Practical Calculation of Two-Way Slab Deflections by Andrew Scanlon and David W. Murray Methods for calculating deflections of two-way slabs are presented. Both hand-caleulation and computer-aided pro- cedures, suitable for use in a design office, are given. Cracking due to restrained shrinkage and thermal move- ment is included by combining effects of restraint stresses ‘and applied loads in ealeulating cracking moment at a see tion. The calculation procedures are based on Branson's effec tive moment of inertia approach a5 outlined in the ACT Building Code. The proposed hand-ealeulation procedure is based on standard beam deflection formulas using design moments calculated by the equivalent frame method or di rect design method of the ACI Building Code. For cases where a more sophisticated analysis is required, a finite element approach using available computer programs is given. Keywords: concrete slabs: eracking fracturing creep properties: Aefletion; flexural strength; modulus of eastety: relalorced con rete shrinkage; two-way slabs, ‘The ACI Building Code (ACI 318-77)" requires that when the thickness of two-way slab construction is less than a specified minimum value, deflections must be computed and the computed deflections must not ‘exceed stipulated limits. The code requires that de- flection computations take into account size and shape of panel, conditions of support, and nature of restraints at panel edges. For instantaneous deflee- tions, expressions provided in the code for modulus of elasticity and effective moment inertia may be used. Additional long-time deflections due to sus- tained loads are obtained by multiplying instanta- neous deflection by a factor given in the code. Recent papers’ have suggested that calculations based on the effective moment of inertia approach outlined in the ACI Building Code may lead to un- conservative predictions of two-way slab deflections. Based on calculated distribution of design moments due to applied loading, deflection calculations are often made for an essentially uncracked slab. How. ever, field observations indicate that in many eases cracking does in faet occur in slabs. Factors that con- tribute to cracking, in addition to applied loading, CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/NOVEMBER 1982 should be considered in deflection calculations. Ob- served cracking can usually be attributed to one or more of the following: (a) Tensile stresses are developed in continuous slab systems due to restraint to shrinkage and ther- mal contraction eaused by attachment to stiff support elements. (b) Design moments at each eritieal section repre- sent average values and do not reflect high peaks in ‘moment that occur adjacent to columns. (c) Higher than expected construction loading due to shoring procedures may lead to overstressing of the slab before the conerete attains its design strength. Using the ACI effective moment of inertia proce- dure, Heiman‘ obtained calculated values of slab de- flections considerably less than those measured in the field. Better results were obtained when various as- sumptions were made regarding distribution of erack. ing in the slabs. Rangan' proposed that instead of us- ing the ACT effective moment of inertia approach, de- flection calculations be based on using cracked mo- ment of inertia for columns strips, and average of cracked and uncracked moment of inertia for middle strips. Good agreement was obtained between Ran- gan’s calculated deflections and those measured by Heiman. This approach is not applicable in all eases since some slabs will be uncracked while others will be extensively cracked. ‘The procedures used by Heiman and Rangan lead to improved estimates of slab deflections for the ex- amples considered. It may, however, be desirable to develop a more general approach, including effects of flexural cracking and cracking due to restraint. The objective of this article is to outline a practical ap- proach to slab deflection calculations that includes ef. fects of restraint stresses on degree of cracking. Both hand-caleulation and computer aided analysis are con- sidered. sEffect of restraint stresses on slab stiffness ‘The ACI expression for modulus of rupture, equal to 7.5 V7, is based on results of tests carried out on relatively small unreinforced concrete speci mens. Results of these tests generally indicate a range of values for modulus of rupture between 7 and 12VZ. * Values for modulus of rupture obtained from