ACareerinMusicComposition

DanielleAnderson

AdvancedPlacementLanguageandComposition
Mr.Rhodes
February26,2015

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DanielleAnderson
AdvancedPlacementLanguageandComposition
Mr.Rhodes
February26,2015
ACareerinMusicComposition
Everyhumanbeingintheworldhashadapersonalconnectionwithmusicatsomepoint
intheirlives.Sincethedawnoftime,peopleplayedrhythmsandsungmelodiesinorderto
expressthemselvesinawaydifferentfromthespokenword.Today,peopleplaymusicto
celebratebirthdaysandweddings,tomournthedeathofalovedone,ortorallyonlookersata
sportsgame.Filmmakersaddmusictotheirworkinordertofurthertheemotionsdepictedbythe
actorsonthescreen.Peoplepayhundredsofdollarsforticketsinordertoseetheirfavorite
musicianplayaliveconcert.Somepeopleevenconnectsongstospecificmemoriesandevents,
likeacertaintuneremindingthemoftheirmother,theirhighschoolgraduationday,orafirst
date.Music,consideredauniversallanguage,transcendsculturaldifferencestobringpeople
togetherandconveyamessageinawaythatnothingelsecan.Composers,whoworkbehindthe
scenestowritethemusic,havecommandedtheartofthemusicallanguageandcreateabsolute
masterpiecesthatfullyexpressawiderangeofemotionstolisteners.Acareerinmusic
compositionensuresanopportunitytoearnalivingwhileprovidingfulfillmentandacreative
outletforitsadherents.
Thedevelopmentofmusicandcompositionbeganaroundthesametimethefirsthuman
ancestorsevolved.TheNeanderthalsandCroMagnonscreatedtheoldestdiscoveredmanmade
instruments,flutescarvedfrombone,over53,000yearsago(Eaglesham).Thesophisticationof

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theseinstrumentssuggestthatpreviousevolutionsofhumanshadmadetheseflutesforhundreds,
maybethousandsofyearsbefore(Eaglesham).Sincethattime,musichastransformedthrough
multiplecenturies,stretchingacrossthemedievaltotheclassicalperiod,fromtheromantic
perioduptothemodernage.Composershaverevolutionizedconceptsofmusictheoryand
dramaticallychangedthewrittenlandscapeofmusic.WolfgangAmadeusMozart,achild
prodigy,composedmusicunparalleledintechnicalskillingenrespreviouslyuntouchedbyother
composersofhistime(WolfgangAmadeusMozart).LudwigvanBeethoven,Mozarts
successor,frequentlyconsideredthemostrevolutionarycomposerofalltime,moldedthestyle
ofclassicalmusicwithhisexceptionalpiecesandsuccessfullyusheredintheromanticperiodof
Europeanmusic(LudwigvanBeethoven).Intheearly1900s,composerslikeArnold
Schoenbergcreatedthe12toneseriesofmusic,piecesinvolvingnotesofall12tonesincludedin
amajororminorscale,radicalizingtheclassicalideasofmusictheory(Cook,Pople228).Jazz
musicinfiltratedtheUnitedStatesduringthe1940s,shapingtheentiretyofAmericanpopular
cultureandinfluence,andRockmusicdidthesameduringthe1960s(Cook,Pople395).Today,
millionsofcomposersandmusicianswritemusicacrosshundredsofgenres,fromPhilipGlass
minimalistclassicalcompositionstoKatyPerryspopsongs.Nomatterthegenre,music
experiencesradicalchangeyearafteryear,andrebellious,revolutionarycomposersinitiatethat
change.
Thepropereducationcantakemusicianshipfromahobbytoacareer.Acommon
misconceptionexiststhatonedoesnothavetoobtainacollegemusicdegreeinordertobuilda
successfulcareerintheindustry.However,recentstudieshaveshownabout76%ofworking
musiciansattendcollege(Skophammer13).Althoughsomejobpositionsindeeddonotrequire

