)‪ (9‬ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ)ﺩﻭﻨﻡ(ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻻﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺎﻡ ‪2005‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل)‪ (10‬ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﻝﺤﺔ ﻝﻠﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺎﻡ ‪2005‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪12‬‬
 ‫ﺸﻜل)‪(11‬ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﻝﺤﺔ ﻝﻠﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺎﻡ ‪2005‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺸﻜل)‪ ( 12‬ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺨﻀﺭﺍﻭﺍﺕ ﻝﻠﻌﺎﻡ ‪2005‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫‪13‬‬
 ‫ﺸﻜل)‪(13‬ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺜﺭﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺎﻡ ‪2005‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺩﺭ‪ :‬ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪-2‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‪Statistical Analysis‬‬

‫ﻴﻭﻓﺭ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ‪ Arc view‬ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻹﺤـﺼﺎﺌﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺭﺯﻤﻲ ﺤﻘل ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝـﺩﻭﺍل )‪* - +‬‬
‫‪ (/‬ﻭﺩﻭﺍل ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻜـﺄﻥ ﻨﻁﻠـﺏ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔﺍﻭ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺸﺭﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﺎﻡ ‪ Task Bar‬ﺜﻡ ﺠﺩﻭل ‪Table‬‬
‫ﺜﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺤﻘل ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل‪ ،‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﺤـﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤـﺼﻭل ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻜل)‪ (14‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﺸﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻘل ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪14‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل)‪ (14‬ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‬

‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻠﻘﺎﺌﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ‪ Statistics‬ﻤﻥ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ‪ Field‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻘـﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ ﺒﺤـﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﻠﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩل ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻗل ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺩﻯ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل)‪.(15‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل)‪ (15‬ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل‬

‫‪15‬‬
 ‫‪ - 3‬ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺨﺼﻴﺹ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻝﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻝﻭﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻓﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻜل)‪ ( 16‬ﻴﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﻁـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻨﻔﺔ ﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻝﺯﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ‬
‫ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ ﺍﻋﻴﺩ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺎﺱ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺸﺭﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﺎﻡ)‪ (Tack bar‬ﻴﻨﻘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ) ‪ (Theme‬ﺜﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻤﺭ ﺘﺤﺭﻴـﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﻴﻁـﺔ ‪(Edit‬‬
‫)‪ Legend‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺤﻘل ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ) ‪ (Legend Type‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻻﻝﻭﺍﻥ ‪(Graduated‬‬
‫)‪color‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺤﻘل ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ )‪ (Classification‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺼﻨﻑ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﻓﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻤﺼﻨﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺎﺱ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻓﺌـﺎﺕ ﻤﺤـﺩﺩﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻗﻀﻴﺔ‪.‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻜﻠﻴﻥ)‪.(17) (16‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل)‪ (16‬ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻝﺯﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺎﻡ ‪2005‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل)‪(17‬ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻝﻔﺎﻜﻬﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺎﻡ ‪2005‬‬

‫‪16‬‬
 ‫ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ‪Charts‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻤﻊ ﻗﺎﻋـﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺇﻨـﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (15)(Charts‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻜﺎﻻﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺭﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺩﻋﺎﺀ‬
‫)‪(Theme‬ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻨﻘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ )‪(Chart‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺤﻘل) ‪ (filed‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻘل ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻨﺤـﺼل ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺨﺎﺭﻁـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﻨﻔﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ‪،‬ﻜﻤﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺎل ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺭﻭﺍﻴﺔ‪.‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل)‪.(18‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل)‪ (18‬ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺎﻡ ‪2005‬‬

‫)‪(16‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺭﺠﺎﻉ ﻭﻋﺭﺽ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ)‪( Identify‬‬

‫‪17‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻻﺴﺘﺭﺠﺎﻉ ﻭﻋﺭﺽ ﻗﺎﻋـﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﺤـﺩﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﻝﻰ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻭﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺭ ﺒﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ)‪ (ID‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻱ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﻴﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺤﻘل ﻭﺘﺸﻤل ) ﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺼﺭﻭﺍﻝﺘﺴﻠﺴل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻲ ﻝﻠﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﻱ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﻨـﺼﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻱ ﺼﻑ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﺠـﺩﻭل ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﺹ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻝﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻜل)‪(19‬‬
‫ﻴﻤﺜل ﻤﺸﻬﺩﺍ ﻝﻌﺭﺽ ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻭﺠﺩﻭﻻ ﻝﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ) ﺘﻠﻌﻔﺭ(ﻭﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل‪.‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل)‪(19‬ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺭﺠﺎﻉ ﻭﻋﺭﺽ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ)‪(Identify‬‬

‫‪-‬ﺍﻝﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ)‪ :(17) (Queries‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﺎﺅل ﺘﻭﻓﺭﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔﺍﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ‪ Arc view‬ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻁـﺭﺡ ﺃﺴـﺌﻠﺔ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻭﻓـﻕ ﺸـﺭﻭﻁ ﻤﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺤﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل)‪ (1‬ﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﻭﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻝﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ)‪)(Arc view‬ﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﺎﺅل(‬