tests on small unreinforced specimens are essentially unaffected by shrinkage characteristies of the con- crete. Conerete slab systems, however, are generally re- strained against shrinkage. As a result of this re- eae Fig. Hla) — Moment-curvature relationship for section with 15 percent reinforcement. Fig. 1(6) — Moment-eurvature relationship for section with 05 percent reinforcement. “ straint, tensile stresses are developed in the member. These tensile stresses develop over a period of time and are, therefore, relieved to a certain extent by creep effects. However, since shrinkage generally oc- curs at a faster rate than creep at early age,' some degree of tensile stress can generally be expected in the member due to restraint. It would seem appropriate to account for restraint stresses when calculating effective moment of inertia for use in slab deflection calculations. Effective mo- ment of inertia can be calculated using Branson's equation’ as presented in the ACI Code: ee]: er Branson recommends using Eq. (1) when ealeulat- ing effective moment of inertia for a long length of member, and the same equation except to the 4th power when calculating J, for a short length of mem: ber. However, for simplicity, only the 3rd power expression is used in this article. To account for the presence of restraint stresses, the modulus of rup- ture, £, ean be replaced by a reduced effective mod- ulus of rupture given by: fo= be Sow (3) where £,, represents a calculated or estimated value of restraint stress Effective moment of inertia ean be used to con- struct a relationship between moment and average curvature over a finite length of member. The effect of a reduced effective modulus of rupture on moment- curvature relationships for sections in the posterack- ing region is indicated in Fig. 1. Moment-curvature relationships are plotted for two sections with steel percentages of 0.5 and 1.5, and varying values of ef- fective modulus of rupture, ‘Comparing curvatures for these reinforcement per- centages indicates that, as the percentage of tensile reinforcement decreases, curvatures in the service load range are more sensitive to the effective crack- ing moment calculated on the basis of f The effect, becomes even more signifieant as reinforcement per centage approaches minimum requirements for tem- perature and shrinkage. Since slabs generally have low percentages of tensile reinforcement, cracking caused by restraint can be expected to have a sig- nificant effeet on slab deflections, ial tensile strength ‘The strength envelope in terms of principal stresses for conerete under biaxial stress presented by Kupfer, Hilsdorf, and Rusch is shown in Fig. 2, In the service load range, tensile strength is not greatly affected by the ratio of principal stresses. Therefore, it is reasonable to use the uniaxial value CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL /NOVEMBER 1982of modulus of rupture as a measure of tensile strength under biaxial stress conditions in two-way slabs. Calculation of effective restraint stress ‘Tensile stress induced in a slab as a result of re- strained shrinkage is affected by a number of factors including shrinkage and creep properties of the con. rete, sequence and method of construction, and rel- ative stiffness of support elements. ‘The following procedure is suggested for estimat- ing restraint stress to be used in effective moment of inertia calculations: 1. Determine ultimate shrinkage strain 2. Modify shrinkage strain to account for placing sequence 3, Caleulate restraint stress 4 Determine reduetion in restraint stress due to creep 5. Modify caleulated restraint stress to aecount for effect of tension stiffening. ‘An example calculation of restraint stress follows. ‘ACI Committee 209° suggests an ultimate shrink- ‘age value of 560 millionths for concrete with 4 in. (101 mm) oF less slump, maximum thickness 6 in, (152 mm) or less, and 70 percent relative humidity. Martin’ sug- gests that since conerete structures are cast in parts, ‘a value of one-half the basic shrinkage coefficient should be used in design. Resulting shrinkage value is 280 millionths. The suggested reduction in shrink- age recognizes that a significant amount of shrinkage and early thermal contraction can take place in see- tions of the structure cast first, before these sections are tied into sections east later. The potential for re. straint stresses to develop is thereby reduced. It should be noted that, in cases where