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property
is
particularly
appropriate
for
parenteral
Ionic polymers
Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (anionic)
Sodium alginate (anionic).
Fraction =
The importance of this equation will be illustrated as follows;
Fraction =
..
These
are
principally
solutions
of
pyroxylin
A- Ear Preparations:
Known as Otic or aural products
Prepared for local use including antibiotics, antiseptics, cleansing
solutions and wax softners. Drugs are dissolved in a solvent that is
water, glycerol, propylene glycol or alcohol/water mixtures.
They applied to auditory canal as drops, sprays or washes.
B- Eye Preparations:
These are small volume sterile liquids designed to be instilled on to
eyeball or within the conjunctival sac for local effect.
C- Irrigations:
They are sterile, large volume aqueous solutions for the cleansing of
the body cavities and wounds.
They should be made isotonic with tissue fluid.
Anti-inflammatory,
decongestants
are
drugs
Vaginal douches:
Ingredients of vaginal douches include the following:
Oral solution:
(5) Intermediate products:
A- Aromatic waters and Spirits:
They are pharmaceutical solutions that are used during manufacture
of other preparations.
(1) Aromatic waters: are aqueous solutions of volatile materials that
are used mainly for their flavouring properties.
Aromatic waters such as peppermint water and anise water
have carminative properties and chloroform water has a
preservative action.
They manufactured as concentrated waters and are then
diluted, traditionally 1:40 in the final preparation.
(2) Spirits: Alcoholic solutions of volatile materials that are used as a
flavouring agent.
Tinctures: They are alcoholic extracts of the drug but they are
relatively weak compared to Extracts.
E.g. Iodine Tincture: prepared by dissolving 2% iodine crystals and
2.4% potassium iodide in an amount of alc equal to half the volume
of tincture to be prepared. Then dilution of the solution to the
required volume with water.
For example, cherry syrup and orange syrup are acidic and
therefore the solubility of acidic or some zwitterionic therapeutic
agents may be lowered and may result in precipitation of the drug
substance. Under these circumstances, the physical stability of the
preparation will have been compromised and the shelf-life of the
product will have been exceeded. The use of acidic syrups may
additionally result in reduced chemical stability for acid-labile
therapeutic agents.
sodium,
modifiers
(e.g.
preservatives
aspartame),
methylcellulose,
(e.g.
sodium
non-glycogenetic
viscosity
hydroxyethylcellulose)
benzoate,
benzoic
acid
and
and
C -Syrups:
Invert Syrup: According to BPC (British Pharmacopeia Codex), it is
formed by hydrolysis of sucrose by hydrochloric acid and
neutralization with sodium or calcium carbonate. Invert syrup
contains 66.7% w/w sucrose. Levulose formed due to hydrolysis
has more sweetener activity (1.23 times sucrose). Levuloase is
sensitive to heat and darken very fast. This explains why the
solution is darkened after hydrolysis of sucrose. The addition of
inverted syrup to the syrup, it prevents the sucrose crystal
decomposition during storage.