HumanRightsLaw:AKeyIngredientinSocialJustice

ChristianaBrueggemann

EnglishIIIHonors
Mrs.Kopp
February26,2015

Brueggemann1
ChristianaBrueggemann
Mrs.Kopp
EnglishIIIHonors
26February2015
HumanRightsLaw:AKeyIngredientinSocialJustice
Throughoutmuchofhistory,moralandjustsocietieshavestruggledtopromotebasic
humanrights.Theinherentdignityandtheequalanduniversallyacceptedrightsofallhuman
beingsreliesonthispremiseandformsthefoundationofafreeandfairglobalcommunity
(Shestack810).Humanrightsapplyuniversally,toallcitizensofeverycountry.Theserights
includeallpeople,regardlessofrace,age,gender,sexualorientation,ornationality.Regrettably,
humanrightsremainunderattackonadailybasis.Whendisregardandcontemptforhuman
rightshaveresultedininjusticehumanrightslawyersprotectandupholdtherightsoftheir
clients.Humanrightslawyersremainacriticalcomponenttodefendingdiscriminationand
protectingtheruleoflaw.
Sinceancienttimes,humanrightshaveundergonesignificanttransformations.The
developmentofhumanrightsstemsfromalongandcomplexstorywhoselongestrootstrace
backtoavarietyofsourcesincluding,arguably,HammurabisCodeinBabylonaround1780
BC.MoremoderndevelopmentscanbefoundintheMagnaCartaof1215,theBillofRightsin
1689,andThomasPainesRightsofManin1791(Slapper383).TheAmericanandFrench
revolutionstriggeredtheconstitutionalizationofhumanrightsthatresultedfromtyrannical
colonialgovernmentregimes(Darkoetal152753).

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ThenextchapterintheevolutionofhumanrightscameattheresolutionofWorldWarII.
Theendofthegreatwarmarkedasignificantchangeininternationalhumanrights.The
executionoftheJewsinWorldWarII,theHolocaust,embodiesthehorrificresultsthatcan
occurwhenindividualrightsofthepowerlessbecomemarginalized.TheNaziregime
systematically
murderedsixmillionJewsinEuropeduringWorldWarII.Twooutofevery
threeEuropeanJewsdiedduringtheHolocaustasasubjugatedracialminority(Grossman
6179).Afterthewar,witharenewedsenseofpurposetheallies(17membernationsincluding
theUnitedStates,GreatBritain,France,andtheSovietUnion)initiatedaplantoprotectthe
rightsofcitizens(Shestack8).TheUnitedNationsCharteranditsUniversalDeclarationofof
HumanRightsreflectedanewcommitmenttointernationallawasavehicletoprotectcitizensof
everycountry.Forthefirsttimeinhistory,nationsfromaroundtheworldjoinedtogetherto
codifythenotionofhumanrights(Shestack810).Manyoftheserightsformthebasisof
constitutionallawsofdemocraticnationsthroughouttheworld.
TheUniversalDeclaration,muchliketheUnitedStatesowndeclaration,beginswith
recognizingthedignityandequalrightsofallindividuals.TheUniversalDeclarationactslikea
BillofRightsfortheworldcommunity.ItrestatesthelibertiesgivenintheUnitedStatesBillof
Rightsbutexpandsinordertoincludetheneedsofallhumansbeingsofeverynation.Adopted
in1948,thedeclarationincludeslawmakingwithhumanrightstreatiesongenocide,economic
andcivilrights,socialandculturalslavery,racialdiscrimination,propertreatmentofrefugees,
rightsofwomen,rightsofchildren,andtorture(Shestack810).Therightscovercomprehensive
andintenseproblemsthatoccuronaglobalscale.Thelawsprovideauniversalexpectationof
respectforhumanworthanddignity.

