3as u01 - e3 - Cour-exe 01 مكتسبات قبلية

- - 2015/01/01 :
1 :
01

:
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**********************************************************************************
www.sites.google.com/site/faresfergani
# ' &2015/01/01 : !"# $%
-1
:

(' % % # # *) 0 . .......... #4 #( %# :589 %5 ) %567*)5 #50 A7 ( . 55 5'A#7C . A
:
* 8 . F 9# :(C . #G 8 . #J #H # . 0J L # . 0 # 8 . :
# 8' # %A7# O P
A79 89G ) % *) #0 ( ....... S4(7 QR9 P 8 8 T7 7U8 #
) (mol*7X 'WU :9 P 8Y . %
# # % : 1 mol#7J A 6.02 . 1023 :89 QR' % ZR A [ 89 %## 12 g 8 :#G . 12C
CA 6.02 . 1023 * \ G* #8 NA # % : #7J #8 :89 QR' % .
: .
- - 2015/01/01 :
2 :
:
%7 %#R H4A % X 7* ' G M ' T # ) (g/mol %7 1# ) (1mol : R H4A ) 6.02 . 1023 %7 #8( : R . H4A
%7 ^AP %#4A : % H4A
A 7
*
a
A
12
C
#G
1
'H :
16
O
9:(C
14
N
b
11
Na
#H#
37 35 Cl
#
%7M %#
g . mol-1
12
1
16
14
11
35.5
:
%57 %55#(*)#554 %5 55 5 1 mol %557 :55*)5 R55 #54 55 5' *5555G e55 M ' . g/mol
C %7 %#(*)#4 % (# 74A %# %#4 % # fJG %7 %#e 8 %G H4## 8* R #4 .
:
)M(H2O) = 2 M(H) + M(O
M(H2O) = ( 2 . 1 ) + ( 16 ) = 18 g/mol
)M(CO2) = M(C) + 2 M(O
M(CO2) = ( 12 ) + ( 2 . 16 ) = 44 g/mol
:
h4 :
" #(J C7 % : k7XT X %A :l0 :67 : f LTe %J
#7J A \C :89 % Z 7G % "
*+) ( :
# : #8
GC# : " % T %7X #Un Z 8 :lm: f LTe %J Tm" \C (J
C( 1mol : F *+) * \ G VM \ . L/mol 8m o4 % :# LTeC LTe(# A ) ( P = 1 atm %JC % 00C# (J #C 22.4 L/mol :
VM = 22.4 L/mol
: .
- - 2015/01/01 :
3 :
/: -
: hX 8 qG Q4 LX: 7
01
)M (g
* (
) )
)Vm (L
1 mol
NA = 6.02 . 1023
5 4)1
! :

# A : m \77G A s# 9 %4# : XTG '7 %7 M %# \ CJ %
## 8 %7 m %A Z :#4 A7Cq [ %6W :
\4# :
1 mol (X) MX g
n mol (X) mX g
mX
)M (X
= nX
# A AG 8 Q: y % A s# 9 %4# : X#7J NA = 6.02 . 10* :R #4
\ CJ % ## 8 y :A :*) Z#4 A7Cq
[ %6W :
23
* 1 mol (X) NA
* n mol (X) y
\4# :
y
NA
= nX
: .
- - 2015/01/01 :
4 :
# F A : Vgaz \(JG A s# 9 %4# : X(' VM \ CJ % ## 8( :A
Vgaz Z :#4 A7Cq [ %6W :
\4# :
1 mol (X) VM L
n mol (X) Vgaz L
Vgaz
VM
= nX
# F A : V \(JG %7#4 %(J X %C %4 %7 m \4 Z4 V (J %4A'4 PA
m
. X = X : % WAG
VX
: \4
m X = X VX
m
n X = X : qG 4 \4: xPH
M
X VX
M
= nX
W: %o
: y WA % W 8 %qGC :
m X Vgaz
y
.V
=
=
= X X
M
VM N A
M
= nX
) :(1
A :
M(H) = 1 g/mol , M(C) = 12 g/mol , M(O) = 16 g/mol , M(N) = 14 g/mol
(CH3COOH) = 1050 g/L , (air) = 1.29 g/L
(* 9
m4 F # . NH3 \7T
-1 SC \77 %#(*). %
-2 % ## 0.68 g 8 :m4 .
-3 % ## 15.68 L 8F : m4 8 :lmo4. :
: .
5 :
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-4 SC 8.96 L %7F : m4 8 :lmo4. :

-5 SC %7* :m4 .
(* [ :
^ X # \7T(*). CH3COOH %
-1 SC \77. %#
-2 % 200 mL 8 :^ . X
-3 # (*) 1 mL 8 :^ . X
(* [: f
( : 7
(J
)V(L
89
Y
/////////
8.96
9 . 10-3
////////
1.806 . 1023
%7
)m(g
% %7%#
)M(g/mol) n(mol
0.1
12
56
0.6
23
%AP
F

S
F

S
#4

NH3
CH3COOH
Fe
CH4
H2O
Na
$ :
(* 9
-1 %7 %# : NH3
-2 % 0.68 g 8: NH3 :
)M(NH3) = M(N) + 3M(H

M(NH3) = 14 + ( 3 . 1 ) = 17 g/mol
) m(NH3
M
0.68
= ) n(NH3
= 0.04 mol
17
= ) n(NH3
-3 % 15.68 L 8 8 NH3 : :lmo4: :
) V(NH3
VM
15.68
= ) n(NH3
= 0.7 mol
22.4
= ) n(NH3
-4 8.96 L %7 8 NH3 : :lmo4: :

) m( NH 3 ) V(NH3
) V(NH 3 ).M ( NH 3
=
= ) m(NH3
) M(NH 3
VM
VM
8.96 . 17
= 6.8 g
= ) m(NH3
22.4
: .
6 :
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-5 %7* :m4 :
) m( NH3
Y
=
M
NA
) m( NH3
1
M
=
= ) m(NH3
M
NA
NA
17
- 23
= ) m(NH3
g
23 = 2.82 . 10
6.02 . 10
(* [ :
-1 %7 ^J %#: X
)M(CH3COOH) = M(C) + 3M(H) + M(C) + 2M(O) + M(H

M(CH3COOH) = 12 + (3 . 1) + 12 + (2 . 16) + 1 = 60 g/mol
-2 % 200 mL 8 :^ : X
) . V(CH 3COOH
= ) n (CH 3COOH
M
1050 . 0.2
= ) n (CH 3COOH
= 3.5 mol
60
-3 (*) 1 mL 8 :^ : X
)Y . V(CH 3COOH
)N . . V(CH 3COOH
=
Y= A
NA
M
M
6.02 .1023 . 1050 .10-3

=Y
= 1.05.1022
60
(* [: f
( : 7
89
(J
Y
)V(L
22
6.020 . 10
2.24
23
1.204 . 10 1.14 . 10-2
1.806 . 1023
/////////
23
2.408 . 10
8.96
23
3.010 . 10
9 . 10-3
3.612 . 1023
////////
%7
)m(g
1.7
12
16.8
6.4
9
13.8
% %7%#
)M(g/mol) n(mol
17
0.1
60
0.2
56
0.3
16
0.4
18
0.5
23
0.6
%AP
F

S
F

S
#4

NH3
CH3COOH
Fe
CH4
H2O
Na
%))(&( :
%7 %(J 7* ' G #4 ) S F( %C %4 %7 :R#4 Z4 V (J V %4A : S7
m
V
: .
- - 2015/01/01 :
7 :
q %7 %(J TG (g/L) 7 : e q G )....... (kg/m3 RU %F : 1 mol# : M) m = M '77 %7T %#( (' V = VM) : VM (J ( # \ :P %G7 %7T %(J :
) M ( gaz
VM
= gaz
*()( :
q [ %8 7* ' G #4 d ) X S ( %PC4G C %7#4 %(J X %7 %(J H2O : S7
) ( X
)( H 2O
=d
sq [#G %8 . A e[# %8 ) S ( %PC4G ' %C %4 %7 :R #4 %4 %7U : ' Z. (J
*& :+

q [# %8 F #' %PC4G C %7#4 %(J X%7#' %(J 7q G 1.29 g/L : S7
) ( gaz
) (air
=d
A e[# %8 )F( #' %PC4G ' %C %4 %7 :R #4 %4 %7U :'# ' Z (J \ : S7
m gaz
d= V
m air
V
V = 22.4 L RU :T 22.4 L :'# W 8 :q :lmo4 : :# 5(J

