1.00 |_ Sharp-edged orifice : diameter ratio, aH Rotameter with 7 I) 030 ie ( ce float shape : |_\ inside pipe diameter s Rotometer with 7” ¢ 5 e = 070 loat shape s = 0.60 3 3 float shape £ 050. Lt - 2 alert 040} Ee 030 i LE ii ici 10 20" 40.60 10? 109 104 19° Reynolds number © -/ _ + Bey Figure 20.11. Meter coefficients for sharp-edged orifices and for rotameter (10). (Orifice Curves by permission of Instruments, Copyright © 1973. Rotameter curves, cour- tesy of Fischer and Porter Co.) ~ Poop « B DogV: For rotameter: Np = seule For orifice: NRe Dg = orifice diameter Deg = equivalent diameter of annular opening between tube and float. 2562 APPLICATIONS TO EQUIPMENT DESIGN ° & os a Ss a measured across orifice Petmanent energy loss as fraction of pressure difference oS SS { (eee Es 0 02 04 O06 08 10 Sem ; _ovifice diameter : = Palio pe ameter Figure 20.12, Permanent energy oss in sharp-edged orifice (3). (By permission of ASME, Copyright© 1971.)378 APPLICATIONS TO EQUIPMENT DESIGN pressure cannot be exposed to the atmosphere, the inverted _ U-tube ‘illustrated is sometimes used. Develop a general expression for the pressure difference between points 1 and 2 in terms of A, a, 6, and the fiuid densities. 20.21. Show that the pressure-drop reading for the two-fluid manometer pictured in Figure 20.8 is given by ST AP= Alec Pe ae ee oe) where R= reading _ St = cross-sectional area of the tubes Sp = cross-sectional area of the bulbs PA, PB, Pc = density of fluids A, B, and C, respec- tively aN A simple open-end U-tube, using mercury, is used to Measure the pressure in a 2-in. pipe carrying CO> gas at 70°F. The mercury level at zero reading is 2 ft below the pressure tap. _ (a) If the reading on the manometer is 1-in. Hg, what is the pressure in the line? (b) !f water were flowing in the line under the same Ppressure.as the CO3, what would the manometer reading be? «— 20.23. Petroleum oil of specific gravity 0.9 and vi i 3 centipoises flows isothermally through a horizontal sch.-40, 3-in. pipe. A pitot tube is inserted at the center of the pipe, and its leads are filled with the same oil and attached to a U-tube containing-water. The reading on the manometer is 3.0 ft. Calculate the volumetric flow of oil in cubié feet per minute. 20.24.) A pitot tube is inserted-into the center of an air duct 1m in diameter. A pressure gage attached to the pitot tube reads 7.9 N/m2. Calculate the mass flow rate of air, ata temperature of 40°C and a pressure of 100 kN/m2. <. — 20. 25. A duct traverse is made with a pitot tube of a 20.0-in- =D. galvanized-iron duct through which air is flowing at 100°F. A water manometer is used in connection with the pitot tube. The following readings were obtained: Position (r), in. AP in. water 0.0 : 3.67 3.0 327: 5.0_ 2.67 7.0 = 1,80 8.0 1.40 9.0 0.80 9.75 0.198 Estimate the average flow rate of the air in cubic feet per minute 20.26. A Es orifice in a thin plate has been calibi ry air at 70°F and substantially standard atmospheric pressure and a plot prepared frem which the volume of air per minute referred to 32°F and normal barometer may be read directly. If this meter were used to measure the flow of dry CO> gas at 70°F and normal pressure, would it give high or low results? What correction factor would be necessary to make the plot usable? 20.27. It is desired to meter, by the installation of a sharp-edged orifice, a stream of approximately 500 lb/hr of air flowing at 70°F and 1.0 psig through a standard 4-in. iron pipe line. lt is agreed that the orifice will have flange taps and that, for ease in reading the flow, a minimum pressure difference of 2:0 in. HO must exist between the two taps. What diameter do you recommend for the orifice to be installed? What is your estimate of the static pressure of the air flowing at a point 3 ft downstream from the orifi : 20.28.) Brine (specific aivity 1.20) is flowing - thro ‘standard 80-mm pipe at a maximum rate of 0.9m3/min. In order to measure the rate of flow, a sharp-edged orifice, connected to a simple U-manometer is to be installed. The maximum reading of the manometer is ~ to be 400 mm Hg. What size orifice should be installed? Repeat, assuming a exeutgn meter is used instead of an orifi <>, standard 0,.500-in. orifice is installed ina ~2-in. dard steel pipe. Dry air at upstream conditions of 70°F and 15 psig flows through the orifice at such a rate that a U-tube manometer connected across the taps indicates a reading of 35 cm of red oil. The red oil has a specific gravity of 0.831 referred to water at 60 F. (a) Calculate the weight rate of airflow in the pipe. (b) Estimate permanent head loss across the orifice. (c) What percent of the power requirement could be saved by using a venturi meter in place of the orifice (assuming a pressure loss from venturi meter equal” to 20 percent of head across venturi). 20.30. A 25-mm sharp-edged orifice is installed in a 50-mm standard pipe (medium weight). What will be the reading on a differential pressure gage attached across the orifice if water at 20°C is flowing through the pipe at a rate of 0.002 m3/s? 20.31. An oil. of 0.87 specific gravity and 6 centi- poises viscosity flows through a pipeline. An orifice with Opening diameter of one-half of the inside pipe diameter is used to measure the flow. It is proposed to replace this orifice with a venturi with throat diameter equal to the orifice diameter. If the coefficient of the orifice is 0.61 and that of the venturi 0.98 and the flow rate is unchanged, calculate: i (a) The ratio of the venturi reading to the orifice reading. (b) The ratio of the net pressure ase due to the venturi installations to that found with the orifice. 20.32. A standard 0.500 in.-flange-tap orifice is