Electromagnetic Theorems 2

UCF

Fields from Surface Currents (1)

J s and M s in homogeneous space

E j A j
H j F j

R r r'

( F )

A J

A k

F k 2F M

( A )

F
A

s
s

A ( r ) J s ( r ' ) G ( R ) ds '

F ( r ) M s ( r ' ) G ( R ) ds '

Homogeneous space
Greens function

e jkR
G( R ) G(r, r' ) G(r' , r)
4R

R | r r' |

Fields from Surface Currents (2)

UCF

E j

J s ( r ' ) G ( R ) ds ' j

{ [ J s ( r ' ) G ( R ) ds ' ]}

( r ' ) G ( R ) ds ' ]

Note: operate on r rather than r

[ J s (r ' )G ( R )] J s (r ' ) G ( R )
Use math formula (A ) A A

[ M s (r ' )G ( R )] G ( R ) M s (r ' )
M s (r ' ) G ( R )
Use math formula (A ) A A

Fields from Surface Currents (3)

UCF

{ j

Since Z

J s ( r ' ) G ( R ) ds '

,k

1
j

[ J

( r ' ) G ( R ) ] ds ' ]}

( r ' ) G ( R ) ds '

E Z { jk

1
J s ( r ' ) G ( R ) ds '
jk

[ J

( r ' ) G ( R ) ] ds ' ]}

( r ' ) G ( R ) ds '

Likewise (or from Duality Theorem)

H Y { jk

1
M s ( r ' ) G ( R ) ds '
jk

( r ' ) G ( R ) ds '

[ M

( r ' ) G ( R ) ] ds ' ]}

UCF

Kirchhoff-Huygens Formula (1)

Homogeneous space, source free ,

Auxiliary problem:
homogeneous space
,

Region II

Ja
a

Region I

Assume fields in Region II (free

space) are E and H

Assume fields from Ja and Ma in

free space are Ea and Ha

E j H

E a j H a M a

H j E

H a j E a J a

UCF

Kirchhoff-Huygens Formula (2)

H E a j H H a H M

E H a j E E a E J a
H a E j H a H
E a H j E a E
H Ea Ea H E H a H a E E J a H M a
(E a H E H a ) E J a H M a
Integrate both sides on the whole volume of Region 2, we have
n

( E

H E H a ) ( n ) ds

S S

( E J
Note:

H M a ) dv

...ds 0
S

Region II

Region I

a
a
(
E

H
) ( n ) ds

a
a
(
E

M
) dv

UCF

Kirchhoff-Huygens Formula (3)

E a j A j

Ja

R
r'

j F j

( A )
( F )

A J

A k

F k 2F M

F ( r ) M

A (r )

F
A

J a ( r ' ) G ( R ) dv '
a

( r ' ) G ( R ) dv '

e jkR
G( R ) G(r, r' ) G(r' , r)
4R

R | r r' |

UCF

Kirchhoff-Huygens Formula (4)

If J a ( r ) a u ( r r '), M a ( r ) 0 a u can be either a x or a y or a z

J a ( r ') a u ( r ' r ') a u ( 0 )

A ( r ) G (r , r ' )a u

F (r ) 0

f ( x' ) ( x' )dx' f (0)

f ( x' ) ( x' x' )dx' f ( x' )

1
a

( G ( r , r ') a u )
(
)
,
'
E
r
j

G
(
r
r
)
a
j
u

H a ( r ) 1 [ G ( r , r ') a u ]

a
k2
( G ( r , r ') a u )
E (r )
j

H a ( r ) [G ( r , r ') a ]
u

a
' ' k 2
( G ( r , r ') a u )
E ( r ')
j

H a ( r ') ' [ G ( r , r ' ) a ]

u

Kirchhoff-Huygens Formula (5)

UCF

From

(E a H E H a )( n ) ds

S S

(E J a H M a ) dv

J a ( r ) a u ( r r ') ,

M a (r ) 0

a
a
au E(r ')
[
E
(
r
)

H
(
r
)

E
(
r
)

H
(r )] ( n)ds

a u E(r )

a
a
[
E
(
r
')

H
(
r
')

E
(
r
')

H
( r ')] ( n ) ds '

a
a
[
n

H
(
r
')]

E
(
r
')
ds
'

[
n

E
(
r
')]

H
(r ')]ds '

k2
''

[
n

H
(
r
')]

[
(
G
(r
,
r
'
)a
)]
ds
'