#C VM = 22.4 l/mol# :
m(gaz) = Mgaz
m(air) = air . 22.4 29 g
xPH: 4
: .
8 :
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m gaz
M gaz
d = V = 22.4
m air
29
V
22.4
: \4
M gaz
29
=d
P [F %8 8 :lmo4. :

/: 1--
A7 OXG # 9 %[ A7 OT .
) :(2
-1PG F # \7T(*) C3H8 % ^ X # \7T(*). CH3COOH %
:
- %7 %#(*)T % PG R %7 ^J %#. X
- %7T %(J PG G :7q :77X [F %8 PG 8 :lmo4. :
- %7 ^J %(J. X
. (H2O) = 1000 g/L air = 1.29 g/L d(CH3COOH) = 1.05 : A
# -2 ) (A \7T(*) % : CnH2nO2 m [XG %8#' %PC4G Q . d = 2.55
- SC %7#4 %# . A
: P - %7#4 %# : n ) n %sG #G( .
- n % y747 S7 %TH(*) %(#4 % . A
M(H) = 1 g/mol , M(C) = 12 g/mol , M(O) = 16 g/mol : A
$ :
-1 - %7 %#(*)T % PG %7 ^J %#: X
) M(C3H8) = 3M(C) + 8M(H
M(C3H8) = (3 . 12) + (8 . 1) = 44 g/mol
) M(CH3COOH) = M(C) + 3M(H) + M(C) + 2M(O) + M(H
M(CH3COOH) = 12 + (3 . 1) + 12 + (2 . 16) + 1 = 60 g/mol
- %7T %(J PG :
M(C3H8 ) 44
=
= 1.96 g/L
VM
22.4
= ) (C3H8
[F %8 PG : %q9 :

G PG P F : # :
: .
9 :
- - 2015/01/01 :
1.96
= 1.52
1.29
= d
) (C3H8
)(air
=d
%q[ : %
- %7 ^J %(J: X

G ^ P X :# :
44
) M (C3H8
= d
= 1.52
29
29
=d
) (CH 3COOH
) (CH 3COOH) = d . (H 2O
)(H 2O
(CH 3COOH) = 1.05 .1000 = 1050 g/L
=d
-2 - %7#4 %# : A

)M(A
M (A ) = d . 29
29
M (A ) = 2.55 . 29 74 g/mol
=d
P - %7#4 %# : n %sG

)M(A) = M(CnH2nO2) = n M(C) + 2n M(H) + 2 M(O
) M(A) = ( n . 12) + ( 2n . 1 ) + (2 . 16
M(A) = 12n + 2n + 32 M(A) = 14 n + 32
n % - %TH(*) %(#4 % : A
:
P
M(A) = 74 g/mol
M(A) = 14 n + 32
: %qGG
74 - 32
= 14 n + 32 = 74 n
=3
14
%TH8 \4(#4 % ) (A . C3H6O2
% :
HJ#J #4 ) JG X (%G % :R #4 8( :A :) qR.(S
X
#J X
q
( #J 4 yC (JR ) S' * 8 (J46 WJ s ( . : .
- - 2015/01/01 :
10 :
*7#J qG \ HJ7 *8 7* #* \ G C \ # (mol/L) 7 #C %C % #4 ) X J4R( ( q
)R (S : S7
nX
V
=C
-# : 7* #J # # % #4 1L 8 X J4 :R #J .
% :
7* 7R * \ G Cm\ T #J ( g /L ) 7 #4 X #
%C %7#4 X J4( ) qR (S :
mX
V
= Cm
-# : 7* #J Cm 7 # %7#4 1L 8 X J4 :R #J .
,C :Cm
m
C m = X : 4 4: e
V
mX
m X = M.m X
M
\4P xPH Cm :
M.n X
n
=M X
V
V
nX
f :
V
= nX
= Cm
= C : %G7 % WA: %7
Cm
M
= Cm = M.C C

%(./)-:
#J * Q C1 # \X # %8 q\ #HJ #J *Q C2 ## :* #J 9 . C2 < C1
: .
11 :
- - 2015/01/01 :
#J )(2
X
q
#J )(1
X
)n2(X
C2 < C1
V2 = V1 + V0
V0
)n1(X
C1
V1
AG #J sJ 8 T % #4 4AG J4 % #4 8#J 9 n1 } % Z#4 8#J n2# :
n1 = n2 C1V1 = C2V2
- C QR# qG % WA 7 .
:f
#J f ) fA 7( 4A %8 q\ 7 xPH(\ C f kA :(J7Gs 4AG V1 #( #J 7Gs V2 #( #J # :
V2 = f V1
#
P7G 7
GC :: %G7C1V1 = C2V2
)C1V1 = C2(fV1
C1
f
= C2
- : hX 8 Q4 m: 7
#J )(2
X
$ f ! !-#
)n2(X
V2 = fV1
C1
f
= C2
: .
#J )(1
X
)n1(X
V1
C1
12 :
- - 2015/01/01 :
- :P %G7 A 7 :
V2 C1
=
V1 C 2
=f
:
4#J ) (A* Q4 C1 = 2 mol/L # %4 RUn \4 100 HJ#J
* Q C2 #: f
C
2
= C2 = 1
= 0.02 mol/L
100 100
/: )> -
4 %4 RUn :#J ) (A* Q C1 ## 7* %4A # \C #7* #J #
) (AR RU \4 %4A . C1
:
)(A
C = C0 = 2 mol/L
C0 = 2 mol/L
) :(3
eJ7#J )' (B C#H# 4 g JG 4 NaOH : C5#H5# 200 mL 58 5q4
: . q
-1 7* #J # ). (B
-2 G :7q :77X7* #J 7 ). (B
-3 % NaOH 50 mL 8 %J4 :#J ). (B
10 mL RUn -4 :#J ) (B 90 mL ' ke : . q
- k C QR. %A
- #( #J ( y747A 7 . f
- G :7q :77X7* #J # ( .
10 mL RUn -5U :#J ) (B 0.4 g 5' ke :5 C5#H5# . NaOH 57*5
#J # ( .
: A
M(Na) = 23 g/mol , M(O) = 16 g/mol , M(H) = 1 g/mol
: .
13 :
- - 2015/01/01 :
$ :
-17* #J # ): (B
NaOH
m0 = 4 g
NaOH
V = 0.2 L
?=C
-27* #J 7 ): (B

%q9 :
q
V = 0.2 L
)m 0 ( NaOH
) n ( NaOH
)m ( NaOH
M
=
= 0
C= 0
V
V
M.V
M(NaOH) = 23 + 26 + 1 = 40 g/mol
4
= C
= 0.5 mol/L
40 . 0.2
m0
V
4
= Cm
= 20 g/L
0.2
= Cm
%q[ : %
Cm = M.C = 40 . 0.5 = 20 g/L
-3 % NaOH 50 mL 8 %J4 :#J ): (B
)(A
C = 0.5 mol/L
C ' = C= 0.5 mol/L
V' = 0.05 L
n'(NaOH) = C'.V' = 0.5 . 0.05 = 2.5 . 10-2 mol
-4 - C QR7G %A .
: .
14 :
- - 2015/01/01 :
-( #J ( :

P7G V2 V1 #( #J P7 QAG7 V0 S( qe #:
V2 = V1 + V0 = 0.01 + 0.09 = 0.1 L
A 7 :
4 #J f # (\ ( ) f ( kA (J#J 7Gs :
V
V2 = f V1 f = 2
V1
0.1
=f
= 10
0.01
-* #J ( :
%q9 :
#J )(2
NaOH
q
#J )(1
NaOH
)n2(NaOH
C2 = ? mol/L
V2 = V1 + V0
V0
)n1(NaOH
C1 = 0.5 mol/L
V1 = 0.01 L
46 7 s T7 % R # :)n2(NaOH) = n1(NaOH

C2V2 = C1V1
C1V1
) (V1 + V0
= C2(V1 + V0) = C1V1 C 2

0.5 . 0.01
= 0.05 mol/L
0.01 + 0.09
%q[ : %
4 #J 10 # :
C1 0.5
=
= 0.05 mol/L
10 10
-5* #J ( :
= C2
= C2
NaOH
#J )(2
NaOH
)n2 (NaOH
?=C
V2 = V1
: .
)n (NaOH
m = 0.4 g
#J )(1
NaOH
)n1(NaOH
C1 = 0.5 mol/L
V1 = 0.01 L
15 :
- - 2015/01/01 :
8 QR s %JJ \ ~8 %55 58 NaOH#5J ( (B) 5C5 %5 %5 NaOH