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TheInternationalHumanRightsDeclarationprovidesanimportantframeworkfor
guaranteeingtherightsofallhumans,regardlessofwheretheylive.Thedocumentcontains
manydifferenttypesofarticles,includingtreaties,charters,conventions,andcovenants.Despite
thedifferentofficialnames,thesedocumentsallincludethesamestandardsunderinternational
lawcountriesthatratifyatreatymustprotecttherightsitdescribes(Shestack810).Thehuman
rightstreatyprocessbeginsattheUnitedNationsorasimilarinternationalbody.Legaland
subjectmatterexpertsmightfirstcreateadraftofthetreaty.Afterthedraftgetswritten,theUN
orotherbodywillarrangeameetingbetweenrepresentativesofinterestedcountriestonegotiate
thefinalterms,orcontent,ofthetreaty.Nongovernmentalorganizationssometimesallowfor
recommendationsduringsomeofthestagesinthedraftingprocess.Afterthenegotiating
countriesagreeonafinalcopyofthetreaty,thetreatybecomesopenforratificationbycountries
thatwanttobecomepartiestoit(HumanRightsBasics).Lawsputintoeffectremaincritical
andbecomeenforcedbythemembernationssworntoupholdthearrangements.
Countriesmayusemanydifferentmethodsforratifyingtreaties.FortheUnitedStatesto
becomeapartytoatreaty,thePresidentmustfirstsignit,andthenpresentittotheSenate,
wheretwothirdsofthesenatorsmustvotetoratifyit.Throughratification,acountryagreesto
becomelegallyboundbythetermsofthetreaty.Countriesthatratifytreatiesmayenter
reservations.Reservationsactasstatementsmadebyacountrythatmodifythelegaleffectof
certainprovisionsofthetreaty.Enteringareservationallowsagovernmenttoagreetopartofa
treaty,whileexcludingorlimitingpartsthatmightbecontroversialorunconstitutionalinitsown
country.Asaresult,countriesthatenterreservations,limittheeffectiveness(HumanRights
Basics).Oncethelawsgetputintoeffect,thejobofalawyerremainsupholdingthelaws.

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Humanitarianlawandhumanrightsrelateverycloselytooneanotherandevolvedina
similarway.TheNurembergTrials,whichtriedNaziWarcriminalsattheendofWorldWarII,
establishedamodernjusticesystemforwarcrimes(Shestack810).Nurembergsetaprecedent
fortheUnitedNationsabouthumanitarianlaw.WorldWarIIalsoexpandedanddeveloped
humanitarianlaw.In1949,manynationsadoptedfourtreatiesknownastheGeneva
Conventions.Itdefinedhumanitarianprotectionforciviliansinawarzone.Sinceitsadoption,
196countrieshaveadoptedthetreaty(
"TheGenevaConventionsof1949andTheirAdditional
Protocols").
Thetreatiesactasastandardforallcountriesandallowtheprosecutionof
individualssuspectedofcommittingatrociousbreachesofconventions.
Investigatingcases,evaluatingsituations,anddefendingcitizensremainaportionof
humanrightslaw.Thelawyersspendmanylonghoursexaminingallofthefactsofeverycase
theywork.Attorneysresearchrelevantlawsandregulationsandapplythemtotheclients
circumstances.Withinafirm,lawyerstypicallyspecializeinoneortwolegalareas.For
example,acriminallawyerdefendsanindividualorabusinesschargedwithunlawfulactivity
(
"CareersinLawFirms:CareerOutlook:U.S.BureauofLaborStatistics"
).Lawyersalso
interviewindividualsrelevanttoacase.Occasionally,lawyersmustrequestthatthecourtissue
asubpoenatocompelparticipationfromanindividualwhomayhaveimportantinformation
aboutthecasebutremainsreluctanttocontribute.Theresearch,interviews,andother
documentshelplawyerstocraftlegalanalysisandargumentsonbehalfoftheirclients.To
advocatefortheclientsposition,lawyersoftenwritesupportingbriefsandsubmitthemtothe
court(Spann1121).