large slab areas are placed in a single operation, a reduction of less than half may be appropriate. Using the ACI-318" expression for modulus of elas- ticity for concrete with compressive strength of 3000, psi, and neglecting creep effects, stress induced by shrinkage in a completely restrained system is cal: culated f= 8,100,000 x 0.000280 = 870 psi ‘The effect of creep in reducing stresses induced by restraint to shrinkage has been discussed by Bazan He presents charts that allow the maximum stress induced by restrained shrinkage to be calculated as a fraction of the stress induced by shrinkage ignoring creep. These charts indicate that for an ultimate creep coefficient in the range of 2 to 2.5, the maxi mum stress induced by shrinkage is approximately 0.3 to 0.5 times the stress calculated ignoring creep. Actual stress induced in a slab restrained at the ‘edges, therefore, reduces to approximately 250 to 450 psi. This range can be compared to a modulus of rup- ture of 410 psi obtained using the ACT expression, indicating the potential for cracking due to restrained shrinkage. CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/NOVEMBER 1982 Working Load Ronge -l0 Fite Envelope Tension Positive ©. ore principal stresses ? Fig. 2 — Biaxial strength of plain concrete. Applying the full value of calculated restraint stress could result in zero effective modulus of rup- ture for calculation of effective moment of inertia. The fully cracked transformed moment of inertia would be obtained and tension stiffening provided by concrete between cracks would not be accounted for. A reduction in calculated effective restraint stress is necessary to allow for the effect of tension stiffening. For present purposes a reduction of 50 pereent is ten: tatively suggested. This results in 2 restraint stress £,,of 125 to 250 psi (or approximately 25 to 4VF) for use in caleulating f, in Eq. (3) Equivalent frame method for calculating deflections A method for calculating slab deflections based on the equivalent frame method of the ACI Code was proposed by Nilson and Walters.” The method was extended by Kripanarayanan and Branson” to include cracking using the effective moment of inertia ap- proach. Essentially, the method involves calculating deflections for orthogonal column and middle strips, ‘The two components of deflection are then added to determine the maximum deflection at midpanel of the slab. Other calculation procedures, including an ear lier application of the equivalent frame approach by Vanderbilt,” are described in an ACI Committee 435 state-of-the-art report. In the procedure described by Nilson and Walters, a reference deflection is calculated for the span based on uniform lateral distribution of moments. The ref- erence deflection is then prorated between column, and middle strips on the basis of M/ EI ratios of each strip to full width of panel. Moments in column and middle strips are determined using lateral distribu- tion factors given in the code. For a flat plate of uni- form thickness across a panel, moments in the column, strip will be greater than in the middle strip. Column strip deflections will consequently be greater than middle strip deflections.TABLE 1 — Slab details Slab Shab thickness Span, No. tid tt St 8 10 82 5 15 83 5 2 st 5 20 ss & 2 56 5 2 st 8 20 St 5 25 50 5 30 eS 20 An alternative approach is to consider each strip as a beam under uniform load with applied end mo- ments, where the moments are obtained from an equivalent frame analysis or from the ACI Code di rect design method. The proposed procedure is out- lined as follows. Deflection at midspan of a column or middle strip as shown in Fig. 3 can be calculated from the expres- sion: Fig. 3 — Column or middle strip with end moments. Fig. 4 — Midpanel deflection versus clear span for different values of effective modulus of rupture. Cohn Gear Clear spanto ‘wath span chieknens rat, lin) och ni 2 9.00 13.50 6 1380 2035, is 18.00 2ko0 % rao bao x i800 z00 6 1807 ma0 2 i033 2.00 Pi 2250 B75 is 200 4030 5 wits (My + Mite 384 EL, 16EI, “ where the equivalent strip load w, is obtained from wits (M+ My) 2 + M, = (M) strip 6) The difference between equivalent strip loads for column and middle strips represents the distributed shear force along the interface between adjacent strips. Ratios of negative to positive moment for col- umn and middle strips imply that the shear force is, not uniformly distributed but is concentrated towards the end of the span, However, for