## 8#J 7Gs ) (Ae ' % NaOH## 8 %7 %8e :
)n 2 (NaOH) = n1 (NaOH) + n(NaOH
)m(NaOH
C1 V1 +
)m(NaOH
M
C 2 V2 = C1 V1 +
= C2
) (V2 = V1
M
V1
0.4
(0.5 . 0.01 ) +
40 = 1.5 mol/L
=C
0.01
) :(4
#HJ #J )# (A ' : Q*5 54 54 C = 2 mol/L #5 :lm55o45JG :
( ) V(HClF : # ' 100 mL 8 : : . q
-1 . V(HCl) %
-2 ( qW \78 10 mL :#J ) (A 5 H5J 57#5J Q*5#5
. 0.5 mol/L
-3 #( F # ' :W5 58 \785 :lm55o4 : 10 mL 5 :5#5J ) (A57
HJ#J # ' :* Q. 3 mol/L #
10 mL R55Un -4 :55#55J ) (A 40 mL 55' ke55 :55#55J #55 55U '55 : Q*55#55
. 1 mol/L * #J ( .
-5 555 W :555#555J ) (A
GC555 l :555
5557 555 555 %5554 e555J :555#555J ) (A('555
V2 = 20 mL * . C2 = 0.5 mol/L # kP## (7 PW . R
$ :
: V(HCl) % -1
#J B
HCl
q
? = )V(HCl
V = 0.1 L
C = 2 mol/L
V = 0.1 L
)V(HCl
)V(HCl
)n 0 (HCl
VM
=
=
V(HCl) = C . VM . V
V
VM .V
V
V(HCl) = 2 . 22.4 . 0.1 = 4.48 L
=C
: .
16 :
- - 2015/01/01 :
-2( qW : \78
#J )(2
HCl
q
#J )(1
HCl
)n2(HCl
C2 = 0.5 mol/L
V2 = V1 + V0
V0
)n1(HCl
C1 = 2 mol/L
V1 = 0.01 L
46 7 s T7 % R # :
)n2(HCl) = n1(HCl
C2V2 = C2V1
C2(V1 + V0) = C1V1
CV
CV
V1 + V0 = 1 1 V0 = 1 1 - V1
C2
C2
2 . 0.01
= V0
- 0.01 = 0.03 L = 30 mL
0.5
-3( # ' :W : \78
HCl
#J )(2
HCl
)n2(HCl
C2 = 3 mol/L
V2 = V1 = 0.01 L
V(HCl) = ? L
#J )(1
HCl
)n1(HCl
C1 = 2 mol/L
V1 = 0.01 L
sJ 8 QRR %J # % 8 HCl#J ( C 58 HCl % %#5J

7Gs e ' 8 HCl %T e \ :
)n 2 (HCl) = n1 (HCl) + n(HCl
)V(HCl
C 2 V2 = C1V1 +
VM
)V(HCl
) = C 2 V2 - C1V1 V(HCl) = VM (C2 V2 - C1V1
VM
V(HCl) = 22.4 ((3 . 0.01 ) - (2 . 0.01 )) = 0.224 L
: .
17 :
- - 2015/01/01 :
-4* #J ( :

*y
HCl
#J )(2
HCl
#J )(1
HCl
)n (HCl
?=C
V = V1 + V2
)n2(HCl
C2 = 1 mol/L
V2 = 0.04 L
)n1(HCl
C1 = 2 mol/L
V1 = 0.01 L
G \ J #J :G (2) (1) :#J# :
C1V1 + C 2 V2
V1 + V2
)n(HCl) = n1(HCl) + n2(HCl

= C (V1 + V2) = C1V1 + C2V2 C
) ( 2 . 0.01 ) + ( 1 . 0.04
= 1.2 mol/L
0.01 + 0.04
=C
-5P## (7: P
SCJ s( #J ) (HClW QRU :#J ) (A . V1 : -46 7 s T7 % R # :
C 2 V2
C1
= C1V1 = C2V2 V1
0.5 . 0.02
= 5 . 10-3 L = 5 mL
2
= V1
# (JW QRU :#J ) (A s OeX q 7 .

#G % % 5 mL RUn % :#J ) (A 8 'Ae# %5' ke5 6 20 mL '7A % q F#G % 7(#5 20 mL %5 5 R5G 20 mL e5 :5#5J #5 '5 :
* . C = 0.5 mol/L #
% :
#q \ #J 8 % % 58 T %5 QR5( %557U #5 %5 '# # % .
:
7 # # #J7 7#7C (' :5G 7558 #5 9 %5P 8 ) * 0 (... [ #4 8 O [ #4 5U 5
H8 m #4 . U
: PA 7 AG % C ?@0 4)1 7#7 ::8l : 9:
#55 55C55 \558 S557#55 555589 %55W55U %557X 557 55 557C55
/@0 .
: .
- - 2015/01/01 :
18 :
[ :
#55 55 :55 \558 S557#55 555589 %55W55U %m557 557 55 557C55. A
:G :89 [ # O *5C5 )=( W5 #5 ' %5 57 :55 9 )C5(
[ ). (:
e # W7 #4 y# U T %APl#4 :) sF g ) ( ) ( S ( 0 aq ) #J ( .

qJ7 PG C 5J H54A5) 5 5P H54 5 57 5C5 5A Z55 55AG H554A 557 (55 55P 55J ) %4Jm55(#55 :J5505589 %55%557
C (# :J089 %4( (%# O #5 #5 9 %55AW ) 5(
)/ 0C fJG 0# QRAW T APl : 5 R5G H5Jm5
A '4 % 7 .
:
)2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) = 2 H2O (
)CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) = CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (
)Cu2+ (aq) + Fe (s) = Cu (s) + Fe2+ (aq
) N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) = 2 NH3 ( g
)5Fe3+(aq) + MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) = 5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(
)6Fe3+(aq) + Cr2O72-(aq) + 14H+(aq) = 6Fe3+(aq) + 2Cr3+ (aq) + 7H2O(
0 :
: %AG7#J ( 8 %#7C A : %7G % %5' 557q s5J 5 5
%7JP " IUAPC " %qP7 % q ) x 7q #G (molR :# \J: 7
P7A#J7 8 [77 [ TG 9 :(C R4 AG % %: %7)CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) = CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (
: QRA %# : :
#7C (' : # 7 : 1 7X* 2 CH4 :* 1 m7 O2 :* 2 CO2 :* :
.
# 2 7 : 2 7X* 4 CH4 :* 2 m7 O2 :* 4 CO2 :* :
.
# 3 7 : 3 7X* 6 CH4 :* 3 m7 O2 :* 6 CO2 :* :
............................ .
#7C : A # NA 7 : ( NA) 7X* (2NA) CH4 :* ( NA) m7 O2 :* :
(2NA) CO2* : .
: ( 1 mol ) 7X* ( 2 mol ) CH4 :* ( 1 mol ) m7 O2 :* CO2 :
) ( 2 mol* : .
: .
19 :
- - 2015/01/01 :
# ( 2 NA) 7 : ( 2 mol ) 7X* ( 4 mol ) CH4 :* m7 O2 :

) ( 2 mol* ( 4 mol ) CO2 :* : .
# ( 3 NA) 7 : ( 3 mol ) 7X* ( 6 mol ) CH4 :* m7 O2 :
) ( 3 mol* ( 6 mol ) CO2 :* : .
............................
# ( x NA) 7 : ( x mol ) 7X* ( 2x mol ) CH4 :* m7 O2 :

) ( x mol* ( 2x mol ) CO2 :* : .
q " x ?@0

#[ 7
GCq G ) #8 ( #G ) (mol 8 A7C#7C
. Lq8 A
00 :

q7 P # : ( % \WU :4 %HJ % : %7G % %' % %JG %oJ %q7 # 8 x[ : 7
)N2 (g
q7 x
)(mol
2x
4 - 3x
1-x
2xf
4 - 3xf
1 - xf
xf
) + 3 H2 (g) 2 NH3 ( g
%(%
%J7Gs%
t=0
%J%q7 s
t
%J%'4
tf
PA q7 # Y %#7 8( %) %W7 #8 (y %oJ %4A :#J7 .
CA o9 7q #8nG ) #G( "0 )-5* \G xmax C 7R 7U R 8 SP k ## #J7 ) ?@0). +
k ## #J7 SPCG7U 9 W7 # q7 xf '4C q7 xmax o9 q :R #J7 \ 4G 7X :W7 4 k #7
# #J7 # q7 xf '4 :q7 xmax o9 q :R #J7 \
F :H7U R #q 8 :
. xf = xmax
F . xf < xmax
}7U W7 ' 8 % 7q :#J7 \ 8 0C. 0 : .
- - 2015/01/01 :
20 :
8 7AG \4 PA % %: %7A + B = C + D

