Alg Lin S4 PDF

:
S4
Algbre Linaire
2009 -2008 :
LMD
benharrat2006@yahoo.fr
:
1523
II
.............................................................
.1
............................................
.2
..................................................
.3
) ................................. M m,n ( IK
.4
...............................................
.5
..........................
.6
...................................................
.7
...........................................
.8
...................................................
.9
..........................................
.10
.................................................
.11
...........................................................
..................................................
.1
..................................
.2
.........................
.3
.......................................
.4
.5
.......................................................... n
................................................
.6
..........................................
.7
.............................................
.8
...................................................
.9
.......................................
.10
III
1
1
2
6
7
9
12
14
14
19
22
23
26
28
28
31
38
42
45
47
51
52
53
55
...........................................................
.................................................
.1
..................................... Cramer
.2
....................
.3
............................ Gauss
.4
...........................................................
..............................................
.1
.............................
.2
.............................................
.3
.............................................
.4
...........................................................
.........................................................
.1
..............................
1.1
..........................................
2.1
..........................................
3.1
......................................................
.2
..........................................
2.1
..................................................
...................................... Jordan -
.................................................
.3
...........................................................
..................................................
..........................................................
IV
56
59
62
64
69
77
82
84
84
85
89
93
95
97
97
99
101
101
107
108
108
113
118
123
125
176
.1
Matrices
.1
2007 / 2006
907
600
412
802
520
406
1002
555
302
944
520
500
944 1002 907 802
520 555 600 520
500 302 412 406
.2
E F
dim E n dim F m
( C
IR ) IK
.F
BF f1 , f 2 ,..., f m
E
BE
e1 , e2 ,..., en
1.2
) f (e1 ), f (e2 ),..., f (en
E F
f1 , f 2 ,..., f m
f (e j ) a1 j f1 a2 j f 2 ... aij f i ... a mj f m
i 1...m
. aij IK j 1...n,
a12 a1 j a1n
a 22 a 2 j a2 n

ai 2 aij ain

am 2 a mj amn
a11
a21
ai1
a
m1
BE . BF
) f (e1
) ... f (e2
BF f1 , f 2 ,..., f m
) f (e j
. BF f1 , f 2 ,..., f m
2
aij
aij
1i m
1j n
.j
E F
IR IR
f : IR 3 IR 2
) ( x, y, z ) f ( x, y, z ) ( x y, x z
3
f1 , f 2
IR
e1 , e2 , e3
IR
f (e1 ) f (1,0,0) (1,1) f1 f 2

f (e2 ) f (0,1,0) (1,0) f1
f (e3 ) f (0,0,1) (0,1) f 2
1 1 0
1 0 1
IR 2
e1 , e2 , e3
IR 3
f 2
f1 (1,0) f1
(0,1) f 2
f1
, f 2
f (e1 ) f (1,0,0) (1,1) f1

f 2
f (e2 ) f (0,1,0) (1,0) f 2
f (e3 ) f (0,0,1) (0,1) f1
f1:
, f 2
e1 , e2 , e3
1 0 1
1 1 0
)e2(1,0,1) e1(1,1,0
e1
, e
IR 3
2 , e3
f1 , f 2
)e3(0,1,1 IR 2
f (e1
) f (1,1,0) (2,1) 2 f1 f 2
f (e2
) f (1,0,1) (1,2) f1 2 f 2
f (e3
) f (0,1,1) (1,1) f1 f 2
f1 , f 2 :
e1
, e
2 , e3
2 1 1
1 2 1
2.2
a1n
a2 n

ain

amn
. IK
aij
a1 j
a2 j

aij

amj
a12
a22
ai 2
am 2
a11
a 21
A
ai1
a m1
BE
e1 , e2 ,..., en
IK
n
IK n
)E
BF f1 , f 2 ,..., f m
IK
m
(.
IK m
) F
v1 , v2 ,..., vm
E F
f
v1 a11 f1 a 21 f 2 ... ai1 f i ... am1 f m
v2 a12 f1 a22 f 2 ... ai 2 f i ... a m 2 f m
vn a1n f1 a 2 n f 2 ... ain f i ... amn f m

f (e1 ) v1 , f (e2 ) v2 ,..., f (en ) vn
.A
BE BF
.3
n
m
) M m,n ( IK
aij
IK
aij
( j 1...n ) j
( i 1...m ) i
) M m,n ( IK
1.2
( A) f
A
aij
) LIK ( E , F
1i m
1j n
) f LIK ( E , F
f (e j ) a1 j f1 a2 j f 2 ... aij f i ... amj f m
) LIK ( E , F
2.2
) M m,n ( IK
. ( f ) A
BE BF
aij IK
, j 1...n, i 1...m
C
IR ) IK
E F
BE
e1 , e2 ,..., en
dim E n dim F m
(
BF f1 , f 2 ,..., f m
) : LIK ( E , F ) M m,n ( IK
f A
6
) LIK ( E , F
) M m,n ( IK
IK
IK
) M m,n ( IK
.4
n
m
) M m,n ( IK
1.4
B
bij
aij
) A, B M m,n ( IK
A 1i m
1i m
1j n
1j n
. A B aij bij i 1...m, j 1...n
2.4
) A, B M m,n ( IK
. B
bij
aij
A 1i m
1i m
1j n
1j n
) LIK ( E , F
)f ( A )g (B
f g
) . C ( f g
f (e j ) aij f i
i
1
g (e j ) bij f i
i
1
( f g )(e j ) (aij bij ) f i

i
1
cij aij bij

C A B
C A B
cij aij bij
0
1
2 1
1 1
1 0
3 1 2 3
1
4
7
1 2 7
0
1 2 1
1 2
6 2 4
1 0
0
0
4
1
1
3.4
. IK A
aij
A M m,n ( IK )
1i m
1j n
.A
LIK ( E , F )
f ( A)
i
1
i
1
f (e j ) aij f i f (e j ) aij f i
A
aij
1i m
1j n
A
aij
aij
1i m
1i m
1j n
1j n
6 3
A 3A 3 3
0 12
2 1
3, A 1 1
0 4
. IK
)( M m,n ( IK ),,.
. A 0 aij 0 i 1...m, j 1...n
.5
. IK
F, E G
F G g
E . G
f g
BE
e1 , e2 ,..., en
BF f1 , f 2 ,..., f m
BG
g1 , g 2 ,..., g r
g f f g
B A C
) B M m,n ( IK ) A M r ,m ( IK ) C M r ,n ( IK
. C
cij
bij
aij
B 1i r
1im A
1i r
1j m
1j n
1j n
: f g (e j )
C j
f g (e j ) f (bkj f k )
k
1
bkj f ( f k )
k
1
m
bkj (aik g i )
k
1
n
i
1
( aik bkj ) g i
i
1 k
1
aik bkj f g (e j )
k
1
. cij aik bkj

k
1
f g
. C AB
B
bij
A
aij
1im
1i r
1j n
. C AB
cij
1i r
1j m
1j n
cij aik bkj

k
1
10
m 3, r 4, n 2
a13
b11 b12
a 23
B
b
b
21
22
a33
b31 b32
a 43
a11 a12
a22
a
A 21
a31 a32
a
41 a42
a11b11 a12b21 a13b31
a b a22b21 a13b31
AB 21 11
a31b11 a32b21 a33b31
a41b11 a 42b21 a43b31
a11b12 a12 b22 a13b32
a21b12 a22 b22 a 23b32

a31b12 a32 b22 a33b32
a41b12 a42 b22 a 43b32
2 4 12 0 1 (5) 3 13
B
1 0
1 4 0 0 (5) (1) 9
3 1
0 5
-13 9
1
7 4 (1) 0 (8) (1) 20