the purpose of cal- culating deflections, considering other approxima: tions in the calculation procedure, the assumption of a uniform distribution of shear as implied in Eq. (3) is considered to be sufficiently accurate. ‘The proposed procedure is similar to that sug- gested by Rangan’ except that Rangan uses the ac- tual strip load and ratio of end to midspan moments in the beam equation for calculation of deflections. ‘The procedure used by Rangan, therefore, implies larger middle strip deflection than column strip de- flection. ‘A comparison between deflections calculated by the equivalent frame method, the finite element method, and the finite difference method for un- eracked slabs indicates that the equivalent frame method provides a good estimate of deflections for two-way systems.” Effect of variation in effective modulus of rupture ‘To determine the effect of variations in effective modulus of rupture, slab deflection calculations were made for a series of slabs with varying clear span-to- depth ratios, To simplify calculations, an interior panel of a continuous slab system was analyzed under uniform load assuming zero rotation at column lines. Slab details are given in Table 1. Design moments were calculated for dead load of 100 psf and live load of 50 pst. For each slab designed, deflections were calculated based on the effective moment of inertia approach us- ing effective modulus of rupture values of 0, 2, 4, CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/NOVEMBER 1982and 7.5 VF". Effective moment of inertia for each strip was calculated as the average of values obtained for positive and negative moment locations. Deflee- tions were also caleulated for the uncracked condi tion, Fig. 4 shows midpanel deflection plotted against clear span for the different assumptions regarding ef- fective modulus of rupture. Variation of deflection with effective modulus of rupture is shown in Fig. 5 for each of the slabs analyzed. These plots indicate that even for the longer spans, deflections calculated using the ACI expression for modulus of rupture are not significantly different from those calculated for an uncracked slab. However, as the value of effective modulus of rupture is decreased, the difference in de- flection between cracked and uncracked slabs be- comes more significant. The limiting ease is the plot. for modulus of rupture equal to zero, For comparison, deflections were also calculated using Rangan’s assumption of fully cracked stiffness in column strips and average of cracked and un- cracked stiffness in middle strips as shown in Fig. 4. For a clear span-to-depth ratio of 36, the calculated deflection using Rangan's assumption is essentially the same as the deflection using the ACT effective moment of inertia approach and an effective modulus of rupture value of V7. Analysis for cracking using general purpose finite element programs ‘The equivalent frame method for calculating slab deflections is applicable to regular rectangular slab panel layouts, and uniformly distributed loads. How. ever, for non-uniform panel layouts and significant concentrated loads, an alternative approach is re- quired. ‘The use of general purpose finite element computer programs is becoming more widespread in engineer- ing practice. Using these programs it is possible to analyze slabs of general configuration, including ef feets of beams, columns, and drop panels, under uni- form and concentrated loads. Although these pro- grams are usually based on linear elastic material properties, it is possible to include effects of cracking in slabs using the procedure outlined below. Input for material properties is usually given in the form of the plane stress constitutive relation for an- isotropic material. Specialized for orthotropy the stress-strain relations are expressed by: @ (yy) A=») Yo CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/NOVEMBER 1982 For linear elastic isotropic material, a fer) Fig. 5 — Midpanel dellection versus elfective modulus of rupture for slabs analyzed. TnI wat aFig. 7 — Comparison between measured and computed de flections for MeNeice slab \y see < Lo Fig. 8 — Comparison between computed deflections for Slab 86 by equivalent frame and finite element methods. ‘Moment-curvature relationships are obtained by in- tegrating over the slab depth to obtain: Br BW, BU vy) BA= ve) ’ yee BW eee ee) , 12 (1 ~ v,v,) 12 (1 = * on M, © Sle Based on an analysis of the uneracked slab, mo- ments in