:P6 #J7 R4 R'G 7# 8m #7C#7 % :
qJ
)n 0 (A ) n 0 (B
=
) :(5

Fe &' #$ %
* Cl2)

1 ./ . FeCl3 +'*,
-1 4 5 #=
+7 //<9 9:
. +7 //
A4 -2@ #
#/7 //
? + #>$ 44.8 g #/7 20.16 L
Cl2
E ? + /C1<. // B
- 5 #/
? + #$. #/7
/$ - 9
+? +7 //1 #/ .
, - E = 9:
/ &' +7 //E < +7 : = .
-3 +N
#/7 // ? +@ #
# : < #/7 //= .
-4 # : +? += :
- # +'*,< . P
- # . +EA
-@& /: /= ? + /C1<. // B
A4 -5@ #
#/7 // #E$
? + #$ 0.2 mol (t = 0) #/7 n mol

n #/ / .
= ? +1 . #/
. M(Cl) = 35.5 g/mol M(Fe) = 56 g/mol : S4
$ :
-1A %: 7
)2Fe (s) + 3Cl2 (g) = 2FeCl3 (s
-2 - % 8 Cl2 Fe %J7Gs: %
m 44.8
=
= 0.8 mol
M 56
V(Cl 2 ) 20.16
= ) n 0 (Cl2
=
= 0.9 mol
VM
22.4
= ) n 0 (Fe
-P6 #J7 8m #7C#7 % : s

# #J7 R4 AG % 8 %qGCm #7C#7 % :
qJ
) n 0 (Fe) n 0 (Cl 2
=
2
3
: .
21 :
- - 2015/01/01 :
:
P
)n 0 (Fe
= 0.4 mol
2
) n (Cl
n 0 (Cl2 ) = 0.9 mol 0 2 = 0.3 mol
3
n 0 (Fe) = 0.8 mol
) n 0 (Fe) n 0 (Cl 2
W :
2
3
- q7 :
2Fe (s) + 3Cl2 (g) = 2FeCl3
0.8
0.9
0
0.8 2x 0.9 3x
2x
0.8 2xf 0.9 3xf
2xf
q7 : '4
- Fe 7U :
7R4 AG % 8 Z %qGCm #7C#7. %

q7
x=0
x
xf
%(%
7G%
%q7
'%
0.8 2x = 0 x = 0.4 mol

- Cl2 7U :
0.9 3 x = 0 x = 0.3 mol
xmax = xf = 0.3 mol 7 J. Cl2 #

-3# 9 %#7 8( % : '77
# 9 : %
# J [ FeCl3 6W4. y
J Fe qP7 :. 7
-4 - %7# J [ 6W4' 8 y %: 7
: q7 % # J [ 6W4' 8 y % 7 :
xf(FeCl3) = 2 xf = 2 . 0.3 = 0.6 mol
: 4
) m (FeCl3
n f (FeCl3 ) = f
M
: \4
) m f (FeCl3 ) = n f (FeCl3 ) . M(FeCl3
M(FeCl3 ) = 25 + ( 3 . 35.5) = 162.5 g/mol
m f (FeCl3 ) = 0.6 162.5 = 97.5 g
- %7J ' 8 qP7 %: 7
: q7 e % J ' 8 qP7 % 7 :
nf(Fe) = 0.8 2xf = 0.8 (2 . 0.3) = 0.2 mol
: 4
)m (Fe
n f (Fe) = f
M
: .
22 :
- - 2015/01/01 :
: \4
)m f (Fe) = n f (Fe) . M(Fe

m f (Fe) = 0.2 . 56 = 11.2 g
-( F # ' 8 7 %: 7
: q7 % F # ' 8 %7 % 7 :
nf(Cl2) = 3xf = 3 . 0.3 = 0.9 mol
: 4
) V(Cl 2
VM
= ) n f (Cl 2
: \4
) V(Cl2 ) = n f (Cl2 ) . M(Cl 2

M(Cl2) = ( 2 . 35.5 ) = 71 g/mol
m f (Cl2 ) = 0.9 . 71 = 63.9 L
n % -5 7# #J7 8m #7C#7: %
2Fe (s) + 3Cl2 (g) = 2FeCl3

0.2
n
0
0.8 2x
n 3x
2x
0.8 2xf n 3xf
2xf
q7
x=0
x
xf
%(%
7G%
%q7
'%
# #J7 8m #7C#7 % :

qJ
)0.2 2xf = 0 ... (1

)n 3 xf = 0 .. (2
:#A7G xf = 0.1 mol : (1) % WA^ 8: (2) % WA
n - (3 . 0.1 ) = 0
n - 0.3 = 0 n = 0.3 mol
l: % 6 %q
# #J7 8m #7C#7 % :
qJ
: \4
) n 0 (Fe) n 0 (Cl 2
=
2
3
0.2 n
0.2 . 3
== n
= 0.3 mol
2 3
2
%1 :-
# P7A : AB m 8 J4( V : q 7 R4 'R WJ s
AG \4 PA % %: %7
n+
mAB = A + B
} n0 % #4 AB 8 %J4( V : q : PA7* #
#J 4PAG y :
: .
- - 2015/01/01 :
n0
V
=C
A 7* #J # 4#mG y An+: % WAG
) n ( Bm
=
V
] [B
m
23 :
B R * \ 7G S ] [B ] [A
+n
m-
) n (A n +
=
V
m-
] [A
n+
n(Bm-) n(An+) f % An+ : 8 Bm-#J 4. y
,%%1 :-
[ q7 7R4 WJ s #4 8 AB ) q#J7 . (
GC
AB = An+ + Bmn0
0
0
n0 - x
x
x
n0 xf
xf
xf
q7 %J
x = 07G%
%q7
x
'%
xf
-: 4
] [
] [
n0
V
= C
] [
] [
) n (A + n
xf
= A
= An+
V
V
m
) n (B
xf
= Bm
= Bm
V
V
: q7 8 % 7 4AG#4 AB J 8 # :
n0 xf = 0 xf = n0
: xPH
xf
n0
n
= An+
= An+
= 0 An+ = C
V
V
V
xf
n0
n
= Bm
= Bm -
= 0 Bm - = C
V
V
V
: 0
n+
m 8#J q* Q C # %Tm ( A + B ) %# :
] [
] [
] [
] [
+n
] [
] [
[A ] = C , [B ] = C
m
: .
n+
- - 2015/01/01 :
# : e
24 :
[A ] = C =
: \4
[B ] C
n+
] [A ]= [B
n+
: 1-
4#J P7 J [) 6W# :
3SO42-
3+
(2Fe +* Q 8 C = 0.2 mol/L #R #J
[Fe ]= 2 C = 2 . 0.2 = 0.4 mol/L