7
1
8
37
20
A
AB
4
1
9
36
7
7 2 (1) 1 8 3 37
2 3 6 11 14
(2) 2 (3) 1 6 3 11
(2) 4 (3) 0 6 (1) 14
4 4 10 9 (1) 7
4 2 11 9 3 36
11
AB
AB
.B
.6
C
IR ) IK
E F
BE
dim E n dim F m e1 , e2 ,..., en
(
.F
BF f1 , f 2 ,..., f m
E
x E x x1e1 x2 e2 ... xn en
x1

x
X 2
y F
y y1 f1 f 2 e2 ... f m em
y1

y
Y 2
12
) (1
BE
. A
aij
BF
1i m
1j n
)y f (x
f (e j ) a1 j f1 a2 j f 2 ... aij f i ... amj f m
) y f ( x) f ( x1e1 x2 e2 ... xn en
) y x1 f (e1 ) x2 f (e2 ) ... xn f (en
)( 2
)(1 )(2
y1 a11 x1 a12 x2 ... a1n xn

y a x a x ... a x
2
21 1
22 2
2n n
y m a m1 x1 a m 2 x2 ... amn xn
a1n
x1

a2n
x2
a mn
n
Y AX
y1 a11 a12

y 2 a21 a 22

am1 a m 2
m
A
Y AX
)y f (x
BE X BF
x BE Y
. BF
13
.7
1
. A
) A M m,n ( IK f
) . rg ( A) rg ( f
)rg ( A) inf(m, n
.8
2
) . M n (IK
) L(E
IK
) M n (IK
) M n (IK
14
A
aij
1i n
1j n
.
a11 , a22 ,..., aii ,..., ann
I n
1
0
0
1
0 0
1 0
0 1

0
I n
) . M n (IK
I n
) M n (IK
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1.8
aij

1i n
1j n
) . diag (a11 , a22 ,..., ann
. aij 0, i j
(.
)
15
0
5
2 0
A diag (2,3, 5 )
0 3
0 0
)I n diag (1,1,1,...,1
aij

1i n
1j n
i j
aij 0,
aij

1i n
1j n
i j
aij 0,
3 7 2
A
0 1 1
0 0 0
2 0 0
B
1 0 0
0 1 10
2.8
3
A
aij
1i , j n
n
. Tr ( A) aii
)Tr ( A
i
1
16
a b
Tr
c d
a d
5
2
1
Tr 2 1 2i
0 6
6
2i
3
Tr ( A) : M n ( IK ) IK
(1
)Tr ( AB ) Tr ( BA
(2
(
3.8
4
AB BA I n
. A1
A
IK n IK n
. IK n
17
.B
I n
Id IK n
f g g f Id
. AB BA I n
f 1
n
n
f IK IK
e1 , e2 ,..., en
.
f (e1 ), f (e2 ),..., f (en )
3
). (rg ( A) n
4
B, A
. ( AB) 1 B 1 A1
AB
18
( AB ) 1 ( AB ) ( B 1 A 1 )( AB ) B 1 ( A 1 A) B B 1 I n B I n
( AB )( AB ) 1 ( AB )( B 1 A 1 ) A( BB 1 ) A 1 AI n A 1 I n
.9
(
1.9
5
IK
E F
B
e1
, e
B
e1 , e2 ,..., en
2 ,..., e
n
.E
e
j
. B
) . P ( pij
e
j pij ei
i
1
B
B
19
2.9
B
e1 , e2 ,..., en
x E
x x1e1 x2 e2 ... xn en
B
e1
, e
2 ,..., e
n
x x1
e1x
2 e
2 ... x
n e
n
x1 x1

x2 x
2
P
x

x
n n
P 1
x1
x1

x
2 1 x2
P
n
n
. B
B
P 1
20
3.9
IK
E F
BE
e1 , e2 ,..., en
E . F
BF f1 , f 2 ,..., f m
. f
BE
e1
, e
2 ,..., en
BFf1
, f 2
,..., f m
. f
BE
BE
BF
BF
f
E
F
E Id
E
F Id
F
P
A
S
BE
BE
BF
BF
. A
E F
Id F S
Id E P
1
. AS AP
21
.10
6
) . A, B M m,n ( IK
B S 1 AP
.B
" B
"
) . M m,n ( IK
"B
"

. S I n , P I m
S
B S 1 AP

SBP 1 A
P 1
A ( S 1 ) 1 BP 1
:
." A
"
B S 1 AP C Q 1 BR

C Q 1 S 1 APR ) C ( SQ ) 1 A( PR
" A
" C
" B" B
" A
." C
22
m
n
IK . IK
) 7
A B
. B P 1 AP
.11
8
) A M m,n ( IK
) B (b ji
A
aij
1i m
1j n
( B
) b ji aij
. tA
1 0 2
1 1 4 3
1 3 0
t
A
,
A
3
5
4
5 0
0 0 1
2
3 2 1
t
) diag (a11 , a 22 ,..., ann ) diag (a11 , a22 ,..., a nn
23
( A B )t At B
t
( AB)t B tA
( A) A
t t
rg ( t A) rg ( A)
Tr ( t A) Tr ( A)
( A 1 ) ( t A) 1
24
1.1
0 1
2
6 5 4
1 2 3
B C 3 1 4
,
A
0 5 4
7
1
8
2 6 9
3AB :
. 3 tA 2 t B
AC
(1
AB
CA
(2
) . Tr (C
(3
2.1
ER f1 , f 2
B
e1 , e2 , e3
f : E F
:
F
f (e3 ) f1 f 2 , f (e2 ) 2 f1 , f (e1 ) f1 f 2

B . R
(1
e3e1 e2 e3 , e2e2 e3 , e1e1 e2 :
(2
f 2
f1 f 2 , f1
f1 f 2
.F
Rf1
, f 2
E
B
e1
, e2
, e3
(3
. R
. R
B
25
3.1
)E M 2 ( IR
a b
c d
1 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
M 1
,
M
,
M
,
M
2
3
4
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

.E
B
M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , M 4
(1
1 2
(2
3 4
f :E E
M f ( M ) NM
. B
a b
(3
b
d
). M 2 ( IR
a d
b
a b
g :
b d
a b d
. F
Kerg
26
4.1
) 1) f1 : IR 2 IR 3 , ( x, y ) (3 x y,2 x 4 y,5 x 6 y
), e3 (0,0,1
IR 2
2) f 2 : IR 3 IR 2
3) f 3 : IR 2 IR 2 ,
4) f 4 f 2 f1
5.1
Tr : M n ( IK ) IK
(1
)Tr ( AB ) Tr ( BA
(2
.
(3
6.1
0 0 1
1 2
1 1
0 1 0
1
2
1
1 0 0
1 2 1 1
0 0 0
2 1
1 1
. AJ JA :
(1 J 2
(2 . J 1
. A1
A( A 6 I ) 5 I 4
(3
27
J
0
.2
Dterminants
.1
n
C E IK
IR
IK
.1
Aij
1 i n 1 j n
) A M n (IK
n 1
.j
A M n ( IK ) det( A) IK
det(a ) a : n 1
: n 1
) det( A) a11 det( A11 ) a12 det( A12 ) ...(1) k 1 a1k det( A1k
... (1) n1 a1n det( A1n ).
)det(A
a11 a12 a1n

a
a22 a 2 n
det( A) 21

an1 an 2 a nn
28
a
a 21
11
a11
a 21
a12
2
a22
a12
a11 det(a22 ) a21 det(a12 )
a22
a11a22 a21a12
a11
a12
a13
a 21
a22
a23 a11 det( A11 ) a21 det( A21 ) a13 det( A13 )
a31
a32
a33
a11
a 22
a21
a31
a33
a12
a21
a 23
a31
a33
a13
a21
a 22
a31
a32
a11 (a22 a33 a21a31 ) a12 (a 21a33 a23 a31 )

a13 (a 21a32 a22 a31 )
a11a22 a33 a12 a23 a31 a13 a21a32
a11a21a31 a12 a21a33 a13 a 22 a31
29
: Sarrus
a12
a22
a32
a11
a 21
a31
a11 a 22 a33 a12 a 23 a31 a13 a 21 a 32
a13
a23
a33
a12
a22
a32
a11
a 21
a31
a13 a 22 a31 a11a 23 a32 a12 a 21a 32
1
2
1
3
1 0 2
2 1 3
2 1 3
2 1 0 2
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 2
1 1 1 1
1
0
2
1 0 2
1 0 2
0
1
0
2
1 1 0 2
0 2
0 2 0 2
1 1
1 1 1 3
1 3
)
0 2 0 2 1 1
2(2
0 2 1 3 1 3
)
0 2
0 2 0 2
(2
)2 2 2(4 2 4) (2 2
4
30
det( diag (a11 , a22 ,..., ann )) a11a 22 ...ann
I n diag (1,1,1,...,1) det( I n ) 1
.2
.A
C1 , C2 ,..., C n
) A M n (IK
IK 1 j n
)(1
) det(C1 ,..., C j ,..., C n ) det(C1 ,..., C j , C n
C j C
1 j n
)(2
j C
j
det(C1 ,..., C
,..., Cn ) det(C1 ,..., C
j C
j
) j ,..., C n
det(C1 ,..., C
) ,..., Cn
j
. det(C1 ,..., Cn ) 0
Ci C j
)(3
. det(C1 ,..., Cn ) 0
C j 0
)(4
)(1
)(1
)(4
. n
)(2)(3
n 2
31
a b
a b
ad b(c)
c d
c d
a a b
(a a
)d (c c
)b
c c d
(ab bc) (a
d bc
)
a b a b
c d c d
a a
ac ac 0
c c
n 1
a11 a12
a21 a 22
a n1 a n 2
a11
B 21
an1
a1n
a2 n
a1n
a11
a12
an1
a n 2 ann
a
a22 a2 n
21
a nn
a1n
a11 a12
a 22 a 2 n
a21 a22
,
A
a
an 2 a nn
n1 a n 2
a12
32
a1n
a2 n