the x and y direction, M, and M,, can be caleulated for each element. Reduetion in flexural stiffness in each direction ean bbe accounted for using the ACT Building Code equa- tion for effective moment of inertia: m= (i) &* D> Gir ne Gi) oe [GY] where M, is obtained from Eq. (2). ) As in the equivalent frame approach, f, can be mod- ified to account for tensile stresses due to restrained shrinkage and thermal contraction. Material proper- ties are modified as follows to reflect the reduction iness due to cracking: Book (10) B=, Je 11) Te, " ‘The analysis is then repeated using the reduced elastic constants. Although some reduction in effec- tive shear modulus can be expected due to eracking, 2 quantitative estimate of the reduction is difficult due to the effects of dowel action and aggregate in terlock. Other finite element analyses" have shown that deflection calculations are not sensitive to the selected value of G, after cracking. For simplicity, uuncracked value of shear modulus for conerete is used in the analysis before and after cracking. Comparison of finite element results with test results To illustrate the use of the proposed finite element, procedure, a square corner-supported slab tested by. MeNeice* under concentrated midpanel load, was analyzed at several load levels in the post-eracking range using computer program SAP IV." Details of the slab are shown in Fig. 6. Initially, the slab was analyzed based on the gross uneracked section. Cracking load was obtained by scaling the maximum element moment to the caleu- lated cracking moment based on modulus of rupture equal to 7.5 v7". No reduction was applied to the ACI value for modulus of rupture because the slab is not continuous over supports and restraint to shrinkage ‘movement is minimal. Additional analyses were made for loads exceeding the initial cracking load. A com: parison between measured and computed deflections, shown in Fig. 7, indicates good agreement at each load level. Comparison between finite element and equivalent frame results Slab 86 in Table 1 was analyzed using the finite element procedure and different values of effective modulus of rupture. Fig. 8 shows a comparison be- tween the finite element results and the equivalent, frame results of Fig. 5. Good agreement was obtained for each value of effective modulus of rupture used. Long-time deflections Using ACI procedures for ealeulating deflections, long-time deflection is obtained by multiplying in- stantaneous deflection by a specified factor, 2 (1 — A/'1A). For most slab systems only nominal com: pressive reinforcement is used, if any, so that the CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/NOVEMBER 1982long-term multiplier will generally be 2. Any error in calculating instantaneous deflection will be magnified when the long-time deflection is calculated using this, procedure. Although the multiplier method as pre- sented in the code neglects important parameters af- fecting long-time deflection, the simplicity of the pro- cedure is attractive. If higher than normal ereep is, expected, a value greater than 2 may be appropriate for use in the long-time multiplier. Available methods” for refined calculation of long-time effects are too complex for design office use. Comparisons between field measurements and cal- culated long-time deflections are presented by Heiman’ and Rangan.’ Their results indicate that eal» culating creep and shrinkage effects separately using ACT 209 recommended procedures“ provides more accurate predictions than the single multiplier method of the ACI Code. These comparisons also show that an accurate estimate of the extent of crack- ing, including effects of restraint and construction loading at early age, is required even when ereep and shrinkage are considered separately. ‘The following expressions are given by ACI Com- mittee 209 for calculating long-time deflections: Long-time deflection due to creep, a =k Ga, Long-time deflection due to shrinkage, Ba = Ke by Be Total long-time deflection, A =a+ A+ Oy where ‘4, = instantaneous deflection caleulated using the effective moment of inertia 4 = shrinkage curvature ones = 07 p coefficient depending on end conditions 11/128 (one end continuous) 1/16 (both ends continuous) creep coefficient shrinkage strain = tensile reinforcement percentage = member thickness ACI Committee 209% gives expression for C, and 4 including correction factors for age at loading, eur- ing condition, relative humidity, and member