[
n

H
(
r
')]

[
(G (r , r ' )a u )]ds '
u
S

j
j
s

[n E(r ')] ' [G (r , r ')a u ]ds '

S

Note: ' [ G ( r , r ' ) a u ] ' G ( r , r ' ) a u a u ' G ( r , r ' )

UCF

Kirchhoff-Huygens Formula (6)

e jkR
Since G ( R ) G (r , r' ) G (r' , r)
R | r r' |
4R
dG
R
R, R
dR
R
dG
R
R
'G
' R G , ' R
dR
R
G

Likewise ' ' G ( R )au G ( R )au

[ n E ( r ')] ' [G (r , r ' )a u ] [ n E ( r ')] [ a u G (r , r ' ) ]
a u {[ n E ( r ')] G }

x 1 a x
x 2 a y

a u {[ n E ( r ')] G }

x 3 a

a u { G [ n E ( r ')]}

3
G ( R )
G ( R )
[n H (r ')] [G ( R )a u ] [n H (r ')] (
) {[ n H (r ')] xi }
u
xi u
i 1

({[n H(r ')] xi }G ( R )) au ([n H(r ')]G ( R ))

u i 1 xi

UCF

Kirchhoff-Huygens Formula (7)

a u E (r ) a u

2
[ n H ( r ')] [( G (r , r ' ) )] d s '
j
1

au
[ n H ( r ')]G (r , r ' ) d s '
s

E ( r ) Z { jk
[ n H ( r ')]G (r , r ' ) ds '
S

1
jk

E ( r ) Z { jk

[ n H ( r ' )] G ( R ) ds '
S

[ n H ( r ')]G (r , r ' ) ds '}

s

1
jk

([ n H ( r ' )] G ( R ) ) ds '}
s

[ n E ( r ' )] G ( R )ds '

S

Likewise, if we let

J a (r ) 0, M a (r ) a u (r r ')

H ( r ) Y { jk

[ n E ( r ' )] G ( R ) ds '
S

[ n E ( r ')] Gds '

S

au
[ n E ( r ')] G d s '

[ n H ( r ' )] G ( R )ds '

S

1
jk

(or from duality), we have

([ n E ( r ' )] G ( R ) ) ds '}
s

Kirchhoff-Huygens Formula (8)

UCF

compare

E ( r ) Z { jk

[ n H ( r ' )] G ( R ) ds '
S

1
jk

([ n H ( r ' )] G ( R ) ) ds '}
s

[ n E ( r ' )] G ( R )ds '

S

H ( r ) Y { jk

[ n E ( r ' )] G ( R ) ds '
S

1
jk

([ n E ( r ' )] G ( R ) ) ds '}
s

[ n H ( r ' )] G ( R )ds '

S

with

E Z { jk

H Y { jk

J s ( r ' ) G ( R ) ds '

1
jk

[ J

1
jk

[ M

( r ' ) G ( R ) ] ds ' ]}

( r ' ) G ( R ) ds '

M s ( r ' ) G ( R ) ds '

( r ' ) G ( R ) ds '

( r ' ) G ( R ) ] ds ' ]}

Js n H

M s n E

Surface Equivalence Principle

Case I

UCF

Impressed source J and M and

source scatters are in free space.

0 , 0
Ja

0 , 0

Region I

Region I includes all sources and

inhomogeneous objects.
Region II is considered to be
homogeneous.

Region II

Case I
The fields in region II can be uniquely determined by the following Kirchhoff-Huygens formulas:
E Z 0 { jk

[ n H ( r ' )] G ( R ) ds '

1
jk 0

([ n H ( r ' )] G ( R ) ) ds '}

[ n E ( r ' )] G ( R )ds '

(1)

H Y 0 { jk

[ n E ( r ' )] G ( R ) ds '

[ n H ( r ' )] G ( R ) ds '

1
jk 0

([ n E ( r ' )] G ( R ) ) ds '}

(2)

Case II

UCF

0 , 0

Region II

Now if we let

Js

E, H 0,0

Ms

Zero fields
Region I

Js nH

(3)

Ms nE

(4)

And designate Region I as E=0, H=0, the

boundary condition of this Case II has:

n (H II - 0) J s the same as (3)

Case II- Solution in Region II is
equivalent to solution in Region II
in case I

n (E II - 0) M s the same as (4)

This means the solution of Region II in Case II is equivalent as the solution of

Region II in Case I.