ann
det( A) a11 det( A11 ) a12 det( A12 ) ...(1) k 1 a1k det( A1k )
... (1) n1 a1n det( A1n )
det( B ) b11 det( B11 ) b12 det( B12 ) ...(1) k 1 b1k det( B1k )
... (1) n1 b1n det( B1n )
b11 a11
bij aij
j 2
B11 A11
A1k
B1k
k 2
:
det( B11 ) det( A11 ) b11 a11

k 1
det( B1k ) det( A1k ) b1k a1k

k 1
det(B)
. det( B) det( A)
a12 a1n a11 a12

a11 a11
a 21 a
a 22
21 a 22 a 2 n a 21
a n1 a1
a n 2 a nn a n1 a n 2
n
33
a1n
a2n
a12
a11
a a 22
21

a nn a1
an 2
n
a1n
a2n

a nn
B, A, A
a12
a11 a12 a1n
a11
a22 a2 n
a22
a
a
21
A 21
,
A
a a
a
a
n1
n2
nn
n1
n2
a12 a1n
a11 a11
a
a
21
22
2n
B 21
a a a
a
n1 1n
n2
nn
a1n
a2 n

a nn
b11 a11 a11
B11 A11 A11
B1k
k 2
A1
A1k
k
. A1
A1K
: k 1
det( B11 ) det( B11 ) b11 a11 a11
det( B1k ) det( A1k ) det( A1

: k 2
k ) b1k a1k
det( B ) b11 det( B11 ) b12 det( B12 ) ...( 1) k 1 b1k det( B1k )
... (1) n1 b1n det( B1n )
) det( A11 ) a12 (det( A12 ) det( A12
)) ...
(a11 a11
(1) k 1 a1k (det( A1k ) det( A1
k ))
... (1) n 1 a1n (det( A1n ) det( A1
n ))
34
) det( B ) a11 det( A11 ) a11 det( A12 ) ... (1) k 1 a1k det( A1k
) ... (1) n1 a1n det( A1n
det( A11
) a12 det( A12
)
a11
... (1) k 1 a1k det( A1
1) n 1 det( A1
k ) ... (
)n
det( A) det( A
)
) . det( A11 ) det( A12
A11 A12
( n 1
) A1k
k 3
det( A1k ) 0
) det( A) a11 det( A11 ) a12 det( A12 ) 0 .( a11 a12
)(1)(2
(1
.
C1
k Ck
(2
k 2
det
C
C
,
C
,...
C
1
k
k
2
n
) det(C1 , C 2 ,...Cn
k 2
det
C
,
C
,...
C
k
k
2
n
k 2
) det(C1 , C 2 ,...Cn
n
) k Ck det(Ck , C2 ,...Cn
k 2
35
2 k n
) (C k , C 2 ,...C n
k 2
det(Ck , C 2 ,...C n ) 0
det
C
1 k C k ,C 2 ,...C n
) det(C1 , C2 ,...Cn
k 2
Ci C j
(1
) det(C1 ,..., Ci ..., C j ,..., Cn ) det(C1 ,..., C j ,..., Ci ,..., Cn
(2
C 2
C1
Ci C j
)(3
det(C1 C 2 , C1 C2 ,..., Cn ) 0
) det(C1 , C1 ,...Cn ) det(C1 , C 2 ,..., C n
det(C2 , C1 ,...C n ) det(C 2 , C2 ,..., Cn ) 0
det(C1 , C1 ,...Cn ) det(C2 , C2 ,..., C n ) 0

) det(C1 , C2 ,..., Cn ) det(C2 , C1 ,..., C n
36
)(1
)(1 )(2
A M n ( IK ) :
)det( t A) det( A
37
.3
.
(1
.
(2
(3
).(-1
(4
1 j n
) det( A) (1) i j aij det( Aij

j
1
) ( n 1
Aij
)( j
) ( i
1 j n
(5
) det( A) (1) i j aij det( Aij

i
1
(
)
(6
(7
.
(8
38
1
2 1
3
2 1 2 1 2
3
2 1 0 2
1 1
1 2 1 2
1 1 1 1
0
1
2
0 1
2
0
1
0
2
(4 2 2 2) (2 6 8 2) 4
1
2
9
4
2
1
4
3
5
2
d
5 7 3
1 2 1
2C2 C4 C4
C1 C3 C3
39
9
4
2
1
4
3
7 3 6
2 1 0
4
7
9
3
3
4
7 8 6
2 0
0
5
2
d
5
1
5
2
5
1
9
4
2C1 C2 C 2
5 17 8 6
1
0
0
0
14
7
9
7
3
4
17 8 6
C 2 C1 C3 C1
)( -1
(-1)L3
2 L1 L3 L3
7
3
14
7
5
2
2 7
9
0
3
4
4 8 5
2 7 9
0 3 4
4 8 5
2 7 9
0
3 4
0 22 23
3 4
22 23
2
38
40
a 3 1
1
d 5
a 3
1
6
6 a 3
a 3
a 3
a 3
a 2
d 5
a 2 a 2
0
C1 C 2 C1
a 2 a 4
1 0
(a 2)(a 2) 1 1
0 1 a 4
1 0
(a 2)(a 2) 1 1
C 3 C1 C3
0 1 a 4
(a 2)(a 2)(a 4) (a 2 4)(a 4)
A, B M n ( IK )
det( AB ) det( A) det( B )
41
A B
) M nm (IK
0 C
) M m,n ( IK
C M m (IK ) 0
) A M n (IK
A B
det
0 C
) det( A) det(C
1 0 0
2
5 1
0 0 0
1 2
(26)(5) 130
0 0 0 4 3 0
2 1
0 1 2 2 1 0
6 2 1
2
5
4 3
d 2 1
14 7
1 5
.4
. det A 0
A
1
det A
. det( A 1 )
42
Aij
)( Comatrice de A ) Com( A
. A
) . mij (1) i j det( Aij

Com( A) (mij )1i , j n
3
) Com( A) (1) i j det( Aij
1 t
A 1
)Com( A
det A
)C A tCom( A
) Cij aik (1) i k det( Aik
k
1
Cij
i j
)det(A
i j
. Cij 0
i j
C det( A) I n
1 t
A 1
)Com( A
det A
/ ab bc 0
a b
A
c d
n 2
1 d b
A-1
c
a
ab bc
43
1 2
A 2 5
1 0
1 2 3
2
det A 2 5 4
5
1 0 2
5
0
2
Com( A)
0
2
5
10
4
2
3
2
3
4
1
1
1
1
4
2
3
1 2
2
9
4
2 5
4
2
3
2
3
4
1
1
1
1
0
2
0
2
5 2
2
1
10 4 7
1 t
1
1
A
Com( A)
8 5
2
det A
9
5 2 1
44
.5
.E
B
ne1 , e2 ,..., en
. E
V1 ,...,Vn
. B
V j
V1 ,V2 ,...,Vn
.M
) det B (V1 ,V2 ,...,Vn
) (V1 ,V2 ,...,Vn ) det B (V1 ,V2 ,...,Vn
.1
.V j
.2
. det B (e1 , e2 ,..., en ) 1 .3
4
. E
V1 ,V2 ,...,Vn
V1 ,V2 ,...,Vn
. det B (V1 ,V2 ,...,Vn ) 0
45
M ) M n (IK
. B
V j
rg ( M ) n
V1 ,V2 ,...,Vn
V1 , V2 ,..., Vn
det B (V1 ,V2 ,...,Vn ) 0
V1
V1 kVk
k 2
n
) det B (V1 ,V2 ,...,Vn ) det( kVk ,V2 ,...,Vn