thick- Instantaneous deflection, and long-time deflection due to creep depend on the extent of cracking in the slab. Long-time deflections 4, and 4, can be caleu- lated for column and middle strips and superimposed in the same way as is done for instantaneous deflec: tion using the equivalent frame approach. In the proposed procedure, long-term effeets of re- straint to shrinkage movement resulting in increased cracking are included in the calculation of instanta- neous deflection. ‘CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/NOVEMBER 1982 Construction loading Shoring procedures used in slab construction can produce loads in excess of design loads before the concrete has attained its specified 28-day strength. ‘The combination of high load and low tensile strength can lead to increased cracking at early age. The re- duced stiffness leads to increased deflections under service loads. Tensile strength and modulus of elasticity at early age can be estimated using expressions given by ACI Committee 209.'%* Methods for estimating loads ap- plied to slabs due to shoring procedures are given by Grundy and Kabaila In most cases shoring proce- dures are not known at the design stage. However, calculation procedures described in this paper, using appropriate loads and strength parameters, can be used to evaluate shoring procedures in terms of their effect on serviceability requirements related to de- flection. ‘Summary and conclusions In view of the sensitivity of two-way slab deflee- tions to eracking, itis proposed that two-way slab de- flection ealeulations be based on the effective moment of inertia procedure as outlined in the ACI Building Code, using a reduced value for modulus of rupture to account for tensile stresses induced by restraint to shrinkage. A procedure is outlined for ealeulating deflections, based on design moments obtained from the equiva- lent frame method or direet design method of the ACI Code. A finite element approach is also provided for cases where such an analysis is warranted. The proposed procedures are consistent with calculation methods contained in the present ACI Code. ‘A general approach is presented to estimate re- duction in effective modulus of rupture due to re- straint stresses. For most cases of slabs restrained at the edges, a value of restraint stress of 3.5Vf is sug- gested, resulting in a reduced effective modulus of rupture of 4V'F. Slabs supported in such a way that restraint to shrinkage is minimized should be ana- lyzed on the basis of modulus of rupture equal to 7.5 vt. Caleulation of deflections due to construction load- ing at early age can be made if appropriate correction factors are applied to reflect the age of conerete at the time of loading. Additional research is needed to fully assess the effect of eracking due to restraint, and effects of loading at early age due to shoring pro- cedures. However, for design purposes, calculation procedures outlined above should lead to reasonable estimates of slab deflections. ‘Acknowledgments ‘The authors are grateful for comments and sug- gestions made by the first author's colleagues on ACT Committee 435, Deflection of Concrete Building Structures. In particular, the authors appreciate sug- gestions made by A. H. Nilson and W. G. Corley. As-sistance provided by the Construction Technology Laboratories during preparation of the manuseript is gratefully acknowledged. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of ACI Committee 435 or the Construction Technology Lab oratories. References 1. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 818-77," American Conerete In stitute, Detroit, 1977, 102 pp. 2. Heiman, J. L., "A Comparison of Measured and Cal culated Defleetions of Flexural Members in Four Rein- forced Concrete Buildings,” Deflections of Concrete Strue- tures, SP-43, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1974, pp. 515-545. 3, Rangan, B. Vijaya, “Prediction of Long-Term Dele: tions of Flat Plates and Slabs,” ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 13, No, 4, Apr. 1976, pp. 223.226. 