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anyhighereducationinordertosecurethem,possessingadegreeinaspecificcareerfield
certainlygivesapersonasignificantadvantageinthejobmarket.Luckily,numerousuniversities
nowoffertheopportunitytoearnamusicdegreewhilestudyingundertalentedprofessorsin
someofthemostprestigiousmusicdepartmentsacrossthecountry.
TheUniversityofNorthCarolinaschoolsystemoffersvariousconservatorystyle
bachelorsdegreeprogramsinmusicatafractionoftheconservatorycost.AttendingaNorth
CarolinapublicuniversitytoearnaBachelorsdegreewouldproveareasonablechoice,dueto
therelativelylowcostoftheseuniversitiesandthecloseproximitytohome.Forexample,the
mostnationallyrecognizedschoolofthisuniversitysystem,theUniversityofNorthCarolinaat
ChapelHill,offersbothaBachelorofArtsandBachelorofMusicdegreewithconcentrationsin
ethnomusicology,instrumentalandvocalperformance,musictheory,musichistory,popular
music,jazzstudies,andcomposition(DegreeProgramsDepartmentofMusic).Inorderto
receiveeitherofthesedegrees,thestudentmustcompletecoursesinhistory,theory,andglobal
music,aswellasparticipateinprivatelessonsandinstrumentalorvocalperformanceensembles
(DegreeProgramsDepartmentofMusic).Theensemblesofferedrangefromlargescale
orchestrastosmalljazzbandsandethnicmusicchorales(MusicDepartmentEnsembles
Department).Theuniversityhostsanumberofawardwinninggroupsaswell,includingthe
UniversityofNorthCarolinaSymphonyOrchestra(UNCSO),honoredin2012asthefirstplace
College/UniversityDivisionwinneroftheAmericanPrizeinOrchestralPerformance(UNC
SymphonyOrchestraDepartmentof).Thecompositiondepartmentprovidestheuseofan
ElectroAcousticStudioandComputerLab,containingmusiccompositionsoftwarelikeFinale
2008,Protools,andSoundtrackPro,toallmusiccompositionmajors(ElectroAcousticStudio

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andComputerLab).Theschoolalsooffersamusiccompositionscholarshiptoitsstudents
(ScholarshipAuditionInformationinComposition).TheUniversityofNorthCarolinaat
ChapelHillsprestigiousacademicreputationaswellasitshighlyregardedmusicdepartment
makeitanexcellentchoiceofcollegeforsomeoneinterestedinpursuingamusicdegree.
TheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatGreensboro(UNCG),anotherfantasticuniversity
option,offerssimilardegreeprogramstotheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill.The
studenthasthechoiceofaBachelorofArtsorBachelorofMusicDegreewithconcentrationsin
performance,education,musicology,theory,orcomposition(ProspectiveStudentsAreasof
Study).UNCG,consideredaveryeconomicallyconsciousoptionwithatotalcostofabout
$14,130ayearfortuition,housing,andmeals,canproveveryeffectiveforsavingmoneyin
ordertoattendaMastersdegreemusicprogram(Costs|CostandAid|UNCG).UNCGs
compositiondepartmentfeaturestheAliceVirginiaPoeWilliamsElectronicMusicStudios,
stateoftheartfacilitiesthatcontainMaccomputers,intricatespeakerconfigurations,and
softwareslikeProtools,Logic,andReason(UNCGCompositionStudio).Graduatesofthe
UNCGUndergraduateMusicCompositionprogramgoontoattendMastersdegreeprogramsat
themusiccollegesofprestigiousschoolsliketheJuilliardSchool,BowlingGreenUniversity,
andtheUniversityofTexasatAustin(UNCGCompositionStudio).
Finally,NewYorkUniversity(NYU),aprivateuniversitylocatedinManhattan,New
YorkCity,offersdegreesinmusicperformance,education,therapy,technology,business,and
composition,aswellassongwritingandscoringforfilmandmultimediathroughtheSteinhardt
school(AcademicProgramsMusicDepartmentNYU).Studentsenrolledinthe
undergraduate,graduate,andPhDCompositiondepartmentsatNYUhavethechoiceoffocusing