k 2
) k det (Vk ,V2 ,...,Vn

k 2
k 2 det(Vk ,V2 ,...,Vn ) 0
det B (V1 ,V2 ,...,Vn ) 0
)V3 (1,1, a) , V2 (1,1,1) , V1 (1, a,1 . IR 3
C1 C 2 C1
1 1 1
0
1 1
det (V1 ,V2 ,V3 ) a 1 1 a 1 1 1
1 1
a
0
1 a
1 1
1 a
)(a 1
)(a 1)(a 1
46
a 1
V1 ,V2 ,...,Vn
.V2 V1 : a 1
V2 V3 : a 1
.6
4
V1 ,V2 ,...,Vm
.V1 ,V2 ,...,Vm
V1 ,V2 ,...,Vm
) . (V1 ,V2 ,...,Vm
V1 ,V2 ,...,Vm
47
a1m
a11
a12
a1m

a2 m
a21
a2m
a22
,
V
,...,
V
1
2 m

anm
n1
n 2
nm
V1 ,V2 ,...,Vm
a11 a12
a22
a
M 21

a
n1 a n 2
ei
det N 0
V1 ,V2 ,....,Vm , em1 ,..., en
0
N
A
N I
n m
n m
I nm
det A det N det I n m det N 0
V1 ,V2 ,....,Vm , em 1 ,..., en

.
V1 ,V2 ,....,Vm
48
V1 ,V2 ,....,Vm
V1 ,V2 ,....,Vm
e1 , e2 ,..., en
ei
) em1 ,..., en
. E
V1 ,V2 ,....,Vm , em1 ,..., en
A
e1 , e2 ,..., en
. det A 0
. det N 0
det A det N
V1 ,V2 ,....,Vm
. M
s r
)(1
r s
)(2
. r s
)(1 )(2
IR 5
)V1 (4,1,1,1,1),V2 (1,4,1,1,1
)V3 (1,1,4,1,1),V4 (1,1,1,4,1
49
1
1
4 1
1
1 4 1
A 1
1 4 1
1
1 4
1
1
1
1
1
4 1
1
1
1 4 1
1
D
1
1 4 1
1
1
1 4
C1 C2 C3 C1
1 1
1
1
1 4 1
1
1 1 4 1
1 1
1 4
1 1
1
1
0 5 0
0
D
125
0
0 5 0
0
0
0 5
V1 ,V2 ,V3 ,V4 . 4
A rg ( A) 4
50
.7
M ) M n,m ( IK
) M M n,m ( IK
)1 rg ( M ) inf(m, n
)inf(m, n
(1
). rg ( M ) inf(m, n
)inf(m, n
(2
.
inf(m, n) 1
(3
.
7
4 18
5 14
. 1 rg ( M ) 3
1
1
2
M
3
.3
51
1 1 5
2 1 7 0
3 4 18
2 3
1
2 4
1
1 1 5
1
0 5
2 1 7 2 1 7
1 5 14 1 6 14
1
0
0
2 1 3 1
1 6 19
. rg ( M ) 3
.8
E f : E E
n f
.f
det( Id E ) 1
(1
f , g L(E) : det( f g) detf detg
(2
f det f 0
(3
52
.9
B
e1 , e2 ,..., en
IR
B
e1
, e
E
2 ,..., e
n
det B
e1
, e2
,..., e
n
6
. det B
e1
, e
0
2 ,..., e
n
BB
det B ( B
) 0
. E
BB
det B ( B) 1
. B
B
j
det B ( B
)) det( P
. B
P 1
1
) det B( B ) det( P
. B
det( P) det( P 1 ) 1
PP 1 I n
det B ( B
) det B( B) 1
.
BB
B
B
53
E
B
B
B
B Q
. B
S PQ
. det B ( B
) det B ( B
) det B( B
)
)det(S ) det( P) det(Q
B
det B ( B
) det B ( B
) det B( B
) 0
B
B
B
. BB
: det B ( B
)
. B
det B ( B
) 0
. B
det B ( B
) 0
( IR
E
) 7
IR
E
(.
IR 2 IR 3
i , j i , j , k
54
.10
u, v, w
e1 , e2 , e3
IR 3
u , v, w
)
.
e1 , e2 , e3
55
1.2
2 6
1)
5 14
1
4) a
a2
a
6) 1
1
1
b
b2
1
c
c2
1 1
a 1
1 a
cos t sin t
2)
sin t cos t
a
5) b
b
2
7) 5
0
b
a
b
6
4
x
2 6
1
3) 5 4 4
4 5 1
b
b
a
1
4
1
2.2
4
2
1
a 3
5
2
3
1 2
3a
2
A
,
B
3
5 7 3 9
b
1 2 1 4
3b 2
x 2m 6
2m 4
D 1 5 m x
2 m
1 2m 5 2m 2 x
56
a2
2a
b2
2b
a
1
b
1
1
0
1 2 6
6 m 2
0 m 1
3
1
C
,
3
3
6
m
16
2
1
8
4
2 x 1
1
E 1 2 x
m
1
m
2 x
a, b, x, m IR
3.2
IR
f t
IR
t
1 t 1
N t t 1 1
1 1 t
rgN t
rgN t 3
4.2
1 1 1
1 3 1
i 1
A
1 2 3 B 1
1 1 C
1
i
1 3 6
1 1
57
1 1
1
1
1 1 0
0
D
1 0 1 0
1
0
0
5.2
3 4
x 2

AB
BA
A B ) M 2 ( IR
13 12
8 y
x . y
6.2
IN
n
58
.3
Systmes Linaire
ax by c
'a ' x b' y c
c' , c, b' , b, a' , a
)( 2
)(1
59
)( 3
(.
) (1
) (2
(.
(.
) (3
(
)(c)(b)(a)(g
.
)(e)(d )(h
.
)(f
60
61
n
)
(.
.1
n
IK
a11 x1 ... a1m xm b1
( S )
a n1 x1 .... a nm xm bn
.( C
IR ) IK
aij , bi
) ( y1 ,..., y m IK m
) (S
a11 y1 ... a1m y m b1
a m1 y1 .... a nm y m bn
62
) (S
e1 ,..., en
IK n
) (S
. b b1e1 ... bn en v j a1 j e1 ... anj en

(V ) x1v1 ... xm vm b
:
) (S
. v1 ,..., vm
f1 ,..., f m
IK m
n
m
u ( f j ) v j
:
IK IK
) (F
u ( x) b
:
) (S
x x1 f1 ... xm f m
IK m IK n
u
n
m
b IK
x IK
( M ) A X B
:
) (S
) (F
) (S
) (V
) (M
) (S
u ( y ) b
) y ( y1 ,..., y m
u ( x) b u ( x y ) 0
63
z IK m
. u
u ( z ) 0
z z1e1 ... z m em
u ( z ) 0
a11 z1 ... a1m z m 0
(S
)
a n1 z1 .... a nm z m 0
) . (S
(S
)
IK m
) (S
. y Ker u
IK m
) (S
Cramer -
.2
4
64
A X B
.1
1
X A B
A
A X B
X 1 , X 2
.2
AX 1 B , AX 2 B
A( X 1 X 2 ) AX 1 AX 2 0
1
A
A 1 A( X 1 X 2 ) 0
X 1 X 2 0
X 1 X 2
65
det A 0
det A 0
n
n
u : IK IK
n
. u ( y ) 0
y K y 0
Keru
0
:n
a11 x1 ... a1n xn b1
( S )

a n1 x1 .... a nn xn bn
. A
det(v1 ,..., vn ) 0
) (S
) y ( y1 ,..., y n
x1v1 ... xn vn b
y1v1 ... y n vn b
) det(b, v2 ,..., vn
) det( y1v1 ... y n vn , v2 ,..., vn ) y1 det(v1 ,..., vn
) det(v1 ,..., v j 1 , b, v j 1 ,..., vn

yj
) det(v1 ,..., vn
66
y j
(.
)b
x y z 1
2 x 5 y 3 z 0
3 x 2 y az 1
1 1
1
1 0
0
2 5 3 2 3
5 3(a 3) 25 3a 34
3 2 a
3 5 a 3
34
.
3
1
1
1
0
5 3
1 2 a
5a 2
x
3a 34
3a 34
1 1
1
2 0 3
3 1 a
2a 14
y
3a 34
3a 34
67
3 2 1
22
z
3a 34
3a 34
34
)b (1,0,1 IR 3
34
)
3
v1 (1,2,3) , v2 (1,5,2) , v3 (1,3,
3 0
1 1
2 5
IR 3
v1 , v2
v1 , v2
v1 , v2 , v3
: v1 , x2 , b
1 1
1
2 5
0 22
3 2 1
b
v1 , v2
v1 , v2 , v3
68
x 1 y z
3 y 5 z 2
3 y 5 z 12 / 5
.3
. IK
v1 ,..., vm
x1 ,..., xr
(.
) (S
v1 ,..., vn
v1 ,..., vr
v1 ,..., vr
K m
69
v1 ,..., vr , b
r 1
b1
a11 a1r
br
a rr
a r1
bs
a sr
a s1
. s r 1,..., n
a11 x1 ... a1r xr b1 a1,r 1 xr 1 a1m xm