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Beforeenteringthisfieldalawstudentmustunderstandtheskillsneededtosucceedin
suchahighlycompetitiveworkforce.Noworkdaystaysthesame.Everydaypresentsnew
obstaclesinhumanitarianlawandadvocacy.Theabilitytocommunicatewellandactasa
confidentspeakerbecomesevenmoreimportantwhenstartinginthiscareer.Lawyersoftendoa
greatdealofadvocacyinordertopromotetheircause(CoursenNeff).Mediaattention
promotesawarenessofhumanrightslawandviolations(CoursenNeff).Humanrightslawyers
mustbecomewellpreparedtoworkwiththemediabecauseofitsgreatinfluenceonpublic
opinionwellaspolicymakers.
Expertsconsiderhumanrightsadvocacyamongoneofthemostcompetitivecareer
fields.ZamaCoursenNeff,servesastheExecutiveDirectoroftheChildrensRightsDivision
ofHumanRightsWatch.HumanRightsWatchprotectsthehumanrightsofpeoplearoundthe
world,theyinvestigateandexposehumanrightsviolations,holdabusersaccountable,and
challengegovernmentsandthosewhoholdpowertoendabusivepracticesandrespect
internationallaw(
"HumanRightsWatchDefendingHumanRightsWorldwide").Her
organization
receivesanaverageof400to800applicationsforeachopening.CoursenNeff
believesthatwhilethefieldappearshighlycompetitivetheopportunitiesremainsignificant
(CoursenNeff).Overthepast25yearscareeropportunitiesinhumanrightshavebroadenedto
include:communityorganizers,mediaspecialists,fundraisers,journalists,researchers,and
healthcareprofessionals(
"Insiders'View).Regardlessofthecompetitivenature,thefield
requiresadeepcommitmenttosocialjusticeandadesiretomakeadifference.

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Ahumanrightsadvocatemustdemonstrateawidevarietyofskillsinordertoachieve
successinthisfield.Thelawyersinteractwithclients,witnesses,andmediaoutletsonadaily
basis,requiringexcellentspeakingandinterviewingskills(Abella11).Theabilitytoinvestigate
remainsoneofthekeycontributingfactorstoasuccessfullawcareer.Anindividualshould
workhard,withagreatdealoftenacity(CoursenNeff).Changedoesnothappenovernightand
theviolationsexistineverypartoftheworld.Withoutthedesiretomakeadifference,thelong
andtediousstrugglewillcontinuetoafflictmodernsociety.
Duetothecompetitivenatureinthefieldofhumanrightsanadvanceddegreeoffersa
significantadvantage.Afouryearbachelorsdegreeprovidesthefoundationforlawschoolor
othergraduatestudies(Spann1121).Afocusoninternationalstudiesandforeignlanguage
offersacompetitiveadvantage.CoursenNeffsuggeststhatethicsclassespresentanopportunity
forcriticalthinkingandindepthanalysis(CoursenNeff).Studentsshouldconsiderallavailable
optionswhilechoosingpropercoursework.Thoughtfullychoosingappropriatecourseworkwill
provebeneficial.Theskillsrequiredtoworkinhumanrightsvarybutalladvocatesmust
possessresearchskills,writingability,analyticalthinking,andexcellentoralandwritten
applicationskills.
Afterearningafouryeardegreethoseaspiringtoworkinhumanrightsmustapplytoa
lawschoolprogram,whichtypicallytakesthreeyearstocomplete.Studentsmustconsider
curriculumofferingsbecausenotalllawprogramsofferconcentrationsinsocialjusticelawand
humanrightslaw.Importantcoursestoconsiderwhileinlawschoolinclude

humanrights
theory,humanrightshistory,genderjustice,andimmigrationconflicts(Spann1121).
Humanitarianlawyersandsocialjusticelawyersworktogetherandoftenforthesameoutcomes

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fromdifferentperspectivesanddifferentcircumstances.Manylawschoolsofferlawclinics
whichallowstudentstotakeonrelevantcasesinordertounderstandtheimportantworkin
whichtheywillimmersethemselvesandgainvaluableexperience(Spann1121).
TopschoolswithpremiereprogramsincludeColumbiaUniversity,Northwestern
University,andNewYorkUniversity.Allthreeschoolsoffermastersanddoctoralprogramsin
humanrightslawandinternationalhumanrights.Theseuniversitiescommandthehighestprices
amongsttheirpeers.ThebestlawschoolsforhumanrightslawincludeYaleLawSchool,
ColumbiaUniversityLaw,andUniversityofVirginiaLaw.Theseinstitutionsconsistently
graduatehighnumbersofindemandcandidatesandlikeratiosofemployedattorneys.Oneof
themainchallengesoflawschoolremainsitshigheconomiccost(Kirk38496).Attendinglaw
schoolrequiresasignificantfinancialcommitment.Studentsaccumulatedebtandiftheir
postgraduatecompensationprovidesinsufficientincome,thedebtcanappearoverwhelming
(Spann1221).Thestrategyandpathwaytoacareerinhumanrightslawtakesmanyturnsthat
ultimatelybecomeneitherobviousnortroublefreeafterpassingthebarexam.
Internshipsprovidevaluableexperienceforacareerinhumanrights.Fieldworkoffers
opportunitiesforadeeperunderstandingoftheissuesfaced.Internshipsofferthehandson
experiencestudentswillneedforemploymentandanincreasedunderstandingofwhattheywill
face(CoursenNeff).Handsonworkoffersinvaluableexperienceforgrowthandunderstanding
(Kirk38492).Withtheprofessionaldegreeobtained,lawschoolgraduatesskillsprovidea
foundationandbasisforthelegalstructureforthecareerasahumanrightslawyer.
Humanitarianlawinvolvestwodistinctareasofstudy.Thedisciplinesofinternational
anddomestichumanrightslawcomplementeachotherandatthesametime,containkey