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ontraditionalconcertmusic,electronicmusic,orfilmscoring(ProgramandDegreesNYU
Steinhardt).Allstudentsinthedepartmenttakecoursesinauralskills,musictheory,andmusic
history,andcompleteamandatorykeyboardproficiencyexam(MusicCompositionCurriculum
UndergraduateCurriculum).However,withatotalcostofattendanceincludingtuition,
boarding,andfeesreachingupto$66,542ayear,NYUwouldprovemoresuitableasagraduate
programduetoitsmajorfinancialexpense(OfficeofFinancialAidCost).Graduatestudents
involvedinthefilmscoringtrackheartheirworkplayedacrossNewYorkCityandthecountry
atvenuesliketheWalterReadeTheatreincollaborationwiththeFilmSocietyofLincoln
Center,theNationalGalleryinWashington,D.C.,theTribecaFilmFestival,andatfilmscoring
workshopsincollaborationwiththeAmericanSocietyofComposers,Authors,andProducers
(ASCAP)(MusicCompositionNYUSteinhardt).Theuniversityalsoboaststheuseofthe
JamesL.Dolanmusicrecordingstudioandmultipleothertechnologystudiosandpracticerooms
availabletoallmusicmajors(FacilitiesNYUSteinhardt).NYUsworldrenownedmusic
programandstateoftheartrecordingtechnologymakesitawonderful,thoughexpensive,
choiceforsomeonelookingtomajorinmusiccomposition.
Acareerinmusiccompositionnecessitatestheuseofmanyskills,eithergainedthrough
experiencedirectlyinthefieldorthroughauniversityorconservatorybasedmusiceducation.
Composersneedskillsinreadingmusic,originality,andhearingsensitivity,inadditionto
knowledgeofthefinearts,musictheory,andmusictechnology(ExploreCareers::Music
Composers).Theseskillsallowthemtoarrangeandcomposemusicforindividualperformers
ororchestras,bands,musicals,orchoralgroups(ExploreCareers::MusicComposers).
Composerscanalsocollaboratewithothermusicianstowriteorperformmusic(Explore

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Careers::MusicComposers).TheaverageNorthCarolinasalaryforamusiccomposerproves
quitesmallatonly$41.800ayear,butthestatisticstendtovaryacrossthecountrywithsalaries
instateslikeNewYorkreachingupto$62,280peryear(ExploreCareers::Music
Composers).Althoughthemonetaryreturndoesnotappearsubstantial,manycomposerswould
arguethattheychosethecareerduetotheirpassionfortheirartandnotfortherevenueearned.
Dr.JohnAllemeier,AssociateProfessorofCompositionattheUniversityofNorth
CarolinaatCharlotte(UNCC),considersselfdisciplinethemostimportantskillforasuccessful
careerinmusiccomposition.InsteadofteachingatUNCCfulltime,heworksfromhomethree
daysaweektocompletehisscores,whichrequiresagreatdealofselfdisciplineandfocusin
ordertopreventdistractions.Healsoarguesthatacomposermusthaveanextensiveknowledge
ofbusiness,asalargecomponentofacomposerscareerinvolvesselfpromotionoftheirmusic.
Whennotcomposing,Allemeierspendsmostofhistimesendingpromotionalemailsforhis
musicanddiscussingpossibleperformanceopportunitieswithpotentialclients.Hearingmy
compositionsperformedliveisoneofthemostgratifyingexperiencesforme.hestates
(Allemeier).Althoughhebelievesthefieldofentrepreneurialandperformancerelatedmusic
compositionwillexperiencecontinuouslysteadygrowth,hewarnsthatintensecompetition
withintheacademicfieldofcompositionnecessitatesthatthecomposerkeepanopenmindwhen
itcomestojobopportunitiesandthatheorsheconsidercreatingtheirownbusinessormusic
festivaltoensureemployment.Herecommendsthatacomposerseekinguniversityemployment
shouldobtainadoctorateinordertoincreasehisorherchancesinthejobmarket,andthatatthe
minimumallcomposersenteringthefieldshouldpossessatleastamastersdegree.Nonetheless,
inspiteofacknowledgingthepotentialnegativeaspectsofpursuingacareerinmusic