(
S
)
1
a r1 x1 ... a rr xr br ar ,r 1 xr 1 arm xm
( S )
a n1 x1 ... a nr xr bn an,r 1 xr 1 anm xm
r 1 ,..., m
xr 1 ,..., xm
) ( S1
IK
. y1 ,..., y r
b r 1rr 1 m rm
v1 ,..., vr
v1 ,..., vr
b 1r1 m rm 1r1 ... r rr
) ( S1
) (S
) . ( y1 ,..., y r , r 1 ,..., m
70
x1 ,..., xr
) ( S1
n m r
b 0
n m
r n
m n
m n
) ( x1 ,..., xr
) ( x1 ,..., xr
) ( x1 ,..., xr
71
n m r
n m
xi 0 i 1...n
r n
b 0
n m
) r inf(n, m
n m
) r inf(n, m
xi 0 i 1...n
2 x 3 y z 2t 3
4 x 6 y 3 z 4t 5
8 x 12 y 7 z at 9
2 3 1 2
4
6
3
4
8 12 7 a
72
3 2
6 4 0
12 a
2 1
)4 3 2(a 8
a 7
2 3 1
4 6 3 0
8 12 7
2 3 1
)4 6 3 3(a 8
a 12 7
2
4
8
2
4
8
a 8
. x, z , t
y, z, t
2 x z 4t 3 3 y
4 x 3 z 4t 5 6 y
8 x 7 z at 9 12 y
1 2
3 4
7 a 4(a 8) 3 y (a 8) 4 3 y
2
)2(a 8
2
4
a
2(4 3 y ) 3 y 4
t
)2(a 8
a 8
73
3 3 y
5 6 y
9 12 y
x
2 1
4 3
8 7
2
3 3 y
5 6 y
8 9 12 y a
z
1 ,
)2(a 8
.3
a 8
3 1
6 3
y, z,
3 y z 3 2 x 2t
6 y 3 z 5 4 x 4t
z 1
1
) y (4 2 x 2t
2 x 3 y 7
( S )
3 x y 5
x 5 y 11
.2
2 3
.2
74
2 x 3 y 7
3 x y 5
). ( x, y ) (2,1
) (S
x 5 y 11
3 x 2 y 2 z t 0
4 x y 5 z 2t 0
2 x 5 y 9 z 4t 0
2 3
2 . det M 11
x (8 z 3t ), y (23z 10t ), z IR, t IR
1
11
75
1
11
4 x 3 y z 0
2 x 7 y 5 z 0
3 x y 4 z 0
5 x 2 y 3 z 0
4 3 1
M 2 7 5
3 1 4
Gabriel Cramer (17041752), Suisse
76
Gauss
.3
. Li Lk
.1
Li Li
Li
.2
). (0
Li
.3
Li k Lk Li
k i
). (0
L1
L2
L3
L4
0 x1 x2 3 x3 x4 0 x5 b1
2 x1 x2 7 x3 x4 6 x5 b2
( S )
3 x1 0 x2 6 x3 x4 5 x5 b3
4 x1 x2 11x3 0 x4 6 x5 b4
x1
) (S
L1 L2
77
2 x1 x2 7 x3 x4 6 x5 b2
L1
0 x1 x2 3 x3 x4 0 x5 b1
L2
( S )
3 x1 0 x2 6 x3 x4 5 x5 b3
L3
4 x1 x2 11x3 0 x4 6 x5 b4
L4
x1
2 L3 3L1 L3
2 L4 4 L1 L4
L1
L2
L3
L4
2 x1 x2 7 x3 x4 6 x5 b2
0 x1 x2 3 x3 x4 0 x5 b1
( S )
0 x1 3 x2 9 x3 x4 8 x5 2b3 3b2
0 x1 2 x2 6 x3 4 x4 12 x5 2b4 4b2
x2
1x2 3 x3 x4 0 x5 b1
L' 2
( S ' )
3 x2 9 x3 x4 8 x5 2b3 3b2
L '3
2 x2 6 x3 4 x4 12 x5 2b4 4b2
L' 4
L'3 3L'1 L'3 L'4 2 L'1 L'4
2 x1 x2 7 x3 x4 6 x5 b2
L1
0 x1 x2 3 x3 x4 0 x5 b1
L2
( S )
0 x1 0 x2 0 x3 4 x4 8 x5 2b3 3b2 3b1
L3
0 x1 0 x2 0 x3 6 x4 12 x5 2b4 4b2 2b1

L4
2 L4 3L3 L4
78
2 x1 x2 7 x3 x4 6 x5 b2
0 x1 x2 3x3 x4 0 x5 b1
( S )
0 x1 0 x2 0 x3 4 x4 8 x5 2b3 3b2 3b1
0 x1 0 x2 0 x3 0 x4 0 x5 4b4 6b3 b2 5b1
L1
L2
L3
L4
4b4 6b3 b2 5b1 0
(1
.
4b4 6b3 b2 5b1 0
(2
b1 0 , b2 6 , b3 1 , b4 0
2 x1 x2 7 x3 x4 6 x5 6
( S )
0 x1 x2 3 x3 x4 0 x5 0
0 x1 0 x2 0 x3 4 x4 8 x5 16
x5 x3
x1 1 2 x3 x5
( S )x2 4 3 x3 2 x5
x 4 2 x
5
4
.
(1 x5 2 x3 ,4 2 x5 3 x3 , x3 ,4 2 x5 , x5 ), x3 , x5 IR
2 x1 x2 4 x4 2
4 x1 2 x2 3 x3 7 x4 9
( S )
4 x1 x2 2 x3 8 x4 2
3 x2 12 x3 x4 2
(S )
79
2
1
4 2
0
3
4 : 2
7 : 9
4
1
2 8 : 2
0 3 12 1 : 2
2 1
0
4 : 2
0 0
3
1 : 5
L2 2 L1 L2
4 1 2 8 : 2
0 3 12 1 : 2
2 1
0
4 : 2
0 0
3
1 : 5
L3 2 L1 L3
0 1 2 0 : 2
0 3 12 1 : 2
2 1
0
4 : 2
0 1 2 0 : 2
L2 L3
0 0
3
1 : 5
0 3 12 1 : 2
2 1
0
4 : 2
0 1 2 0 : 2
L4 3L2 L4
0 0
3
1 : 5
0 0 6 1 : 8
2 1
0 4 : 2
0 1 2 0 : 2
L4 2 L3 L4
0
0
0
0
3
0
1 : 5
1 : 2
80
2 x1 x2 4 x4 2
x 2 x 2
2
3
( S )
3 x3 x4 5
x4 2
). (3,4,1,2
Karl Friedrich Gauss (17771855), Allemand
81
1.3
2 x 3 y 3
2 x y 3 z 5
1)
3 x 2 y 2 z 5
2)x 2 y 5
5 x 3 y z 16
3 x 2 y 7
x 2 y z t 1
3)x 2 y z 5t 5
x 2 y z 5t 5
2.3
mx y mz 0
1)x my z m
2 x y z 1
2 x y z a
2)x my z b
3 x y mz c
a, b, c IR
3.3
2 x 3 y 5 z 1
( S1 )x 2 y 4 z 1
3 x y 3 z 0
x y z t 1
( S 2 )x y z 2t 4
2 x y 2 z 3t 1
82
2 x 6 y 4 z 4t 2
2 x 3 y 5 z 5t 2
( S 3 )
3 x 8 y 3 z 2t 1
x 2 y z 10t 0
4.3
(1 m) x 2 y z 1
2 x (3 m) y 3 z 1
x y (2 m) z 1
83
.4
Vecteurs propres et valeurs propres
.1
IK
(.
E E
1
f (v) v
IK
v 0
f (0) 0
IK
f (v) v
v 0
f (v) v
v
v
)
.
84
f (v) 1v f (v) 2 v
v 0
1
2 )v 0
. 1 2
IK 0
IK ,0
0
v 0
). f (v) f (v) (v) (v
.2
3
. f
E
v E / f (v) v
E
v E / f (v) v
f . f ( E) E
85
u, v E
f (v) v , f (u ) u
)f (u v) f (v) f (u ) (u v
u v E
v E, IK
)f (v) f (v) (v) (v