[SO4 ]= 3 C = 3 . 0.2 = 0.6 mol/L
3+
# : e
] 2 [Fe+3 ]= 23 [SO4
#J ^ # ' (H3O+ +Cl - ) :* 8 C = 0.5 mol/L QR #J # :H 3O + = C = 0.5 mol/L
] [
]= C = 0.5 mol/L [Cl
# : e
] = C [H3O+ ]= [Cl
: 2-
4#J ^ P} ) ( 2H3O + SO4* Q#mG # H3OC . 10 mol/L :
7* #J C # R* #J #mG . SO42- :
: %THm#J (2H3O+ + SO42-) % # H 3O + = 2 C :: \4
2-
-2
[
H3O + ] 10- 2
= C
=
= 5 .10-3 mol/L
2
2
= C = 5 . 10-3 mol/L
SO 4
) :(6
S7 %THm % %THa) %H(# Y (% % : %7# #H# C
#C C#H# CJ [ 4 CJ [7 6W #P#
G4T4 #P# 46 #P# P7 J [G 6W#CP7 #P#
#6P7 #H# .
: .
- - 2015/01/01 :
'
m
Na+#H#
K+#P#
Ca2+#C
Fe2+J [4
Fe3+J [6W
NH4+9# #
Na+#H#
m
ClNO3MnO4Cr2O72SO42HOS2O82S2O32-
25 :
'
#
74
P4T4
46
P7
'C
P#CP7
[#P7
$ :
%THm % a: J %H
#4 )
# #H#
C#C
C#H#
CJ [4
CJ [6W
7 #P#
G4T4 #P#
46 #P#
P7 J [6W
G#CP7 #P#
#6P7 #H#
%THm%
)(Na+ + Cl-
)(Ca2+ + 2HO-
)(Na+ + HO-
)(Fe2+ + 2HO-
)(Fe3+ + 3HO-
)(K+ + NO3-
)(K+ + MnO4-
)(2K+ + Cr2O72-
)(2Fe3+ + 3SO42-
)(2K+ + S2O82-
)(2Na+(aq) + S2O3-2
%TH(%
NaCl
Ca(OH)2
NaOH
Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)3
KNO3
KMnO4
K2Cr2O7
Fe2(SO4)3
K2S2O8
Na2S2O3
) :(7
4#J :P J4 ) (Cu2+(aq)+ SO42- # 9 (\ 600 mL* Q#
C = 0.6 mol/L \8 4U %J :#49 AlW . m = 13.5 g '77 #J
8
7UG # 9 .#J7 J R4 AG: %
)2Al(s) + 3Cu2+(aq) = 2Al3+(aq) + 3Cu(aq
-1 7U # 9 .
-2 m q7 'R . 7
-3 q q7 xf '4J 7. J
-47 q7 ' 8 %: 7
- %7J4 . %P7
- %7#49 . %qP7
- %7#49 . %7
3+
-* #J 4#mG y . Al
: .
26 :
- - 2015/01/01 :
4 -5 x0#J 4 y # HJ QXP . R #4 \7T
(*) %() %a. (%H
. M(Al) = 27 g/mol M(Cu) = 63.5 g/mol : A
$ :
2+
-1 7U # 9 7U #m J4 ) Cu R #( .
-2 q7 :
)2Al (s) + 3 Cu (s
0
0
2x
3x
2xf
3xf
= )2Al (s) + 3Cu2+ (aq

0.5
0.36
0.5 2x 0.36 3x
0.58 2xf 0.36 3xf
q7
x=0
x
xf
%(%
7G%
%q7
'%
-3q q7 '4 7: J

- Al 7U :
n 0 (Cu 2 + ) = Cu 2 + V = CV = 0.6 . 0.6 = 0.6 mol

m(Al) 13.5
= ) n 0 (Al
=
= 0.5 mol
M
27
0.5 2x = 0 x = 0.25
Cu2+ 7U :0.36 3 x = 0 x = 0.12 mol
xmax = xf = 0.12 mol : 7 J. Cu2+ #

-4 - %7J4 : %P7
: q7 % J4 ' 8 %P7 % 7 :
nfCu) = 3xf = 3 . 0.12 = 0.36 mol
: \4
) m f (Cu
) m f (Cu) = n f (Cu) . M(Cu
M
m f (Cu) = 0.36 . 63.5 = 22.86 g
= )n f (Cu
- %7#49 : %qP7

: q7 % #49 ' 8 %qP7 % 7 :
nf(Al) = 0.5 - 2xf = 0.5 (2 . 0.12) = 0.26 mol
: \4
)m (Al
n f (Al) = f
) m f (Al) = n f (Al) . M(Al
M
m f (Al) = 0.26 . 27 = 7.02 g
- %7#49 : %7
: q7 % #49 ' 8 %7 % 7 :
nf(Al) = 2xf = 2 . 0.12 = 0.24 mol
: \4
: .
27 :
- - 2015/01/01 :
)mf (Al
) m f (Al) = n f (Al) . M(Al
M
m f (Al) = 0.24 . 27 = 6.48 g
= )n f (Al
-* #J 4#mG y ' 8 Al+ 3 f %: 7

) ( V = 600 mL = 0.6 L
: q7 % #0 #49 ' 4 %m7 % 7 :
) n f (Al3+
=
V
] [Al
3+
3+
nf(Al ) = 2xf
: \4
#A7G^ P 8 ]f
nf(Al) = 2 . 0.12 = 0.24 mol
: ( Al3+
[Al ] = 00.24
= 0.4 mol/L
.6
3+
- %T#J 4: y
#J 4 y#7J #0 Lq8 #49 Al4( : % 7 #0 P7
8 7 \ #J 4 y #P7 #49 \7Tm: %
)(2Al+3 + 3SO42-
\7Ta: %H
Al2(SO4)3
3+
2-
SO4 5 57U5
) :(8
4#J :P7 J [ (Fe2+(aq)+ SO42-(aq)) 4(\ 200 mL* Q C0 #\8 4U
%J :#49 AlW . m0 '77 #J 7UG
8 # eU9* #m
J [ Fe2+ 4 W e7U %Aq#49 m AG \ * S x0#J 4y
. m = 6.72 g (48#J7 J R4 AG: %
2+
)2Al(s) + 3Fe (aq) = 2Al3+(aq) + 3Fe(s
-1 7U # . eU9
-2 m q7 'R . 7
-3 # 7 J q q7 . xf '4
-47 q7 :
- %7#49 7Gs. m0 %
-7* #J C0 # P7 J [. 4
-* #J 4#mG y Al3+ #mG ' 8 SO42- %. 7
. M(Al) = 27 g/mol M(Fe) = 56 g/mol : A
$ :
-1 7U # eU97U #m J [ Fe 4 R # .
2+
-2 q7 :
: .
- - 2015/01/01 :
q7
)2Al (S) + 3Fe3+ (aq) = 2Al3+(aq) + 3Fe (s
x=0
)n0(Al
)n0(Fe3+
0
0
3+
x
n0(Al) - 2x n0(Fe ) - 2x
2x
3x
3+
xf = xmax n0(Al) - 2xf n0(Fe ) - 2xf
2xf
3xf
-3 7: J
s# 79 J ::7J 8m #7C#7. %
28 :
%(%
7G%
%q7
'%
2+
Fe Al 7U ' 8 % 7 #J7
q7 : '4
#4 R \J07G 4 ##4 ' 8 S7 % 7 #J )9 #49 7U
( R %7J ' 8 %P7 % 7 mf(Fe) = 6.72 g : : 4
m (Fe) 6.72
n f (Fe) = f
=
= 0.12 mol
)M(Fe
56
: q7 ' 4 % 7# :
)n (Fe
nf(Fe) = 3xf x f = f
3
0.12
= xf
= 0.04 mol
3
-4 - %7#49 7Gs: %
#49 7U ' 8 %R 7 # : q7 :
n0(Al) 2xf = 0 n0(Al) = 2 . 0.04 = 0.08 mol
: 4
m
n 0 (Al) = 0 m 0 = n 0 (Al) . M
M
m0 = 0.08 . 27 = 2.16 g
-7* #J C0 P7 J [: 4
G #0 J [ 4 }7U ' 8 % 7# : q7 :
3+
3+
n0(Fe ) 3xf = 0 n0(Fe ) = 3 xf = 3 . 0.04 = 0.12 mol
: 4
3+
) n (Fe
n0(Fe3+) = Fe3+ 0 V = C0 V C0 = 0
V
0.12
= C0
= 0.6 mol/L
0.2
-7* #J # 4#mG y : SO42- Al3+
) n f (Al3+
3+
= Al
V
: q7 % #0 #49 4(' 4 % % 7 :
: .
29 :
- - 2015/01/01 :
nf(Al3+) = 2xf = 2 . 0.04 = 0.08 mol

( #J 46 #J7 s T7 qP\ 8 %J7Gs % V = 0.2 L: \4
0.08
= Al3+ f
= 0.4 mol/L
0.2
) 2 n f (SO 4
2
= SO 4 f
V
2#0 SO42- U 7 \ ~8 % ' 8 SO42- % 7 'C % 8 SO4
%J7GsR % # :
222
nf(SO4 ) = n0(SO4 ) = [SO 4 ]0 V = C0 V
] [
] [
xPH: 4
]0 = C0 V = C0 = 0.6 mol/L [SO42