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differences.Internationalhumanrightsstandardsderivefrominternationaltreatiesinwhich
nationscometoanagreementtoobeycertainrules(Flaherty36).Attorneysfocusondiverse
outcomeswhentryinginternationalcaselaw,however,thelegalbasisremainthesame.
Foundationallegalpreceptsmayremainunderlegalchallengefromanyandallconstituencies.
Thecontinuumofinternationalhumanrightsisdesignedtoapplymostlytoconflictsinvolving
armedstruggles(Flaherty36).Internationalhumanrightsworkersfocusongivingvictimsa
voice(Shestack8).Advocatesworkformanydiversevoicesandthoughts,notjustonesingular
movement.
Humanrightslawyersoftenworkindangerousenvironments.Theyfrequentlyface
persecutionmuchliketheclientstheyrepresent.In2007,BeatriceMtetwa,ahumanrights
attorneyinZimbabwe,wasabductedbypoliceofficialsandbeatenmercilesslywithbatonswhile
peacefullyprotesting(Pesta66).Lawyers,journalists,andactivistslikeMtetwa,regularly
becometargetsforspeakingoutagainstoppressivegovernmentsandlaws(Pesta66).The
violenceandoppressiontheyfacecanbeinherenttothenatureoftheirwork.Whilemeaningful
andimportant,thisworkregularlyinvolvesconflictandmajorclasheswiththeregimesinpower
.
EveninChina,withapopulationofoveronebillioncitizens,humanrightsremainlargely
neglected.Onlyfiftyofthe143,000lawyersinChinaregularlytakeoncasesinwhichpeople
fightforfreedomofspeech,freedomofreligion,orsuethegovernmentforcorruptionand
malfeasance.HumanitarianlawinChinahasbecomeincreasinglydangerous.Thefewattorneys
whodarespeakoutforhumanrightsremainfrequenttargetsofChinasrulinggovernment,the
CommunistParty(Calum12).ThisdangernotonlyexistsinChinabutalsoinothercountries.
Thelawyersgivescitizensavoicetheyrisktheconsequenceofdanger.

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Theobstaclesthathumanrightslawyersfaceonadailybasisrequireattention.Globally,
lawyersfindthemselvesoverwhelmedbythedepthofthechallengeandthesteepcommitment
requiredtosupporthumanrightsagainstthechallengesofgovernmentsponsoredthreatsand
traditional,historicalhumanrightsthreats.Lawyershavebecomepersecutedthroughthe
judicialsystem.Oftentheybecomesubjectedtodeaththreatsandtorture.Restrictivelawsmay
silenceindividualsandinsomeareasoftheworldsuddendisappearancesandmurdersoccur
daily(WorkingtoProtectHumanRights).Courageousandvisionarypeopletakepartin
protectingindividualsrights.Despiteinternationallawsthatprotectthem,dangercontinuesto
plaguehumanrightslawyers.Thisaspectofthecareershouldbe