Example 1 Case I

UCF

0 , 0

E
H
y

k0

Consider a uniform plane wave propagating in free

space. The Case I of this example is:

E x Ae jk0 z

(5)

H y Y0 Ae jk0 z

(6)

Region I as z < 0, Region II as z > 0

For Case I, at z = 0

Ex |z0 A

Hy |z0 Y0 A

Example 1 Case II

UCF

Introduce

J s a z H y a y Y0 A a x

(7)

M s a z E xa x Aa y

(8)

Assume in Region II

Ex II Ce jk0z

Region I

Hy II Y0Ce jk0z

Region II

E, H
0,0

From boundary condition:

z

Js

Ms

0 , 0

a z ( a x E x |z 0 - 0 ) M s
II

a z (a y H y |z 0 - 0 ) J s
II

z0

a z

(9)

(10)

Ca y Aa y

(11)

- Y0 C a x -Y0 A a x

(12)

C A

The fields in Region II of Case II are the same as (5)&(6)

Case III

UCF

Both Region I and Region II are free space

Region II

Js

0 , 0

0 , 0

Ms

Region I

Case III- In the free space, the fields

generated in region II is the same as
the fields of region II in case I and
case II

UCF

Case III of Example 1

Region I

0 ,

Region II

0 ,

Js

Case II of Example I
In order to investigate Case III of Example 1, we look at example 2 and 3.

Example 2

UCF

Region I

0 , 0

Region II

For region II EII Ge jk0 za

x

0 , 0

M s M ya y

For region I

At z =0

(13)

HII Y0Ge jk0 za y

(14)

EI G' e jk0 za x

(15)

HI Y0G' e jk0 za y

(16)

a z ( E II -E I ) M s
a z ( H II -H I ) 0

(17)

(18)
Without loss of generality and
for simplicity, this source will
-M y
My
G
(19)
G'
(20)
generate a plane wave
2
2
propagating in +z direction in
For region II
For region I
Region II and a plane wave
I M y jk0 z
propagating in z direction in
II -M y jk 0 z
e ax
e
ax
E
E
Region I
2
2
(22)
( 21)
H I Y M y e jk0 z a
H II Y M y e jk 0 z a
0
y
0
y

2
2

Example 3

UCF

Region I

Region II

Assume the general solution the same as (13)-(16)

J s J xa x

At z =0

a z (EII -EI ) 0

(23)

a z (H II -H I ) J s

(24)

G G'

For region II

J x jk0z
II
E Z0 2 e ax
(25)
HII J x e jk0za
y

Jx
J
Z 0 x
2Y0
2

For region I

J x jk0 z
I
E Z0 2 e a x
(26)
HI J x e jk0 za
y

Example 4

UCF

If both J s J x a x M s M y a y are at z =0,

the fields will be superposition of Example 2 & 3

For region II

For region I

My
II
J x jk0z
1
jk0 z
E
a
ax
Z
)
e
(
M
Z
J
)
e
(

0
x
y
0 x

2
2
2
(27)
HII (Y M y J x )e jk0za Y0 (M Z J )e jk0za
0
y
y
0 x
y

2 2
2

My
I
1
J x jk0 z
jk0 z
(
)
E
Z
e
a
M
Z
J
e
ax

)
x
y
0
0 x

2
2
2
(28)
H I (Y M y J x )e jk0 za Y0 (M Z J )e jk0 z a
0
y
y
0 x
y

2
2
2

UCF

Case III of Example 1

In this case J s Y0 Aa x M s Aa y This is M y A

J x Y0 A

in example 4. From (27) and (28), we have

1
II
jk0 z
jk0 z
E
A
Z
Y
A
e
a
Ae
ax
(
)

0 0
x

2
For region II (29)

HII Y0 ( A Z Y A)e jk0 za Y Ae jk0 za

0 0
0
y
y

2
(29) Is the same as (5) & (6). This shows the Case III of Region II is the same as
Case Is & IIs Region II
For region I

EI 0
(30)
HI 0
(30) Is not the same as (5) & (6).

UCF

Case IV
Ms

n
Region II

PEC

Case IV - Replace Region I by PEC only M s

on the surface, Region II of Case IV is equivalent
to Region II of Cases I, II and III.

Case V

UCF

Js

n
Region II

PMC

Case V - Replace Region I by PMC, only J s on

the surface, Region II of Case V is equivalent (or the
same as )to Region II of Cases I, II, III and IV.