V
.2* :
T [ # F # \
P4 #G : : # # F 0 ' } %5J '5
} % LTe \ #XG *7 : %7
*)\ %67 AG 'eAG : ~8 7G 6n7 P7 '4G %# A4[7G % H7 . s O7T [ 5 54 s %5 H5 (T = 0K)
5 f5 xPH5*) 58 \5 QR5 %5%5J %A % (J . LTe
/: -
T AG %qqJ : \PmT [ : 'A %P \Pm \4 RU 4#T %A55
4 fJG %AG xPH : %AG 'A P ' LTe. ' LC
2* :
F T0 ( V }J P LT % T %q } % R T \ ~8 n: PA
QRq : % WAG
PV=nRT
C QR# qG % WA T [ R f[ }GA T [ % q G . 8.31
2*%%2125%! :
(J VM # #( ( n = 1) 1 mol : F #A7G ^ # 8 T [ ( P VM = R T :
: \4
RT
P
= VM
P (JT VM # [ :l0 8. (P , V) :

: .
- - 2015/01/01 :
30 :
:
Zq (JT # 0 8 # '8 P = 2 atm LTe %J . 27C
) 8.31 ( 27 + 273
-2 3
5 = 1.23 . 10 m = 12.3 L
2 . 1.013 . 10
= VM
%G1 :+
# #J 7 ' G #7J #0 # %P #0 %P *5 %5R5#J 7 ' G * QR'G Q#m . P
% : PA#J 7 '5qG G 5! I5G \5 *5 G5o 58 \5 #5 %5 (S) Z4C f# #J 7 ' G[ G. P
q #J G % 4 #q HJG*5 )( (5 :5R5 #5J :5G :7J5 :7 5A :7657C5% x S '4 '4G H#G '
P 6 L %8C % ## : GBF# '. G
: 1-m
: 2-m
C % :7JHR# : e ) ((JJ K '4G ) % 4 (2-m5 55: #PG :7JH. %X
- *7 }G[G %X }G6 %X* \ G K\ (m) 7 : % WAG \4 PA
S
L
=K
S : fC x % #P %Xq G ) (m2 L CG# :G AP %Xq G ). (m

} U %#7 R m\ q L### 57 5 %5U O5 %5 4 I5 50 %5 557 57 m55' 555q 9 5P##55 5 C5C755 %5U O55 %5 4%55 :5 55PA
#J % WAG: %7
I
U
=G
0 :R
: .
- - 2015/01/01 :
31 :
A q %#J 50 575G 5' *5 R5' 9 ) 5 ( ' 5#5q R5' G %5 4#J :
1 U
=
G I
=R
! ! )+ :

( P :P6 %#5J Gl S547 5 }5G6 O5 K %5X }5G6 G = a K : a S547#5 }G6* #J % 4#J %#4 * ' G ' Z4C (S/m) 7 : S7
G=K
! ! ) :

( 555P :555555P6 %555 4#555J %555#4 l S55547 555 O5557 *555R555' C #555 #555J }G6 = a C a S47 }5G6 #5 *5#5J 5 %5 4 %5#4#54 %5# 558 5J4
#J * \ G \ S.m2/mol : S7
=C
C f7* #J # q G )R ) . (mol/m3 . (1mol/L = 103 mol/m3 :
1!)(Xn+1!() :(Y m-

8#J 0 #7J #m # ........ Ym- Xn+ 58 }U) 57 58 5'oA %5(%5
U s) 7 8 'oA % (%P A % 4R5' %#4 #5J 5U %5 WAG
%sG % 4 %#4 %#m#m ..... (Ym-) (Xn+) % ) ..... (Ym-) (Xn+ :
= C = (X n + ) [X n + ] + (Y m - ) [Y m - ] + ............................
4#J q : y WJ #4 8 XaYb

8A: %XaYb a Xn+ + bYm \ ~8 : PA % 4 %#4 %sG %# % 4 %#4 %#m (Y-m) (X+n) % :
) = a (X n + ) + b(Y m -
:
)Cl-(aq
NaCl(s) = Na (aq) +
) = (Na + ) + (Cl-
)3SO42-(aq
3+
Fe2(SO4)3 (s) = 2Fe (aq) +

) = 2 (Fe3+ ) + 3 (SO 4 2 -
R \ 8#J \THm (aXn+ + bYm-) % 7* C # R JG \ HJ %:5#4 8 XaYb( V : q# :
: .
32 :
- - 2015/01/01 :
) n(X a Yb
V
) n(X n +
n+
= X
=aC
V
) n(Y m -
m= Y
=bC
V
=C
] [
] [
1%! :25c

%TH
H3O+
Na+
K+
Ag+
Ca2+
#0 #%P
)(mS.m /mol
35.0
5.01
7.35
6.19
11.9
2
#0 %P
%TH
)(mS.m /mol
19.9
OH
7.63
Cl7.81
Br7.70
I7.14
NO32
) :(9
-1# mol/L : mol/m37* 6 C1 = 0.0025 mol/L :# mol/m3 : mol/L
7* . C2 = 1200 mol/m3 :
$ :
#J7 :
mol
1mol
0.0025 . 1
C1 = 0.0025 mo/L = 0.0025
mol/m3 = 2.5 mol/m3
= = 0.0025 -3 3
3
L
10 m
10
mol
mol
1200
mol/L = 1.2 mol/L
= C2 = 1200 mol/m3 = 1200 3 = 1200 3
m
10 L
103
) :(10
%U 4 % 4 L = 1 cm '#P :G AP C x % '#P. S = 1 cm2 :67
-1 }G6 SC. K %X
#G -2 % QRqG 4 %X #J % 4 0 * Q#8 C # . G = 1.034 mS
- %q 7 m' q 9 P } q L# m . U = 5V %q
- % y747q %#J . R
- SC % 4R' %#4 #J .
2+
- } R #J # C#C ) . (Ca + 2OH 7* R' # #J q
G . mol/L
- SC % 4 %#4' %# C#C G :7q. :77X
: .
33 :
- - 2015/01/01 :
: A
(Ca ) = 11.9. 10 S.m /mol
(OH-) = 19.9. 10-3 S.m2/mol
2
2+
-3
$ :
}G6 -1: %X
S
L
) 10- 4 (m 2
K = -2
= 10- 2 m
)10 (m
=K
-2 - %q 7 m' q 9: P
I
I = G.U
U
I = 1.034 . 10-3 . 5 = 5.17 . 10-3 A = 5.17 mA
=G
% -q %#J :
U
I
= U = RI R
5
= 967.11
5.17 . 10-3
- % 4: %#4
1.034 . 10-3
=
= 0.1034 S/m
10- 2
% -7* : #
=R
G
=
K
= (Ca 2 + ) Ca 2 + + (HO- ) HO) = (Ca 2 + ) (C) + (HO- ) (2C
) (Ca 2 + ) + 2 (HO-
= C
= ( (Ca 2 + ) + 2 (HO- ) )C
0.1034
3
-3
-3
-3 = 2 mol/m = 2 . 10 mol/L
) 11.9 . 10 + (2 . 19.9 . 10
=C
- % 4 %#4: %#

: (1) %q
) = (Ca2+) + 2(HO-
= 11.9 . 10-3 + (2 . 19.9 . 10-3 ) = 5.147 . 10-2 S.m2/mol
: (2) %q
C
: .
==C
:
- - 2015/01/01 :
34 :
0.1034
= 5.147 . 10- 2 S.m 2 /mol
2
($!7($! :7
9C : # J 8\ 8q 7 [ l : 8 . a : # J \8C7 7 [ l : 8 . : O # R q7a 8 9C . : C # R SC77a 8 a . 9C a : % # 5J \585P 7 :5G 5 O5 C5 f5 5qO57 [ \q7. C
/: -
9C a 6J 8 sJ C G sJ :
C .
*(8 :(8/)9
8 %JA %* [ %4 C5G O* ) ( PI / I (I) f5 #5 O5 ) (PI #5C5
QR[ %4# 'q8 @R01 # :: m