‫‪18‬‬
‫‪"tutorial Arc view3.3 " available at: (http://www.cadmagazine.net/)accessed at:‬‬
‫‪25.3.:2005.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻜل)‪ (20‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﺎﺅل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ‪ >173643‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺸﺭﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﻁـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻌﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻬﺩ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻘل ﺍﻝﺘﺴﺎﺅل)‪ (Queries‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ ﺍﻝـﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒـﺔﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻘل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ )‪ (Values‬ﺜﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴـﺩﺓ )‪(New set‬‬
‫ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﻤﻔﺼﻼ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻔﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﺭﻭﻁ‪.‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل)‪ (20‬ﻤﺸﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ )‪(Queries‬‬

‫‪19‬‬
‫ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﻲ ‪ Boolean operator‬ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻤﻪ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ‬
‫ﺇﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻁ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ‪ true‬ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺨﻁـﺄ ‪false‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴﺔ ﻝﻀﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺎ ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺯﺀ "ﺤﻴﺙ" ‪ where‬ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻝﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻴﻜل ‪ SQL-sentence‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪"-1‬ﻭ" ‪ and‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻠـﻰ ﺴـﺒﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻁﺎﻥ ‪ A, B‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻁ‬
‫ـﻀﺎ‬‫ـﺔ ﺃﻴـ‬
‫ـﺎﻝﺤﺒﻭﺏ( ﻭ ‪ AND‬ﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋـ‬ ‫ـﺔ) ﺒـ‬
‫ـﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋـ‬‫ـﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨـ‬‫ـﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺨﺘـ‬
‫ـﺜﻼ ﻫـ‬
‫ﻤـ‬
‫)ﺒﺎﻝﺨﻀﺭﺍﻭﺍﺕ(‪.‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل)‪.(21‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل)‪ (21‬ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ)‪(and‬‬

‫‪20‬‬
‫‪" -1‬ﺃﻭ" ‪ or‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ )‪ (true‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻁ ﻤﺜﻼ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻨﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻤﺎﺒﺎﻝﺤﺒﻭﺏ ﺃﻭ ‪ OR‬ﺒﺎﻝﺨﻀﺭﺍﻭﺍﺕ )ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺒﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻀﺭﺍﻭﺍﺕ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻭﺏ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻌـﺎﺝ ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺸﻜل)‪.(22‬‬

‫‪21‬‬
 ‫ﺸﻜل)‪ (22‬ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻼﻡ)ﺍﻭ( )‪(or‬‬

‫‪Xor -2‬ﻭﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ )‪ (true‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻁ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺨﺘﻴـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻤﺎﺒﺎﻝﺤﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﺨﻀﺭﺍﻭﺍﺕ )ﻤـﻊ ﺍﺴـﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺒﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻀﺭﺍﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ Not -3‬ﻭﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ )‪ (false‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺨﺘـﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺒﻭﺏ )ﻭﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺨﻀﺭﺍﻭﺍﺕ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺨﻀﺭﺍﻭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻁ )ﻭﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺒﻭﺏ(‪.‬ﻓﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺒـﺎﻝﺤﺒﻭﺏ ﻭﻝﻴـﺴﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺨﻀﺭﺍﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻗﻀﻴﺔ)ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻌﺎﺝ( ﻓﻘﻁ ‪،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل)‪.(23‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل)‪ (23‬ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻻ)‪(not‬‬

‫‪22‬‬
 ‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺍﺠﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻨﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ)‪:(18)(Buffers‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻝﺤـﻭﺍﺠﺯ‬
‫ﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺒﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺯ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﻭﻴﻘـﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ‬
‫ﺒﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺯ ﺤﻭﻝﻪ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺼﺭ )ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ(ﻭﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻝﺤـﻭﺍﺠﺯ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻁﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻊ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻬﺎ ﻜﺄﻥ ﻨﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 200‬ﻤﺘﺭ ﺤـﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪500‬ﻤﺘﺭ ﺤﻭل ﺤﻘﻭل ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺍﺠﻥ ﺍﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻨـﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻤـﺴﺎﻓﺔﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﺤﻘـﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﻡ ﺃﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺍﺠﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴل ﺤﻭل ﺍﻻﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﻤﺭﺒـﻊ‬
‫ﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻜل)‪(24‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﺸﻬﺩﺍ ﻝﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﻤـﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ)‪(20‬ﻜﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ﺒﺎﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺸﺭﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺜﻡ)‪ (Theme‬ﺜﻡ ﺍﻨﺸﺎﺀﺍﻝﺤﻭﺍﺠﺯ)‪(Create Buffers‬‬
‫ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ﺜـﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴـﺎﺭ ﻨـﺼﻑ ﻗﻁـﺭ ﺍﻝﺤـﺎﺠﺯ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻘل)‪ (specified distance‬ﺜﻡ ﺇﻨﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺍﺠﺯ ﺤـﻭل ﻤﺭﺍﻜـﺯ ﺍﻝﻤـﺩﻥ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻻﺤﻅ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل)‪.(24‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل)‪ (24‬ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺍﺠﺯ)ﺍﻝﻨﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ( )‪(Buffers‬‬