. E
v E
. E
0
Id
v E f (v) v
( f Id )(v) 0
) v Ker ( f Id
.1
E
f (v) v E
v E
. f
1 , 2 ,, m
E1 ... Em
86
. m
E1 E2
0 :
1
m 2
E1 E2
m 1
. m
E1 E2 ,...,Em 1
F E1 ... Em 1
x F Em
x F
1 i m 1
x x1 x2 ,...,xm 1 / xi Ei
x xm
x Em
xm Em
xm x1 x2 ,...,xm 1
m xm f ( xm ) f ( x1 x2 ,...,xm 1 ) 1 x1 2 x2 ,..., m 1 xm 1
(
,...,(m 1 m ) xm 1 0
1
m ) x1 (
2
m ) x2
1 m 2 m m 1 m 0
1 2 m 1 m 0
n IN A
. IK
IK . Av v
. Av v
87
2 a 1
A
b 1 1
1 3 2
a b
*
. 2
IR 3
e1 , e2 , e3
x x1e1 x2 e2 x3e3
2 x1 ax2 x3 2 x1
x1

AX 2 X (1)
bx1 x2 x3 2 x2
/ X x2
x
x 3 x 2 x 2 x
3
2
3
3
1
ax2 x3 0
(2)
bx1 x2 x3 0
x 3 x 0
2
1
0 a
1
b 1 1 0 3b a 1 0 a 3b 1
1 3
0
b IR a 3b 1
b 1 a 4
)(2
x
E2 x IR / f ( x) 2 x
)(2
b 1 a 4
88
4 x2 x3 0
x1 3 x2
(3)x1 x2 x3 0
0 x2 0
x 3 x 0
x 4 x
2
2
3
1
x1 3t , x2 t , x3 4t , t IR
E2
t (3,1,4) , t IR
.2
)v (3,1,4
.3
.E
e1 , e2 ,..., en
E
f
A (aij )1i , j n
det( A I n ) 0 ( f
)
E
Id
I n
IK
Ker ( f Id )
0 f
f Id
f Id
det( A I ) 0
89
a n1
a 21
a 22 a 2 n
a nn
a11
a21
an 2
det( A I )
a n1
IK
n
1
n
1
n
)(1) Tr ( A

)(1
n
. det A
)det( A I n ) (1) n n (1) n Tr ( A)n 1 ... det( A
). PA (
PA () det( A I n ) (1) n n (1) n Tr ( A)n1 ... det A
0 3 0
A
1 2 4
1 1 1
3
0
PA () det( A I 3 ) 1 2 4
1
1
1
90
3
3
0
3 2 4
3
1
1
1
3
0
(3 )1 2 4
1
1
1
1
0
0
(3 )1 5 4
1
2
1
(3 )(2 43)
(3 )(1)(3)
B
1
PB () det( B I 3 ) 1
1
1 0
2 4
1 3
1
0
2 4 (1) 2 (1)
1
3
91
) A M n (IK IK
.A
) (1
.
)( A I ) (2
). PA () det( A I n ) 0 (3
).(3
(1
)PA (
IK C
(2
(.
n f
n
)PA (
IK IR
(3
.
) A M 2 ( IK
0 1
1
0
1
PA ()
2 1
1
.
A
IK IR
*
1 i . 2 i
IK C
92
.4
(f
) f
e1 , e2 ,..., en
f ( x) 0 x
AX 0 X
( A 0 I n ) X 0
r0
. 0
5 0 0
A 1 2 0
3 1 2
5 0
0
)PA () det( A I 3 ) 1 2 0 (2 ) 2 (5
3
1
2
( A I ) X 0
(5 ) x 0
5 x 2(2 ) y 0
3 x y (2 ) z 0
93
1 5
x 3 y 0
3 x y 3 z 0
x 3 y
1
1
z x y
3
3
x 3 y
x 3 y
1
z y
3
z y 3 y
y IR
8
E1
y (3,1, ) , y IR
3
. 1
8
. 1 5
) v1 (3,1,
2 2
3 x 0
x 0
x 0 y 0
3 x y 0
z IR
E2 z (0,0,1 ) , z IR
. 2 2
)v2 (0,0,1
94
1.4
1 1 2
A
2 1 1 , B
1
0
0 1 3
1 1 1
C
1 1 1 , D 1
0
1 1 1
2 0
0 0
0 1
2 0
0 1
0 1
4 0 1
E
0 2 6
0 4
8
2.4
A A
(1
A B
(2
.
1
A
(3
t
. A1
3.4
f f f f
IR
.f
-1
4
95
)u f (x
IR 4
x
-2
.f
)v x f (x
Kerf . Im f
-3
4.4
E R2
fX
2
.P
P
f ( P) (2 x 1) P ( x 1) P
P E
.
1, x, x 2
(1
.f
(2
5.4
1 1 0
A 2 0 0
2 0 1
. A
(1
1
2
A A
PA ( A) 0
(2
96
. A1
.5
Diagonalisation ,Triangulation
.1
B
e1 , e2 ,..., en
) A M n (IK
n
A
IK
B
IK n
e1 , e2 ,..., en
A D
v1 , v2 ,..., vn
D P 1 AP
) 1
A B
. B P 1 AP
97
( .n
A B
f IK n IK n
(.
)PA (
. m
dim E0 m
dim E p m
p
v1 , v2 ,..., v p
f (v1 ) 0 v1 , f (v2 ) 0 v2 ,..., f (v p ) 0 v p
v p 1 ,..., vn
. E
v1 , v2 ,..., vn
98
b1n
b2 n

b pn
b( p 1) n
bnn
0
0
)b1( p 1
)b2 ( p 1
0
0
0
)b p ( p 1
) 0 b( p 1)( p 1

0
)bn ( p 1
0
0
0
0
B 0
0
b pn
b( p 1) n
bnn
)b p ( p 1
)b( p 1)( p 1
)bn ( p 1
PB () (0 ) p
. p m
. dim E 1
1.1
2
) A M n (IK
IK
. IK
(1
(2
.
99
D P 1 AP
1 , 2 ,..., p
m1 , m2 ,..., m p
s1 , s2 ,..., s p
E1 , E2 ,..., Ep
1 i p i
si
D dig (
) , 2 ,..., 2 ,..., p ,..., p
1 ,...,
S p fois
S 2 fois
S1 fois
PA () (
)) S1 (2 ) S 2 ...(p
1
s1 , s2 ,..., s p
1 , 2 ,..., p
1 , 2 ,..., p
dim Ei mi
1 i p
. IK
m1 , m2 ,..., m p
)PA (
1 , 2 ,..., p IK
Sp
m1 m2 ... m p n
mi
. dim Ei mi i
1,..., p
1 i p
i
E1 E2 ... Ep
IK
IK n E1 E2 ... Ep
100
(1
IK C
IK IR
) A M n (IK
IK
2.1
D
) A M n (IK
D P 1 AP
)PA (
(1
.
IK
E
(2
. ( A I ) X 0
(3
.
101
(4
.
(5
.D
P 1
(6
1
1
D P AP A PDP
0 3 0
A
1 2 4
1 1 1
:D
(1
3
0
)PA () 1 2 4 (3 )(1)(3
1
1
1
PA () 0 3
1
3 : A
(2
1 3 , 2 1 , 3 3
(3
3 3
E1 , E2 , E3
1 3 , 2 1 ,
102
(A I ) X 0
x 3 y 0
( S )x (2 ) y 4 z 0
x y (1 ) z 0
(S )
1 3
x 3 y 0
x y 4 z 0
x y 4 z 0
x IR
y x
z 0
v1 (1,1,0)
E1 x(1,1,0) , x IR
. 1 3
(S )
2 1
x y 0
x y 4 z 0
x y 2 z 0
x y
y IR
z 0
v2 (1,1,0)
E2 y (1,1,0) , y IR
2 1
3 3
3 x 3 y 0
x y 0
( S )x 5 y 4 z 0
4 y 4 z 0
x y 2 z 0
x y 2 z 0
x y, z y, y IR
v3 (1,1,1) E3 y (1,1,1) , y IR
3 3
103
3 0 0
D 0 1 0
(4
0
0 3
1 1 1
P
1 1 1
P
(5
0 0 1
1
1
2
1
(6
0 1
1 1
P 1
4 4
1 1
4 4
1
0
3
A 4 1 0
4 8 2
). PA () (1) 2 (2
(1
2 1
1 2
(2
.
E1 , E2
(3
1 2 , 2 1
X y
z
( x, y, z ) E1 AX 2 X
104
5 x y 0
x 0
4 x y 0 y 0
z IR
4 x 8 y 0
E1 ) v1 (0,0,1
z (0,0,1) , z IR
1 2
( x, y, z ) E2 AX X
y 2 x
20
z
3
x IR
E2
x(3,6,20) , x IR
. 2 1
) v2 (3,6,20
A
dim E2 1 2
0 1
1 0
PB () 2 1 2 i , 1 i
.B
. 1 i
E1
ix y 0
( x, y ) E1
x iy 0
x iy
)v1 (i,1
E1 E1
x(i,1) , x IR
. 1 i
105
2 i
E2
x x
( x, y ) E 2 B
y
i
y