4. ACI Committee 209, Subcommittee 2, “Prediction of Creep, Shrinkage, and Temperature Effects in Concrete Structures,” Designing for Effects of Creep, Shrinkage, ‘Temperature in Concrete Structures, SP-27, American Con: crete Institute, Detroit, 1971, pp. 51.98, 8. Branson, Dan E., Deformation of Conerete Structures, ‘McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1977, 546 pp. 6. Kupfer, Helmut; Hilsdorf, Hubert K.: and Rusch, Hu bert, “Behavior of Conerete Under Biaxial Stresses," ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 66, No.8, Aug. 1968, pp. 650-666, 7.Martin, Ignacio, “Bifect of Environmental Conditions fon Thermal Variations and Shrinkage of Concrete Struc: lures in the United States,” Designing for Etfeets of Creep, Shrinkage, Temperature in Concrete Structures, SP-21, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1971, pp. 279-900 8, Bazant, Zdenek P., “Shrinkage Induced Stresses in Creeping and Aging Conerete,” Designing for Etfects of Creep, Shrinkage, Temperature in Concrete Structures, SP-2T, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1971, pp. 401 410. 9. Nilson, Arthur H., and Walters, Donald B., Jr. “De- flection of Two-Way Floor Systems by the Equivalent Frame Method,” ACI Jounnat. Proceedings V. 72, No. 5, May 1975, pp. 210-218, 10, Kripanarayanan, K. M., and Branson, D. B., “Short ‘Time Deflections of Flat Plates, Flat Slabs, and Two-Way Slabs," ACI JouRNaL, Proceedings V. 73, No. 12, Dee. 1976, pp. 686-690. 11, Vanderbilt, Mortimer D.; Sozen, Mete A.; and Siess, Chester P., "Deflections of Multiple-Panel Reinforced Con- crete Floor Slabs,” Proceedings, ASCE, V. 91, ST4, Part 1, ‘Aug. 1965, pp. 77-101 12, ACI Committee 435, Subcommittee 5, Art Report: Deflection of Two-Way Reinforeed Concrete Floor Systems,” Deflections of Conerete Structures, SP-43, American Conerete Institute, Detroit, 1974, pp. 85-81, 18, Seanion, A.."A Parameter Study of Factors Affecting Slab Defleetions,” Designing for Creep and Shrinkage in Concrete Structures: A Tribute to Adrian Pauw, SP-16, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1982, pp. 59-8. 14, Hand, Frank R.; Pecknold, David A.; and Schnobrich, William C., “Nonlinear Layered Analysis of RC Plates and Shells,” Proceedings, ASCE, V. 99, ST7, July 1973, pp. 1491-1505, tate-of-the- 0 15, Jofriet, Jan C., and MeNeice, Gregory M., “Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Conerete Slabs,” Proceed ings, ASCE, V. 81, ST, Mar. 1971, pp. 785-808. 16, Bathe, K. J.; Wilson, E. Lz and Peterson, F. E., “SAP IV — A Structural Analysis Program for Statie and Dy- namie Response of Linear Systems,” Department of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 1974, 59 pp. 17. Seanlon, Andrew, and Murray, David W., “Time De- pendent Reinforced Concrete Slab Deflections,” Proceed: ings, ASCE, V. 100, S79, Sept. 1974, p. 1911-1924. 18. Branson, D. E.; Meyers, B. La; and Kripanarayanan, K, M., “Loss of Prestress, Camber, and Deflection of Non composite and Composite Structures Using Different Weight Coneretes,” Final Report No, 706, Towa Highway Commission, Ames, Aug. 1970, 229 pp. Also, eondensed pa pers presented at the 49th Annual Meeting, Highway Re search Board, Washington, D.C., Jan. 1910, pp. 1-42, and at the Sixth Congress, Federation Internationale de la Pre contrainte, Prague, June 1870, pp. 128, 19, Branson, D. E., and Christiason, M. L., “Time-Depen dent Concrete Properties Related to Design — Strength and Elastie Properties, Creep, and Shrinkage,” Designing for Effects of Creep, Shrinkage, Temperature in Concrete Structures, SP-27, Ameriean Conerete Institute, Detroit, 1911, p. 257.277. 20. Grundy, Paul, and Kabaila, A., “Concentrated Loads fon Slabs with Shored Formwork in Multistory Buildings.” ACI JounNat, Proceedings V. 60, No, 12, Dee. 1963, pp. 1729-1738, Conversion Factors — SI Eq Lin, = 254 mm 1 Mb tase) = 0.4596 ke 1 Ib loree) = 4.488 N 1 Mb/s in. = 6.885 kPa Lkip = 488 N 1 kip/ag n= 6.895 MP 1 inekip = 0.1180 Nom ACI member Andrew Seanlon is man: ager, Analytical Design Section, Con- struction Technology Laboratories, a division of the Portland Cement As: sociation, Skokie, Il. A graduate of the University of Glasgow, Scotland, and the University of Alberia, Canada, ho is a member of ACI Commitices 224, Cracking, and 435, Deflection of Concrete Building Structures. He is the author of several papers on slab deflections and finite element analysis of reinforced conerete. David W. Murray is professor of civil ‘engineering at the University of Al berta, Edmonton, Canada. The author of several papers on constitutive re- ations and finite element analysis of reinforced eonerete, he holds degrees from the University. of Alberta, the Imperial College of Science and Tech: nology, London, and the University of California, Berkeley, Calif t & CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/NOVEMBER 1982