Example 5 (1)

UCF

Case IV of Example 1
Region I

Region II

0 , 0
PEC

Region I

Equivalent

0 , 0

x M s Aa y

Region II

0 , 0

xx 2M s 2 Aa y

a z

a z

This has been solved in example 2. Substitute

My =-2A into (21)&(22)

EII Ae jk0 za x

HII Y0 Ae jk0 za y

the same as (5) & (6).

Example 5 (2)

UCF

Js
PEC

x M s Aa y

A
ax
Z0

x M Aa
s
y

It is noticed from example 2&3 that if M y Z0 J x

the solution of Example 2&3 are the same for Region
II. But there is a sign flip in Region I.

x 2M s
x

Js is the induced current on the boundary. Its

contribution is equivalent of another Ms for Region II.

Case VI - IX

UCF

Case VI
Region II

E, H 0,0
Js'

Ms'

0 , 0

Js'

Region II

Ms '

n
n'

n '

n' n
Js ' n'H Js

Case VII 0 , 0

0 , 0

Region I

Region I

Ms ' n'E Ms

Case IX

Case VIII

PEC

PMC

M s'

n'

0 , 0

Region I

Js '
n'

0 , 0

Region I

Example 6 (1)

UCF

Region I

Region I

0 , 0

0 , 0

Ms M ya y
z

E
H

k0

Sources:
A uniform plane wave propagating in +z direction
MS
-jk0 z
inc

E E0e a x
(31) inc
-jk z
H Y0 E0e 0 a y

For region I

I M y jk0 z
-jk0 z

E
a
ax
e
E
e
x
0

2
(32)
H I Y M y e jk0 z a Y E e-jk0 z a
0
y
0 0
y

2
For region I

M y jk0 z
I'
-jk0 z
E
e
a
E
e
ax

x
0

2
(33)
H I ' Y M y e jk0 za Y E e-jk0 za
0
y
0 0
y

Example 6 (2)

UCF

At z

My
I'
E0 )a x
E ( ) j (
we have
4
2
(34)
H I ' ( ) jY ( M y E )a
0
0
y

4
2

Now we divide the whole space at z

the equivalent source are:

My

I
E0 )a x
J s ' (a z ) H ( ) jY0 (
4
2

M ' (a ) EI ( ) j ( M y E )a
z
0
y
s
4
2

n ' a z
(35)

Example 6 - Case VI (1)

UCF

Region I

Region I

0 , 0

0 , 0

Js '

0,0

M s M ya y

The incident fields are still present

Ms '

z0

Region II

General solutions for total fields in Region I and I (including UPW) are:
Must use total fields since
EI ( z) Pe jk0 zax E0e-jk0 zax
Region II is not assumed to
(36) I
jk0 z
-jk0 z
H ( z) Y0 Pe a y Y0 E0e a y
be free space here so that
boundary conditions
jk0 z
jk0 z
jk0 z
I'
E (z) (Be Ce )ax E0e ax
require total fields.
(37) I '
jk z
jk z
jk z
H (z) Y0 (Be 0 Ce 0 )a y Y0 E0e 0 a y

Example 6 - Case VI (2)

UCF

At z = 0 a z (E E ) Ms
I'

a z (H H ) 0
I'

At z

a z (EI ' 0) M's

a z (HI ' 0) J's

My

E0
B E 0 C
2

B E C M y E
0
0

B C P M y

B C P 0

(39)

(38 )

UCF

Example 6 - Case VI (3)

My

B
2

C 0

My
P

I M y jk0 z
-jk0 z
e
E
e

E
a
ax
x
0

H I Y M y e jk0 z a Y E e-jk0 z a
0
y
0 0
y

M y jk0 z
I'
-jk0 z
E
e
a
E
e
ax

x
0

H I ' Y M y e jk0 za Y E e-jk0 za

0
y
0 0
y

The same as original

problems Region I and I

UCF

Example 6 - Case VII (1)

Region I

0 , 0

Region I

Region II

0, 0

Js '

0 , 0

Ms

Incident wave

Ms '

z0

General solution of Region I and I from M s , M 's , J 's (excluding UPW) are:

EsI ( z) Ae jk0 za x
sI
jk0 z
(
)

H
z
Y
Ae
ay

EsI ' ( z) ( Be jk0 z Ce jk0 z )a x

sI '
jk z
jk z
H ( z) Y0 ( Be 0 Ce 0 )a y

EsII ( z) De jk0 z a x
sII
jk0 z
H
(
z
)
Y
De
ay

Since the whole space is free space.