ix y 0
x iy 0
y ix
)v2 (1, i
E2 E2
x(1, i ) , x IR
. 2 i
IR
i 1
i 0
P
,
D
1
i
0
0 1 0
B
1 2 4
1 1 3
2
PB () (1) (1) :
(1
.
2 1
1 1
B (2
1 1
E1
(3
x y 0
( x, y, z ) E1 x y 4 z 0
x y 4 z 0
x y
z 0
106
. E1
( x,x,0) , x IR
(1,1,0) , x IR
. 1 1
)v1 (1,1,1
E1
2 1
E2
( x, y, z ) E 2 BX X
x y 0
x 3 y 4 z 0
x y 2 z 0
x y
y z 0
E2 E2
( x, x, x) , x IR
(1,1,1) , x IR
. 2 1
)v2 (1,1,1
.
dim E2 1 2
.2
) A M n (IK
) T M n (IK
P ) M n (IK
. T P 1 AP
.
107
*(
.C
*(
.
1.2
(1
3
f IK
1
2 , 1
.1
2
1 2
v1 , v2
v3
. IK 3
v1 , v2 , v3
f (v1 )
1v1
f (v2 ) 2 v2
f (v3 ) av1 bv2 cv3
0 a
T 0 2 b
0 0 c
108
c 2
. A
T
IK 3
1
0
3
A 4 1 0
4 8 2
2 1
1 2
1 2 )v2 (3,6,20
) v1 (0,0,1
. 2 1
IR 3
v3
v1 , v2
). v3 (0,1,0
det(v1 , v2 , v3 ) 0
f (v1 ) 2v1
f (v2 ) v2
f (v ) f (e ) e e 8e e v 8v
2
1
2
3
1
3
1
3
v2 3e1 6e2 20e3 3e1 6v3 20v1

1
20
e1 v2 2v3 v1
3
3
1
44
f (v3 ) v2 v2 v3
3
3
109
v1 , v2 , v3
3
44
3
1
2 0
T 0 1
0 0
3 0
6 1
20 0
P
0
1 0 0
A
0 0 1
0 1 2
. A
PA () (1 ) 3
. 2 1
E1
.1 dim E1 3
( x, y, z ) E1 AX X
x x
z y
y 2 z z
x IR, y z , z IR
. E1
( x,z , z ) , x, z IR
110
dim E1 2 3 v2 (0,1,1) v1 (1,0,0)
E1
.
E1
v2 (0,1,1) v1 (1,0,0)
IR 3
v3 (0,0,1)
det B
1 0
IR
v1 , v2 , v3
v1 e1
e1 v1
v2 e2 e3
e2 v2 v3
v3 e2
e3 v3
f (v1 ) f (e1 ) e1 v1
f (v2 ) v2
f (v ) f (e ) e 2e v v v v
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
3
1 0 0
P
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
T
0 1 1
0 0 1
3
3
1
2
2
1
5
A
0
2
2
1
9
2
2
2
111
E2
z (1,1,1), z IRPA () (2 ) 3
A
IR 3
B
v1 , v2 , v3
. v1 (1,1,1), v2 e2 , v3 e3
det(v1 , v2 , v1 ) 1 0
v3 , v2 , v1
:
v1 , v2 , v3
v1 e1 e2 e3
e1 v1
v2 e1
e2 v3
v3 e2
e3 v1 v2 v3
f (v1 ) 2v1
f (v2 ) f (e1 ) v1 2v2

2
f (v3 ) 2v1 v2 2v3
1 0 0
2
P 1 1 0 T
0 2
1 0 1
0 0
112
1
2
Jordan -
(2
:3
n 2 :
dim E 1
T
0
3 1
1 1
PA () (2) 2 2
x
x IR
2
y
y x
E2. dim E2 1
v1 (1,1) E2
x(1,1) , x IR
IR 2
v2
Av2 v1 2v2
x y 1
3x y 1 2 x
x y 1 2 y
)v2 (2,1
x 2 y 1
v1 , v2
2 1
0 2
1 2
1 1
. P
113
n 3 :
.A
2 . dim E2 1
(1
Av3 2v3 v2
v3
E2
v2
:
a 0 0
T 0 b 1
0 0 b
0 1 0
A
1 2 4
1 1 3
)v1 (1,1,0 1
)v2 (1,1,1
) v3 ( x, y, z
Av3 v3 v2 A(v3 I 3 ) v2
x y 1
x y 1
y z 0
y z 0
x y 2 z 0
)v3 (2,1,1
f (v2 ) v2 , f (v3 ) v3 v2
114
f (v1 ) v1 ,
1 0 0
T
0 1 1
0 0 1
1 1 2
. P 1 1 1
0 1 1
A . dim E 2
(2
Av3 v3 v2
v1 , v2
v3
0 0
T 0 1
0 0
1 0 0
A
0 0 1
0 1 2
)v1 (1,0,0 ). v2 (0,1,1
v3
Av3 v3 v2 A(v3 I 3 ) v2
x IR
z y
y z 0
y z 0
x 2 z y 1
f (v 2 ) v 2 , f (v3 ) v3 v 2
115
f (v1 ) v1 ,
)v3 (2,1,1
v1 , v2 , v3
1 0 2
1 0 0
T 0 1 1 . P 0 1 1
0 1 1
0 0 0
. v1
dim E 1
(3
v2 , v3
f (v1 ) u1 2u 2
f (v3 ) v2 2v3
1 0
. T 0 1
0 0
5 13
7
A 3 1 9
1
1
0
PA () (2 ) 3
5 x 5 y 13 z 0
x y 3 z 0
3 x 3 y 9 z 0
x y 2 z 0
x y 2 z 0
. E2
)v1 (1,1,0
116
Av2 v1 2v2
v3 v2
(1)
Av3 v2 2v3
( 2)
5 x 5 y 13 z 1
3x 3 y 2
(1) 3x 3 y 9 z 1
3z 1
x y 2 z 0
2
1
v2 ( ,0, )
3
3
2
5
x
5
y
13
z
3
3 x 3 y 3
(2) 3 x 3 y 9 z 0
3 z 1
1
x y 2 z
3
1
v3 (0,1, )
1
2 1 0
T 0 2 1 P 1 0
0 1
0 0 2
117
1
1

3
.3
) 1
0
d1k 0
0 0
k
d2 0 0
0
d
0
k
k
0 d 3 0 D 0
0 d3 0
k
0
0 0 dn
0
0
A P 1DP
1
1
1
k 1
A k ( PDP 1 ) k
PDP
....
PDP
PDP
PD P
k fois
4
0
0
1
2
0
118
4
A 0
d1
0
D 0
A k P
0
1
0
0
1 0 1
P
0 1 0
A P 0
0
P 1
2
1 0 1
1
0 0
2
1
1
0
2
2
. P 1 0 1 0
1 0 1
2
2
1
1
1
1
k
1
0
0
2
2
2
2
k
1
1
0
0
0 P
k
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
k 1 0
k 1
2 2
2 2
2k
1
1
0
2
2
im A k 0 0 0
k
1 0 1
2
2
119
) 2
wn , vn , u n
3
1
wn
n
1
n
4
4
( S )
vn 1 vn
2
1 3
wn 1 u n wn
4 4
4
u n