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composition,Allemeierconsidersmusiccompositionanincrediblyrewardingandfulfilling
careerchoice,andhedoesnotdiscourageanyonefromenteringthefield(Allemeier).
Anotheroneofthemostnoteworthysubfieldsofmusiccomposition,filmscoring,
providesthecomposerwithadditionalopportunitiestoshowcasetheircreativeworks.A
successfulfilmscoreroftenreceivesnumerousaccolades,suchasAcademyAwards,and
incrediblylargesalariesfortheirwork(WhereDoIGo).Filmcomposerswritescoresfor
movieproductions,televisionshows,andcommercials,andthetypicaleducationrequirements
involveeitheraBachelorsorMastersdegreeingeneralcompositionorcomposingforfilm
(WhereDoIGo).However,asonlyafewbignamefilmscorerstypicallydominatetheentire
industry,gainingrecognitionandreceivingjoboffersoftenprovesquitedifficultinthe
beginning(WhereDoIGo).Nevertheless,manycomposerschoosetoscoreforfilmstoextend
theirgiftforwritingmusictoanotherareaoftheworldofperformanceart.
Technologyhasfurtherchangedthewayoneconductsacareerinmusiccomposition.
Athomedigitalmusiclabs,consideredapopularchoiceformanyselfstartermusiciansand
musichobbyists,haveincreasedinpopularityoverthepastfewyearswiththeriseofaffordable
musictechnology.Themaincomponentsofthesedigitalmusiclabsincludedigitalaudio
interfacedevices,MusicalInstrumentDigitalInterface(MIDI)keyboards,notationsoftware,and
digitalaudioworkstationsoftware(Vogelstein).MIDIkeyboards,muchlikeregularkeyboards,
canpossessanywherefrom25tothefullrangeof88keys,but,unlikeregularkeyboards,they
producenosound.Instead,whenauserpressesakey,itsendsinformationdigitallythroughthe
attacheddigitalaudiointerfacedevicetothenotationsoftwareontheuserscomputer,which
thennotatesthepitchtosheetmusiconthescreen.Themusiciancanthenexportthe

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compositiontoaninstrumentationsoftwarewheretheyaddadditionalinstrumentlayersandedit
thecompositionasneeded(Vogelstein).Althoughmanytypesofinstrumentationsoftware,
includingApplesGarageBandandLogicPro,receivepositivereviewsfrommusicians,a
companycalledAviddevelopsthemostpopularmusicnotation,production,andinstrumentation
softwares,suchasGroovyMusic,Sibelius,andProTools(Vogelstein).Themaincriticismof
thesemusictechnologiesstemsfromthestruggleofobtainingaproductthatproduceshigh
qualitysoundatareasonablecost.However,inrecentyears,thetechnologyhasgradually
becomebetter,aswellasmoreinexpensive.Forexample,Avid,whichproducesmany
instrumentationproductsrangingfromhundredstothousandsofdollars,releasedalowerend
lineofproductscalledMAudio,usedbyprofessionals,thatcostsnomorethan$100
(Vogelstein).Advancementslikethesehelptomakemusiccompositioneasilyaccessiblefor
boththeprofessionalcomposerandindependentmusician.
NotonlyhasmusictechnologyinfiltratedstandalonePCcomputersandathomedigital
musiclabs,butsoftwareengineershavealsostarteddevelopingapplicationsformobiledevices,
makingmusiccompositionmoreportablethanever.Anewsmartphoneapplicationcalled
ScoreCleaner,developedinStockholm,SwedenbyacomputerscienceengineerattheKTH
RoyalInstituteofTechnologyandaprofessorattheKMHRoyalCollegeofMusic,hasgained
globalattentionforitstechnologicaladvancementsinmusicanditseaseofuse(Nylander).This
app,developedinconjunctionwithacompanycalledDoReMIRMusicResearch,turnsanytune
whistled,sung,orinstrumentedbytheuserintowrittenmusicalnotation(Nylander).
Applicationslikethesehelptosavetimeinacomposersbusyscheduleandmakewriting,
arranging,andnotatingmusiceasierthanever.

