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Definition: The end point is when stoichiometric equivalent amounts of base and acid have combined.
There are 4 different stages of titration and they are defined as follows:
1. At the start
2. After the start, but before the equivalence point
3. At the equivalence point
4. After the equivalence point
There are also 3 conditions of reactions that must be considered:
1. Strong acid and strong base
2. Weak acid and strong base
3. Strong acid and weak base
Solutions of these stages and conditions require different approaches as follows:
A. Strong Acids and Strong Bases
Strong acids and strong bases dissociate 100%. Therefore, the pH will be directly related to
the concentration of the excess reactant in the adjusted solution volume. At the equivalence
point, where both reactants have equal moles, the pH equals 7. If the initial solution is a strong
acid, the pH will be acidic and become less acidic as base is added. When the equivalence point is
reached the pH will be 7 and will continue to rise as base is added.
1. To determine the initial pH, before any titrant has been added, one knows that the pH of 25
mL of a solution will be directly calculated with the concentration of acid or base (e.g.) 0.200
m HCl = [H] = 0.200 m. pH = -log(0.200) = 0.7
2. After the start, but before equivalence point, find the concentration of the excess reactant by
first calculating amount of HCl initially present in 25 mL of HCl.
25 mL HCl x 0.200 m HCl
1000 mL HCl solution = 5x10-3 moles HCl
Next add 10 mL of 0.20 m of NaOH.
Moles of NaOH added equals: 10 mL NaOH x 0.200 m NaOH = 2 x 10-3 mol NaOH
1000 mL
Subtract the moles of the smaller amount of acid or base from the larger number. This will represent
the excess acid or base and the amount of that excess.
In this example, subtract the moles of NaOH (2 x 10-3) from the moles of HCl (5 x 10-3). The result is
an excess of 3 x 10-3 mol of HCl.
Obtain the concentration and then the pH of the solution.
The concentration is dependent on the total volume of the new solution and the remaining amount of
unreacted HCl. Therefore, the new HCl concentration will be equal to
11/14/11 rev. 10/29/12, 4/3/13, 5/13/13, 5/11/15
Indian River State College, ASC
3 x 10-3 mol of HCl (the excess amount) (Divided by the total amount of solution)
0.03500 L new solution (created by adding 10 mL NaOH to the 25 mL of HCl)
3 x 10-3
35
[H] = 8.57 x 10-2 m
pH = -Log (8.57 x 10-2 m) = 1.07
3. At the equivalence point use the equation
MHCl x VHCl
=
MNaOH x VNaOH (at equivalence point)
(0.200 m) (25 mL) = (0.200 m) (VNaOH)
NaOH = 25 mL
The same concentration of NaOH is required to neutralize HCl, therefore
the same volume of NaOH is required.
4. After the equivalence point, by definition there will be an excess of base, as NaOH will
continue to be added. Now do a calculation similar to the one used above in paragraph #2.
Determine the value of pH to be found after adding another 5 mL of 0.200 m NaOH.
Excess NaOH = 5 mL NaOH x 0.200 m NaOH = 1 x 10-3 moles NaOH
[OH] = 1 x 10-3 moles NaOH_______________ = 1 x 10-3 moles NaOH
25 mL HCl + 25 mL NaOH + 5 mL NaOH
0.055 L
Ionic Equation:
Strong Base
1. To determine the initial pH, first determine the concentration of H+ that will give the initial
pH of the solution. ( HC2H3O2 H+ + C2H3O2- ) This is the only acid in the solution.
KA = [H+][ C2H3O2-]
[HC2H3O2]
(This number is from
1.8 x 10-5 = [x][x]
= [x][x]
the table)
(0.200-x)
(0.200)
(x will be very small, ignore it.)
3.6 x 10-6 = x2
1.9 x 10-3 = x
= 2.7 x 10-5 m
= 5 x 10-3 mol = .1 M
.0500 L
X2 = 5.6 x 10-11
X = 7.5 x 10-6 = [OH] = pOH = 5.12
pH = 14 5.12
pH = 8.88
4. Note that after adding more NaOH (5 mL), after the equivalence point, the solution will
become more basic and should be treated as the only substance remaining.
Excess NaOH = 5 mL NaOH x .200 m NaOH = 1 x 10-3 NaOH moles
1000 mL
[OH-] = _________1 x 10-3 NaOH m _____________ = 1 x 10-3 NaOH m = 0.2
25 mL C2H3O2- + 25 mL NaOH + 5 mL NaOH
.055 L
pOH = -Log [OH] = 1.698
pH = 14 pOH (1.698) = 12.3
11
-x
11-x
X2 = 4.6 x 10-5
x = 100678
Problem 2