takenintoconsiderationifan
individualshouldchosetopursueacareerinhumanitarianlaw.
HumanrightslawintheUnitedStatesfacesitsownsetofchallenges.OnSeptember11
2001,aterroristgroup,knownasalQaeda,hijackedfourU.S.airplanesandusedthemtostrike
varioustargetsinNewYorkCity,WashingtonD.C.,andPennsylvania.Thebarbaricassault
killednearly3,000individuals,makingittheworstattackonUnitedStatessoilinAmerican
history(Flaherty356).TheU.S.governmentsresponsetotheattackson9/11,prompted
questionsconcerningthebasicrightsofthosewhobecamesuspectedofinvolvement.
Suspicionofhumanrightsviolationsattributedtosomeofthoseinvolvedinthetreatment
ofdetaineesatGuantanamoBay.Thesedetaineeswereaccusedoftiestoterrorism.Theattacks
becametreatedasactsofwarratherthancriminalviolationsoflawbytheU.S.government.
Consequently,theGeorgeW.Bushadministrationclaimedtheyhadnecessaryandpropermeans
forthecrueltreatmentoftheprisoners.ThePresidentissuedanexecutiveorderdeterminingif
thatsomeonetookpartinanactofterror,thatindividualfaceddetainment.Second,enhanced

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interrogationmethodpoliciesuseharshinterrogationtechniquespreviouslyunpermittedto
obtainintelligenceonterroroperationsforexamplewaterboarding,atypeofwatertorture.
Anotherinitiativeplacedselecteddetaineesontrialforvariousoffensesconnectedwithterror
activity.Thesetrials,however,usedspecialmilitarycourtscalledcommissionsthatofficials
designedspecificallyforpost9/11detainees(Flaherty356).Eachofthesetechniquesraisesa
seriesofcomplexconcernsregardinghumanrights.Thelawsputintoplacebythegovernment
resultedinunprecedentedobstaclesforhumanrightslawyers.
WhenHumanrightslawyersworkdomesticallytheyprimarilyusetraditionalskillsand
methods(CoursenNeff).However,whenlawyersworkoutsideofthehomecountry,itmay
raisechallengingissues.Oneareaofpracticeforhumanrightslawyersoutsidethetheircountry
occursintheinternationalfieldinpostconflictsettings.Humanrightslawyersare

calledupon
intheireverydayworktofulfillmanyroles,someconstitutingtraditionallegalpractice,butsome
uniqueandshapedbytheirfieldofwork(CoursenNeff).Humanrightsadvocatesworkin
differentregionsforvariousclientstoaccomplishawidevarietyofgoals.
Withmoreopportunitiesthaneverbeforethefutureappearsbright.Somecountriesdo
notlackanunderstandingtohumanrightsbutlackacommitmenttothem(Valentini18086).
TheUnitedNationsplayanimportantroleininternationalcooperationandprotectinghuman
rights.TheUnitedNationsplayavitalrolewithinthehumanrightsfield.Theimportanceof
defendingthosewhohavehadtheirrightsabusedremainsapriority(Edwords710).Alawyer
mustnotonlydefendtheoppressedbutdefendeveryrighttheydeserve(Valentini18086).
Lawyersunitebasedonthedesireforjusticeandthehopeofsuccessfullyservingthepublic.

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Humanrightsreflectstheminimumstandardsnecessaryforindividualstolivewith
dignity.Theygivecitizensthefreedomtochoosehowtheylive,howtheyexpressthemselves,
andwhatkindofgovernmenttheywanttosupport,amongmanyotherthings.Humanrightsalso
guaranteepeoplethemeansnecessarytosatisfytheirbasicneeds,suchasfood,housing,
healthcare,andeducation,sotheycantakefulladvantageofallopportunities(Flaherty356).
Finally,byguaranteeinglife,liberty,equality,andsecurity,humanrightsprotectpeopleagainst
abusefromthosewhoremaininpower.Lawyerstakeonawiderangeofresponsibilities.
Attorneyshelptoensureanindividualisproperlyrepresentedandbecauseofthiscareer
continuestogrowandremainimportant.Humanrightslawyersdefendindividualsfrom
violationsofrightsandbrutalmistreatment.Humanrightshavecomealongwayinthelastfour
hundredyearsnotonlyintermsofdevelopmentbutalsoinproliferation.Whatwasoncea
philosophicallegalconceptappliedinbutafewsmallpartsoftheglobetoachosenfewhas
grownintoaworldwidephenomenonaffectingbillionsofpeople.Whilesocietyrealizesthat
muchremainstobedone,theexpandingrateofhumanrightslegalactivitywillcontinueasa
trend
.
Anindividualsrightsremainthebasisforjusticeandthemeaningofhumanrights
remainssocialjustice,whichrepresentsthetrueessenceofequality.

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http://www.amnesty.org/en
>

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