+ n e**;) :(8/
)(Mg2+/Mg
)(Na+/Na
)(Fe2+/ Fe
)(Fe3+/Fe2+
)(Cl2/ Cl-
)(H3O+/H2
)(MnO4-/Mn2+
)(Cr2O72-/Cr3+
Mg
Mg2+ + 2 eNa
Na+ + eFe
Fe2+ + 2eFe2+
Fe3+ + e2Cl-Cl2 + eH2
2H+ + 2eMn2+ + 4H2O
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e2Cr3+ + 7H2O
Cr2O7-2 + 14H+ + 6e-
W: %o
9C a %# 8[ :U9 s : 7
8 8 s# LR e ' 8A % %H47a %m . H+
($!:7
%G7A %9C a 8 % L OP7 e#X : %7
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# 8 A %H % 9 :(C ~G %8*) % H2O Gq %H :(C 8 R #7J A 9 T : 9.:(C
: .
35 :
- - 2015/01/01 :
# 8 A %H % ' : ~G0 %8 H+ : Gq : 8 %H S4 : e0 %8 # ) (H3O+ Gq 8 %H :

R #7J A 9 T : ' : Z 8 ke } # Z4GA *)
H2O . Ub

qJ7P J ) %4Jm(# 4Jm P 7C (# 4Jm AG# (7 8A %H %4Jm ~G %8 S4 :7a 8 R #7J %4J0 %. P
'G #HJ 7a #q 8 9C C A 7a 8 %PC7a e 8lA %9C 8 S4 8lA %a 8 U S4 O(G
A :74( 8l :7 l HJ A %9C a. %
*;,($!7( :5%
: 1 - 0 P4T4 #G MnO4-0 % J [: Fe2+ 6W
[7 )/( 8 %U 7 : (Fe3+/Fe2+) (MnO4-/Mn2+) :
8R 7n7C #0 J [ Fe2+ 4 #0 J [ 6W
8A %9C : %7Fe2+ = Fe3+ + e 8 } #R n7#0 \8 C J [ 4#50 O5 P54T4 MnO4-#50 5 Mn2+ *54T4
8A %a #X : %7
2+
MnO4 = Mn
MnO4- = Mn2+ + 4H2O
MnO4- + 8H+ = Mn2+ + 4H2O
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- = Mn2+ + 4H2O
eG 8lA %9C 8A ) (5 8lA %a 8A ): ( (12+
3+
5Fe = 5Fe + 5eMnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- = Mn2+ + 4H2O
O(GA :74(l :7 l ( :2+
+
3+
2+
5Fe + MnO4 + 8H + 5e = 5Fe + Mn + 4H2O + 5e *7UG 7a % HJA %9C a %: %7
5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ = 5Fe3++ Mn2+ + 4H2O
'#mG : ' # G H3O+P Z#X HJA %: %75Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H3O+ = 5Fe3++ Mn2+ + 12H2O
H7UG S7 As :
5 Fe = Fe + e
1 MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- = Mn2+ + 4H2O
-
3+
2+
5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ = 5Fe3++ Mn2+ + 4H2O

: 2 - #0 46 Cr2O7-2 0 #G Cr3+ %J [: Fe2+ 4
[7 )/( 8 %U 7 : (Fe3+/Fe2+) (Cr2O72-/Cr3+) :
: .
36 :
- - 2015/01/01 :
6 Fe2+ = Fe3+ + e1 Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e- = 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

6Fe2+ + Cr2O72- + 14H+ = 6Fe3++ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
) : 3- 0 ' # H3O+ * F '#G H2 : %#49 ( Al
[7 )/( 8 %U 7 : (H3O+/H2) (Al3+/Al) :
2 Al = Al3+ + 3 e3 2H3O+ + 2e- H2 + 2H2O
2Al + 6H3O+ = 2Al3+ + 3H2 + 6H2O
.! :
' l %qA %HG % J %#4 8 J : %7#J e
#J #J C#J . O
J7G % :J q U [ *#J %7#4 % J4
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n mG#7J #J A R
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J %#7J #J 8 A7CA
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+W
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% 8 7#J A O % 8 7#J A e .
km 8 87A # T7G % # 8 7#J A # T7G # \e #J A .
P7A 7R4 A :: mA+B=C+D
[ q7 7A :
= C + D
: .
q7
%
:
- - 2015/01/01 :
0
x
xE
0
x
xE
x=0
n0A
n0B
x
n0A x n0B x
x = xE n0A xE n0B xE
37 :
7G%
%q7
8
xE : f #q q7 4 n0A 87 % #4 8 %J4#J A

n0B % #4 8 %J4#J A .
4 87# 8 7m #7C#7R % # :n
n 0A - x E = 0 x E = 0A
n
n 0B - x E = 0 x E = 0B
: ( %qGG
[A]0 VA [B]0 VBE
n 0A n 0B
=
VA : f #( #J A VBE #( #J A e 4. 87

4 # :A 7 8 4R :# :A % # A #G %. % 4
8A #G %
8 % 4 *'(7
GC' % 4 46 A #q qG * % 4 y## 8mP
4 (C %8 8 y74 6 LX P
) G = f(VBR : PAT %* %sG y( #J
A . 4 87 P % % 4) %. (m
):(11
A 20 mL :#J P7 J [ (Fe2+ + SO42-) 4* Q) C1 #('#( #JG G4T4
#P# ) (K+ + MnO4-* QW C2 = 0.2 mol/L # 7U # eU9* #m
J [ AG 4 V2 = 5 mL %8 :#J G4T4 #P# .
-1 0 %A XA J \ P W. %
-2 7U # . eU9
-3 S7A % 9C a %R4 A [) :74/( 8 :7U 7 :
)(Fe3+/Fe2+) , (MnO4-/Mn2+
-4[ q7 . 7
-57 q7 . V2E V1 C2 C1 :G % WA V2E #( #J G4T4
#P# W . 87
-6 C1 %7* #J # P7 J [ 4R AG 4\ .
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: .
- - 2015/01/01 :
38 :
-1 A X7 :
-2 7U # eU97U #m J [ Fe2+ 4 R # .
-3A %: 7
2+
3+
5 Fe = Fe + e
1 MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- = Mn2+ + 4H2O
-4 q7 :
5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ = 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O
q7 %J
5Fe2+ +
MnO4- + 8H+ = 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O
x = 07G%
)n0(Fe2+
)n0(MnO4-
*G
0
0
*G
2+
%q7
x
*G n0(Fe ) - 5x n0(MnO4 ) - x
5x
x
*G
2+
8
*G xE n0(Fe ) - 5xE n0(MnO4 ) - xE
5xE
xE
*G
-5: V2E V2 V1 C1 :G % WA
4 87# #J7 J 46 A 8m #7C#7R % # :
) n 0 (Fe2 +
2+
= n 0 (Fe ) - 5x E = 0 x E
)............................. (1
5
) ) ....................... (2 ) - x E = 0 x E = n 0 (MnO4 n 0 (MnO4
: (2) (1) :
) n 0 (Fe2 +
CV
) 1 1 = C 2 V2E C1V1 = 5C2V2E = n 0 (MnO4
5
5
: C1 % -6
: % WA: S7 %qGC
5C2 V2E
5 . 0,2 . 5 .10-3
= C1
= C1
= 0,25 mol/L
V1
20 . 10-3
) :(12
: .
- - 2015/01/01 :
39 :
eJ7 -1#J ) 4[ (A #P# ) 2.94 g JG 4 (2K+ + Cr2O72- 46 :
#P# 100 mL 8 K2Cr2O7 q4 : . q
- S7A % WJ 46 #P# 8 . q
- 7* #J C0 4: y
. M(Cr) = 52 g/mol M(O) = 16 g/mol M(K) = 39 g/mol : A
n7 -2 % :7* C0 10 mL RUn %qGC :#J
GC 10 HJ48#J
* Q V1 = 20 mL RUn C1 # :R #J A #JG P7 J [4
) (Fe2+ + SO42-* QW C2 = 0.2 mol/L # \ * 87 V2 = 6 mL %8 :#J
P7 J [. 4
- S7A % 7R4 7A } [) :74/( 8 :7U 7 :
)(Fe3+/Fe2+) , (Cr2O72-/Cr3+
- 7* #J C1 # A 6 y7477* #J C0 # ) (A7Gs .
$ :
-1 -A % WJ : K2Cr2O7
+
2K2Cr2O7 = 2K + Cr2O7
-7* #J C0 # 4: y
m0
) n (K Cr O
m
C0 = 0 2 2 4 = M = 0
V
V M.V
M = (2 . 39) + (2 . 52) + (7 . 16) = 294 g/mol
2,94
= C0
= 0.1 mol/L
294 . 0.1
-2 -A %: 7
2+
3+
6 Fe = Fe + e
1 Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e- = 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
5Fe2+ + Cr2O72- + 14H+ = 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
-7* #J C1 7* #J C0 7Gs :

4: 87
) n 0 (Fe3+
) = n 0 (Cr2O7 2-
6
C V
C 2 V2E
= C1V1 C1 = 2 2 E
6
6V1
# #J A 10 # :
Z %(74. qG ' HJ7
0.2 . 6 . 10-3
-2
= C1
-3 = 10 mol/L
6 . 20 . 10
C0
C0 = 10 C1 = 10 . 10-2 = 0.1 mol/L
10
: .
= C1
- - 2015/01/01 :
: .
40 :
- - 2015/01/01 :
41 :
** 79 8 8 : **
# 6 %## } qG
X %44C -
Fares_Fergani@yahoo.Fr
Tel : 0771998109
#l : 4FWG
P 7a nG 8 U 7 : . '#
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%XC J7 : QR %q6# * . U O #79 #4A : 7
www.sites.google.com/site/faresfergani
: .