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Althoughtheadvancementoftechnologyusedinthecompositionandproductionof
musicprovidestheindustrywithsignificantadvantages,manydisadvantagesalsoarisefromthe
emergenceofsimilarmusictechnologies,suchasfilesharingwebsites.Filesharingwebsites
hostpiratedmusic,musicillegallyreproducedwithoutpermissionfromtherecordcompany,for
onlineuserstodownloadfreeofcharge.Thesewebsiteshavemadeitextremelyeasyforpeople
acrosstheglobetodownloadfreemusicfromtheinternetinsteadofpayingforsongsby
purchasingaphysicalrecordinastoreoranMP3throughanonlinemusicservicesuchas
iTunes.Thesewebsiteshavecomeunderheavymediascrutinysincetheearlypartofthis
century,resultinginnumeroushighprofilelawsuitsspanningacrossmanyyears.
ThemostmemorableofthesemusicpiracycasesinvolvedawebsitecalledNapster,
createdbyShawnFanningduringhisenrollmentasacomputersciencemajoratNortheastern
UniversityinBoston,Massachusetts(Vogelstein).Duringthefirstfewmonthsofitslaunchin
September1999,Napster,afilesharingwebsitespecializingonlyinthedownloadingofpirated
music,doubleditsuserbaseeveryfivetosixweeks,rapidlyincreasinginpopularityand
acquiringamassivefollowingofinternetbrowsers(Levyetal).Thiscaughttheattentionofthe
RecordingIndustryAssociationofAmerica(RIAA),who,uponrealizingthatNapsterusers
sharedanddownloadedpiratedfilesenmasse,filedalawsuitagainstthewebsiteonchargesof
copyrightinfringement(Levyetal).ThepopularrockbandMetallica,afterdiscoveringtheir
albumsonthesite,followedsuitandbeganchargingNapsterinApril2000(Winter116).They
alsoreleasedthenamesof300,000individualpeoplewhodownloadedMetallicasmusicfrom
thesite,andsueduniversities,likeYaleandtheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,whose
studentsusedthewebsite(Levyetal).Napsterworkedbydownloadingillegalfilesdirectlyfrom

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onecomputertoanother,eliminatingtheneedforNapstertohostthefilesonitscentralserver
forfreedownloading(Greenfeldetal).Duetothisfact,Napsterbelievedtheypossesseda
significantadvantageinthelawsuit,astheydidnotconsiderthemselvespirates,onlyamediator
forthetransferofpiratedmaterial,andthusdidnotdirectlyparticipateinillegalactivity(Levyet
al).However,theprosecutionthoughtotherwise,andNapsterscentralizedserverinfactcreated
adisadvantageforthesiteduringthecase,asitprovedquiteaneasytargetandthecourtcould
simplyshutitdownifthesuitruledagainstNapstersfavor(Levyetal).InJuly2001,justfive
monthsafterNapsterreacheditspeakofover26.4millionconsistentglobalusers,thewebsite
ceasedoperationfollowingacourtorderduetocopyrightinfringementissues(Winter116).
SincetheshutdownofNapster,numerousotherfilesharingwebsites,includingasite
calledGnutella,haveappearedallacrosstheinternet.JustinFrankel,acomputerprogrammer
workingforacompanycalledNullsoft,ownedbyAmericaOnline(AOL),wrotethefirst
GnutellaprogramasanindependentstartupandposteditillegallytotheNullsoftwebsite(Levy
etal).Withinhoursoftheprogramsrelease,AOLswiftlyremoveditfromtheInternet,butnot
beforeothercomputerusersdownloadedtheprogramtotheirharddrivesandeditedittocreate
newversionsofthesoftware(Levyetal).Withinmonths,hundredsofversionsofthe
filesharingprogramhadspreadacrosstheInternetlikewildfire(Vogelstein).Thoughitnever
quiteachievedthefanbaseNapsterobtained,Gnutellaanditsmultiplevariantsgainedcritical
successduringashortperiodoftimeafterNapstersserversshutdown.Incidentssuchasthese
helptoillustratetheviralspreadofpiratedmusicandsharingtechnologiesacrosstheweb,and
demonstratethewayacareerinmusichaschangedwiththeemergenceofthesefilesharing
websites.