Superposition will work.

Example 6 Case VII (2)

UCF

sI '
sI
a

(
E
E
) M s
At z = 0 z
a z ( H sI '-H sI ) 0

At z

B C A M y

B C A 0

a z (E sI '-E sII ) M s '

a z ( H sI '-H sII ) J s '

A

My
2

,B

My
2

My

E0 )
B D (

2
C 0

, C 0, D E0

M y jk 0 z
sI
M y jk 0 z
sI '
jk 0 z
sII
(
)

E
z
e ax

E
(
z
)
e
ax

E
(
z
)
E
e
ax

0
2

2
sII

jk 0 z

M
H
(
z
)
Y
E
e
ay

y
M
0
0
jk
z
sI
H ( z ) Y

0
y
jk 0 z
sI '

e
a
0
y H
( z ) Y0
e
ay

2
2

Adding UPW

M y jk 0 z
I
sI
inc

E
E
E
e a x E 0 e -jk 0 z a x

H I H sI H inc Y M y e jk 0 z a Y E e -jk 0 z a
0
y
0 0
y

M y jk0 z
I'

E
e
a x E0 e -jk 0 z a x

H I ' Y M y e jk0 z a Y E e -jk0 z a

0
y
0 0
y

The same as (32)&(33)

EII ( z) 0
II
H ( z) 0

Not the same as

(33)

Two More Examples

UCF

In the above cases, Region I includes all sources and inhomogeneous objects and
Region II is free space. It is noted that Region I and II can be either closed or
open regions. Source can exist in both regions.
M1
J
1

E inc

n'
n
Region II
Region I

J2

2 , 2 M
2

H inc

1 , 1

2, 2

1 , 1

J1
E inc

Region II is
homogeneous with
different 2 , 2

Region II

Region I

H inc

M1

n'

UCF

Equivalence for Region II

E0
H0

Case II

Region I

Js

Ms

Region II 2 , 2
M2
J2

Region II
Js

Region I

2, 2

E , H 0 , 0

Ms

Case III

2 , 2

Region II
Region I

J2

Region II

Js

Region I
Ms

2 , 2
M2

2 , 2

Js

2, 2
Ms

Equivalence for Region II

UCF

Region I, PEC
Case IV

Ms

Region II 2 , 2

Region II
Region I

M2

J2

2, 2

Ms

PEC

Only Ms

Case V

Only Js

Js

Js

Region II 2 , 2
Region I
PMC

J2

M2

Region I
PMC

Region II

2, 2

Equivalence for Region I

UCF

M1

Case VI J 1

n'

Js' M '
s

Region II

Region I

M s ' n ' E M

J s ' n ' H J s

E , H 0 , 0

Js '

1 , 1

inc

1 , 1

E , H 0 , 0
Region I

Region II

E inc

n'

Ms '

E inc
s

inc

Case VII
M1

J1

n'
A

Js' M '
s

Region II
Region I

1 , 1

E inc

Region I

H inc

1 , 1

1 , 1

J
Only when object A
and B are not present,
we can use free space
greens function

Region II

E inc
H inc

Js '
M

n'
B

Ms '

1, 1

Equivalence for Region I

UCF

Case VIII

M1

J1

Region I

1 , 1

E inc

n'

M s'

PEC

inc

1 , 1

PEC
Region I

n'

Ms '

E inc
H

Case IX

inc

M1

J1

n'

Js'

Region I

Region II

PMC

E inc
H

inc

Region I

1 , 1

1 , 1

J
E inc
H inc

Region II

Js '
M

n'

UCF

Some Application Examples (1)

E inc

E inc

Region i

inc

Region i equivalent

Js

Region 0,

Region 0,
Zero fields, ,

PEC

inc

Region i

Js n H

Only Js on the boundary. Fields

from Js are scattered fields
E inc
H

E inc

Region i

H
Region 0,

PMC

inc

Region i equivalent

Ms

inc

Region 0,
Zero fields, ,

Region i

n E

Only Ms on the boundary. Fields from Ms are scattered fields

UCF

Some Application Examples (2)

E inc

E inc

Region a

inc

Region a equivalent

Js

dielectric

Region d,

d , d

Zero fields

inc

Region a

Ms

Region d,

Fields from Js and Ms are scattered fields

E inc
H

inc

Js

Region d equivalent

Zero fields

d , d

n '

d , d

Ms