3as u01 - e3 - Cour-exe 01 مكتسبات قبلية

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3as u01 - e3 - Cour-exe 01 مكتسبات قبلية

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- - 2015/01/01 :

# ' &2015/01/01 :  !"# $%

!   :

-4 SC 8.96 L %7 F :  m4 8 :lm o4. :

)M(NH3) = M(N) + 3M(H

-3 % 15.68 L 8 8 NH3 : :lm o4: :

-4 8.96 L %7 8 NH3 : :lm o4: :

)M(CH3COOH) = M(C) + 3M(H) + M(C) + 2M(O) + M(H

6.02 .1023 . 1050 .10-3

* & :+

V = 22.4 L RU : T 22.4 L :'# W 8 : q :lm o4 : :# 5(J

  P [ F %8 8 :lm o4. :

[ F %8 P G : %q9 :

- %7 ^J %(J: X

-2 - %7#4 %#   : A

P -  %7#4 %#   : n %sG

( #J  4 y C  (JR ) S' * 8 (J 46 WJ s ( . : .

-# : 7* #J #  # % #4    1L 8 X J4 :R #J .

-# : 7* #J Cm 7  # %7#4    1L 8 X J4 :R #J .

= C : %G 7 % WA: % 7

- C QR# qG % WA 7 .

- : hX  8 Q 4 m:  7

-27* #J 7 ): (B

Cm = M.C = 40 . 0.5 = 20 g/L

-3 % NaOH 50 mL 8 %J4 :#J ): (B

n'(NaOH) = C'.V' = 0.5 . 0.05 = 2.5 . 10-2 mol

-4 - C QR7 G %A .

-( #J ( :

46 7 s T7 % R # :)n2(NaOH) = n1(NaOH

= C2(V1 + V0) = C1V1 C 2

-5* #J ( :

8 QR s % JJ   \ ~8  %5 5 58 NaOH#5J ( (B) 5 C5 %5 % 5 NaOH

-2(   qW : \78

46 7 s T7 % R # :

-3( # ' :W : \78

sJ     8 QRR % J #  % 8 HCl#J ( C 58 HCl % %#5J

-4* #J ( :

G \  J #J   :G (2) (1) :#J# :

)n(HCl) = n1(HCl) + n2(HCl

# (JW QRU :#J ) (A s OeX q 7 .

 #  ( 2 NA)  7 : ( 2 mol ) 7X* ( 4 mol ) CH4 :* m7 O2 :

 #  ( x NA)  7 : ( x mol ) 7X* ( 2x mol ) CH4 :* m7 O2 :

 q " x ? @0

00  :

8  7 A G \4 PA %  %: % 7A + B = C + D

- P6 #J7 8m #7C#7 % : s

  7R4 A G % 8 Z %qG Cm #7C#7. %

0.8 2x = 0 x = 0.4 mol

0.9 3 x = 0 x = 0.3 mol

xmax = xf = 0.3 mol   7 J. Cl2 #

)m f (Fe) = n f (Fe) . M(Fe

nf(Cl2) = 3xf = 3 . 0.3 = 0.9 mol

) V(Cl2 ) = n f (Cl2 ) . M(Cl 2

2Fe (s) + 3Cl2 (g) = 2FeCl3

# #J7 8m #7C#7 % :

)0.2 2xf = 0 ... (1

A 7* #J #  4#m G y An+: % WA G

 n(Bm-) n(An+) f  %  An+ : 8 Bm-#J  4. y

(2Fe +* Q 8 C = 0.2 mol/L #R #J

[Fe ]= 2 C = 2 . 0.2 = 0.4 mol/L

= )2Al (s) + 3Cu2+ (aq

-3q q7   '4   7: J

n 0 (Cu 2 + ) = Cu 2 + V = CV = 0.6 . 0.6 = 0.6 mol

Cu2+ 7U :0.36 3 x = 0 x = 0.12 mol

# ' &2015/01/01 : !"# $%

! :

-4 SC 8.96 L %7F : m4 8 :lmo4. :

-3 % 15.68 L 8 8 NH3 : :lmo4: :

-4 8.96 L %7 8 NH3 : :lmo4: :

*& :+

V = 22.4 L RU :T 22.4 L :'# W 8 :q :lmo4 : :# 5(J

P [F %8 8 :lmo4. :

[F %8 PG : %q9 :

- %7 ^J %(J: X

-2 - %7#4 %# : A

P - %7#4 %# : n %sG

( #J 4 yC (JR ) S' * 8 (J46 WJ s ( . : .

-# : 7* #J # # % #4 1L 8 X J4 :R #J .

-# : 7* #J Cm 7 # %7#4 1L 8 X J4 :R #J .

= C : %G7 % WA: %7

- C QR# qG % WA 7 .

- : hX 8 Q4 m: 7

-27* #J 7 ): (B

-3 % NaOH 50 mL 8 %J4 :#J ): (B

-4 - C QR7G %A .

-( #J ( :

46 7 s T7 % R # :)n2(NaOH) = n1(NaOH

-5* #J ( :

8 QR s %JJ \ ~8 %55 58 NaOH#5J ( (B) 5C5 %5 %5 NaOH

-2( qW : \78

46 7 s T7 % R # :

-3( # ' :W : \78

sJ 8 QRR %J # % 8 HCl#J ( C 58 HCl % %#5J

-4* #J ( :

G \ J #J :G (2) (1) :#J# :

# (JW QRU :#J ) (A s OeX q 7 .

# ( 2 NA) 7 : ( 2 mol ) 7X* ( 4 mol ) CH4 :* m7 O2 :

# ( x NA) 7 : ( x mol ) 7X* ( 2x mol ) CH4 :* m7 O2 :

q " x ?@0

00 :

8 7AG \4 PA % %: %7A + B = C + D

-P6 #J7 8m #7C#7 % : s

7R4 AG % 8 Z %qGCm #7C#7. %

xmax = xf = 0.3 mol 7 J. Cl2 #

# #J7 8m #7C#7 % :

A 7* #J # 4#mG y An+: % WAG

n(Bm-) n(An+) f % An+ : 8 Bm-#J 4. y

(2Fe +* Q 8 C = 0.2 mol/L #R #J

-3q q7 '4 7: J

Cu2+ 7U :0.36 3 x = 0 x = 0.12 mol

xmax = xf = 0.12 mol : 7 J. Cu2+ #

- %7#49 : %qP7

-* #J 4#mG y ' 8 Al+ 3 f %: 7

: q7 % #0 #49 ' 4 %m7 % 7 :

SO4 5 57U5

Fe Al 7U ' 8 % 7 #J7

C QR# qG % WA T [ R f[ }GA T [ % q G . 8.31

P (JT VM # [ :l0 8. (P , V) :

S : fC x % #P %Xq G ) (m2 L CG# :G AP %Xq G ). (m

! ! )+ :

! ! ) :

C f7* #J # q G )R ) . (mol/m3 . (1mol/L = 103 mol/m3 :

1!)(Xn+1!() :(Y m-

4#J q : y WJ #4 8 XaYb

1%! :25c

-2 - %q 7 m' q 9: P

- % 4: %#4

% -7* : #

- % 4 %#4: %#

# 8 A %H % ' : ~G0 %8 H+ : Gq : 8 %H S4 : e0 %8 # ) (H3O+ Gq 8 %H :

xE : f #q q7 4 n0A 87 % #4 8 %J4#J A

VA : f #( #J A VBE #( #J A e 4. 87

-1 A X7 :

-7* #J C1 7* #J C0 7Gs :

# #J A 10 # :

Z %(74. qG ' HJ7