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Othertechnologicaladvancementshavealsodramaticallychangedthenumberofrecords
soldandMP3sdistributed.Onlinemusicstreamingserviceshavebecomeincrediblypopularfor
musiclistening.Theseprogramsallowuserstolistentothousandsofsongs,atnocost,in
exchangeforcompanieshostingtheiradsonthesite,butunlikethefilesharingwebsites,these
streamingsitesdonothostpiratedmusic.ProgramslikeSpotify,Propellerhead,andEpidemic
Sound,allonlinemusicstreamingservicesbasedoutofStockholm,Sweden,strictlyfollow
copyrightlaws,makingthemfullylegalandavailableforpublicuse(Nylander).Spotify,the
mostpopularofthesemusicstreamingwebsites,maintainsamassiveuserbasethatcontinuesto
growwitheverypassingmonth.AsofJanuary,2015,Spotifyhadreachedover60millionusers,
only15millionofwhichpayamonthlysubscriptionoftendollarsinordertopreventadsfrom
interruptingtheirlistening(SpotifyNowHas60Million).Thevastmajorityofthoseusing
Spotifydonotsubscribetotheadfreeexperience,optinginsteadtocontinueusingtheservice
forfree,takingrevenueawaynotonlyfromthewebsite,butalsotheartiststheystream(Spotify
NowHas60Million).WebsiteslikeSpotifyprovemassivelypopularamonginternetusersasa
happymediumbetweentheillegalpiratingoffreemusicfromfilesharingwebsitesandpaying
formusiconalegalMP3downloadingservice.
However,theproblemwiththesewebsitescomeintheformofroyaltypaymentstothe
artistswhosemusicthesitehosts.Spotifyclaimstogive70%ofitsrevenueearnedbacktothe
artistswhosemusictheystreamandreportstohavelost$115millionin2012aswellas$80
millionin2013duetothispractice(SpotifyStillDoesntMakeAny).Despitethis,many
remainskepticalastothevalidityofthesestatements.Spotifysownartistrevenueinformation
contradictstheirassertionthatartistsearnaconsiderableamountofmoneywhenhostingtheir

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musiconthesite,asitshowsthatmusiciansearnonly$0.006to$0.0084persongstream
(Johnson).Thisdoesnotamounttomuchrevenueforeventhemostwellplayedartist,and,
unfortunatelyforthecompany,theartistshavestartedtotakenotice.
PopularcountrypopsingerTaylorSwiftrecentlyremovedallofhermusicfromthe
websiteinprotestofthedwindlingrecordsalesandtheincreaseduseofmusicstreaming
services,citinglowrevenueasacause(Alter).Swiftsmusic,whichreceivedover16million
playsina30dayperiodandappearedonover19millionusercreatedplaylists,consistently
toppedtheSpotifymusicpopularitycharts(Alter).However,Swiftreportsearningonly
$496,044indomesticrevenueforhersongstreamsinthepast12months,whileSpotifyearned
wellover$2millionforstreamingofhermusicalone(Johnson).Thisinstancefurtherstheidea
thatthesestreamingwebsitescheattheartistsoutofroyaltypaymentsbykeepingthemajorityof
revenueearnedfromthestreamsforthecompanyitself.
Nonetheless,somecontroversydoesexistastowhetherthesewebsiteshaveenacted
positiveornegativechangeinthemusicindustry.Manysayrecentchangesinmusicsharing
technologyhaveresultedinamajordeclineinthenumberofmusicsalesoverall,duetothe
availabilityofeasilyaccessiblefreemusiconthewebforanonlineusertodownloadorstream
(Skophammer12).Somemusiciansdisagree,sayingrecordsalesandlegalMP3downloadsof
theirmusichaverisenhigherthaneverinthelastfewyears,despitethedevelopmentofthese
filesharingandstreamingwebsites.Someevengoasfarastosaythesewebsiteshelptheir
musictogainexposureandinfactincreasesalesovertime(Vogelstein).Despiteones
individualbeliefsregardingtheupsidesanddownsidesofmusictechnologies,mostpeople
certainlyagreethesefilesharingandmusicstreamingservices,aswellasmusiccomposition

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softwares,havedrasticallychangedthelandscapeofthemusicindustryandrevolutionizedthe
wayinternetuserstransfer,write,anddownloadmusicontheweb.
Acareerincompositionprovidesamusicianwithachancetomakealivingwhiledoing
somethingthattheylove.Despitethedrawbacksofonlinemusicstreamingandfilesharing
websites,themusicindustrycontinuestogrowatarapidpacewitheachpassingyear.Withthe
developmentofnumerousmusictechnologydevices,universitymusiceducationprograms,anda
thrivingmusicindustry,pursuingacareerinmusiccompositionprovesmorefulfillingand
rewardingthaneverbefore.

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