‫‪23‬‬
 ‫‪ -6‬ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻤﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﻀﺭﺱ)‪:(DTM‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ‪ Arcview‬ﻤﻊ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻹﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻻﺒﻌـﺎﺩ‬
‫‪ 3D‬ﻝﻠﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ )‪ ( XYZ‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻤﺜـل ﺍﺤـﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ XY‬ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺜل ‪ Z‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻅـﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠـﻭﺏ ﺭﻓﻌﻬـﺎ ﺜﻼﺜـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺒﻌﺎﺩ‪ 3D‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻤﺜﻠﺜﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ‪ (19)TIN‬ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل ﺍﻻﺘﻲ‪ :‬ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺸﺭﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺤﻘل ﺍﻝـﺴﻁﻭﺡ ‪ Surface‬ﺜـﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴـﺎﺭ ﺍﻨـﺸﺎﺀ ﺸـﺒﻜﺔ ﻤﺜﻠﺜـﺎﺕ ﻏﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ‪TIN‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻘل ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻝﻌﻤل ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺸﻜل)‪ (25‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻻﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻻﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻤﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل)‪(25‬ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ‪ 3d‬ﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻤﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‬

‫‪24‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻝﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺘﻜﻨﻠﻭﺠﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺠﻠﺒﺕ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻜل ﻤﺎﻫﻭﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﻨﻅـﻡ ﻋﻠﻤﻴـﺔ ﺠﺩﻴـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻜﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺌل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺍﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺱ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻤـل ﻤـﻊ ﻗﺎﻋـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺩﺨﺎل ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻨـﻭﺍﻉ ﺠﺩﻴـﺩﺓ ﻭﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋـﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁﻴﺔ ﻭﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻠﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻫﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝﻬﺎ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻭﺍﺌﺩ ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻜﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺩﻤﺞ ﻭﺘﻜﺘﻴل ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻓـﺎﺩﺕ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻭﻗﺩﻤﺕ ﻓﺭﺼﺔ ﻝﻼﻨﺩﻤﺎﺝ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ‪.‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺒﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﻝﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻗﻭﺍﻋـﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻘﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﻤــﺵ‪:‬‬

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1-Kang tsung chang, "Introduction to Geographical information
systems"Mc.Graw,Hill.Companies,Inc.New York. P.2
2- United Nation, Handbook on geographic information systems and
digital mapping, New York.2000,p.187
‫ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜـﺭ‬،‫ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺤـﻀﺭﻴﺔ‬،‫ – ﻓﻭﺯﻱ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﷲ ﻜﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬3
. 41‫ﺹ‬، 1998،‫ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ‬،‫ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ‬
4-Kang tsung chang. , Op.cit . p.102
‫ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝــﺸﺭﻕ‬،‫ﺍﻨﻅﻤــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴــﺔ‬،‫ﺴــﺎﻤﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﺴــﻲ‬،‫ﺴــﺎﻤﺢ ﺤﺯﻤــﺎﺘﻲ‬-5
.47‫ﺹ‬،‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺴﻨﺔ ﻁﺒﻊ‬،‫ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬،‫ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ‬،‫ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ‬

.47‫ ﺹ‬،‫ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬-6

7- Kang tsung chang, Opacity . P.103.
8 -Burrough,P.A. and R. A. McDonnell (1998) Principles of
Geographical Information Systems. Oxford ,Oxford University Press.
.1997 ‫ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺴﺱ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺼل‬،‫ ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‬-9
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻜﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻓـﻲ‬،‫ ﻴﺎﺴﻴﻥ ﺩﺍﺅﺩ ﺠﺎﺴﻡ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺯﺒﻴﺩﻱ‬-10
‫ﻜﻠﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺴـﺒﺎﺕ‬،‫ﺭﺴـﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠـﺴﺘﻴﺭ‬،‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴـﺔ‬
.18‫ﺹ‬،2004،‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺼل‬،‫ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ‬
.71 ‫ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺹ‬. ‫ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‬.‫ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬.‫ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻴﻜﺎﺕ‬-11
‫ ﺍﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ‬.‫ ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ‬-12
(http://www.cad magazine.net / tutorial Arc view) 25.3.:2005
13- "tutorial Arc view3.3 " available at: (http://www.cadmagazine.net/)accessed
at: 25.3.:2005.
.135‫ﺹ‬،‫ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬. ‫ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‬.‫ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬.‫ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻴﻜﺎﺕ‬-14
15- Scott ltutchinson and Larry Donid inside Arc view Geographical
information systems , New York .3rd Edition . P. 171
16 - Arc view Geographical information systems 1990. the Geographical
information systems for every one . Inc. All right reserved. U.S.A
‫ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺼﺭ‬،‫ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ‬-17
.134‫( ﺹ‬2001)‫ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺀ ﻝﻠﻨﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬،‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻁ‬
18 - Keith .C.clark.1997; Getting started with Geographical information
systems ;2nd Ed . Prentice-Hall, Inc.New Jersey P 217.
19 – Kang stung chang, Op.cit . P. 236

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