0
vn
w
3
n
u n 1 4

vn1 0
w
n 1 1
0
1
2
0
4 u 0

0 v0

3 w0
0
1
2
0
u n 4

vn 0
w
n 1
An
120
1
1
n1
u n 2 2

vn 0
w
1
n 1
n 1
2 2
0
1
2n
0
1
1
n1
2 2
u 0

0
v0
w
1
1
0
n1
2 2
1 1
1
1
u
w0
0
n
2 2 n 1 2 2 n1
v n n v0
1 1
1
1
u 0 n1
w0
wn 2 n1
2
2
2
)3
t x(t ) , t y (t )
(t ) 3 x(t ) 2 y (t )
x
( E )
(t ) x(t ) 2 y (t )
y
(t )
3 2
x
x
(
t
)
1
2

3 2
1
2

2 4 1 1
. A
2
1
v2 (1,1)
v1 (1,1)
1
. A P DP
121
x
1 x x
y
P DP
y
P
y
DP
y
1 0
X
X
X x
Y
Y
P
y
0
4

X
X
Y
4Y
X (t ) e t , Y (t ) e 4t
x 1 X
(E )
y
P
Y

t
4t
x(t ) e e
e t 2 e 4t
, IR
y (t )
Wilhelm Jordan (18421899), Allemand

122
1.5
2 0
4
A
3 4 12
1 2 5
. A
.1
3
.
A
C
.2
.3
.4 P . P AP
) . P() det( A I
.5
1
2.5
0
1 1
A 0 1 1 )M 3 ( IR
1
0 1
) . M 3 (C
3.5
4 0 2
)M 3 ( IR
A 0 1 0
5 1 3
123
4.5
1 a 1
. A 0 1 b
b, a c
0 0 c
5.5
IR 3
) f ( x, y, z ) ( x, 2 x 2 y z , y
.f
A
A
(1
.
(2
.
(3
6.5
1.4
0 0
. 0 2 1
0 0
2
7.5
:
A
(1
0 1 1
. A 1 0 1
1 1 0
124
(2
xy z
(1)yx z
zx y
(3 . Ak
8.5
IR 3
2 1 0
A 1 0 2
0 1 2
.A
x2 x y
(2)yx 2 z
zy 2 z
. An
T n
n IN
wn , vn , u n
: n IN
u n1 2u n vn
(3)
vn1 u n 2 wn
w v 2 w
n
n
n1
v0 . w0
u 0 n
vn u n wn
125
1 .1
9 1 5
2 16 34 3A B
AC
16
4
23 29 16
15 14
3 A 2 B 4 17
1
4
AB
CA
.B
. Tr (C ) 10
t
2 .1
B . R
(1
1 2 1
1
0
f1
, f 2
e1
, e
(2
2 , e3
F, E
R
, B
2
F
3
E
(3
. R
Q R
126
1 0 1
P 1 1 1
0 1 1
1
S Q MP R
, B
1 1
1
1
Q 1
: Q 1
QQ 1 I 2
a b
Q 1
c d
1 1
a b
1
QQ 1 I 2
c d
1 1
0
1
a c b d
a c b d
0
a c 1
b d 0
a c 0
b d 1
1
1
1
1
a , c , b , d :
2
2
2
2
1 1 1
Q 1
1
1
2
127
S Q 1MP
1 0 1
1 2 1
1 1 1

1
1
1
1 0 1
2
1 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1
0
1
1
1
0 1 1
0 1 1
1
2
2
3.1
M 2 ( IR)
a b
M
c d
a, b, c, d IR
(1
1 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
M a
0 0
1 1
1 0
0 1
aM 1 bM 2 cM 3 dM 4
. E
B
M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , M 4
. dim E 4
(2
. B
f ( M 4 ), f ( M 3 ), f ( M 2 ), f ( M 1 )
128
f ( M 1 )
f ( M 2 )
2
1 0
1 0
1M 1 3M 3
4
0
0
3
0

2
0 1
0 1
M 2 3M 4
4
0
0
0
3
f ( M 1 )
f ( M 1 )
2
0 0 2 0
4 0
2 M 1 4 M 3
4
1
0
2
0 0
0 2
2 M 2 4 M 4
4
0
1
0
4
1 0 2 0
0
1
0
2
A
3 0 4 0
0
3
0
4
M 2 ( IR)
F
(3
0 0
0
0

IR
,F A
,A
a b
a b
. A
,
A
b
d
b
d
a b
a b
A A
b d
b d
a a b b
b b d d
. M 2 ( IR)
129
A
F
A
a b
1 0
0 1
0 0
b d
0 0
1 0
0 1
aM 1 bM 2 cM 3
M 1 , M 2 , M 3
IR , ,
0 0
M 1 M 2
M 3 0

0 0
0
. dim F 3 F
M 1 , M 2 , M 3
. F
:g
a a
d d
b b
g (A A
)
a a
b
b b
b
d d
a c
b
c
b
b
b a
g ( A) g ( A
)
M 1 , M 2 , M 3
1 0
g ( M 1 )
1M 1 0 M 2 1M 3
0
1

130
g ( M 2 )
g ( M 3 )
1
0 M 1 1M 2 1M 3
1
0
1M 1 0 M 2 1M 3
1
1 0
Q
0 1
1 1
Kerg
A F
A F
A F
A F
0
1
/ g ( A) 0
: Kerg
a d
b
0 0
a b d
0 0
/ a d 0, b 0, a b d 0
/ a IR, b 0, d a
a 0
0 a
,
1 0
0 1
. dim Kerg 1
a IR
a IR
1 0
Kerg
4.1
IR
B
e1 , e2 , e3 B
u1 ,u 2
(1
.
IR3
: B
B
f1
131
f (u1 ) f (1,0) (3,2,5) 3e1 2e2 5e3

f (u 2 ) (1,4 6) e1 4e2 6e2
3 1
A 2 4
5 6
f 2
(2
f 2 ( x, y, z ) ( x, y ) , ( x, y, z ) IR 3
: B
B
f 2
1 0 0
0
1
0
: f3
(3
( x, y ) (r cos, r sin )
f 3 ( x, y ) ( x
, y
)
f 3
f 3 ( x, y ) f 3 (r cos, r sin )
(r cos(), r sin())
( x cosy sin , x sin y cos)
f 3 (u 2 ) f 3 (1,0) (cos, sin )
cosu1 sin u 2
f 3 (u 2 ) f 3 (0,1) (sin , cos)
sin u1 , cosu 2
:
f 3
cos sin
C
sin cos
132
IR 2
IR 2
f 4 f 2 f1 (4
B A:
3 1
3 1
1 0 0
D B.A
2
4
2 4
0
1
0
5 6
5.1
) M n (IK
) A (aij ) B (bij
(1
: IR
) Tr (A B ) (aii bii
i
1
i
1
i
1
aii bii
) Tr ( A) Tr ( B
(2
n
Tr ( AB ) ( AB ) ii aik bki
i
1
i
1 k
1
Tr ( BA) ( BA) ii bik aki

i
1
i
1 k
1
k
i
(3
1
B P AP
). Tr ( B) Tr ( P 1 AP) Tr ( APP 1 ) Tr ( A
133
6.1
J I 4
2 1
1 1
1
1
AJ JA
1 1 2 1
1 1
1 2
J 2 I 4 J 1 J
:
JA AJ A( A 6 I ) 5I 4 :
1
A 1 ( A 6 I )
A1 A AA1 I 4
5
1 1
1
4
1
4
1
1
A 1
4 1 1
5 1
4 1 1 1
134
1.2
2 (14) 5 6 58
5 14
cos t sin t
2)
cos2 t sin 2 t 1
sin t cos t
1)
2 6
1
2 6 1
3) 5 4 4 13 28 0
4 5 1
4 5 1
L2 4 L1 L2
2
6 1
13 28 0
2 11 0
L3 L1 L3
13 28
(11) (13) 2 (28)

2 11
199
1 1
4) a b
a 2 b2
1
1
0
c a
b a
c 2 a 2 b 2 a 2
0
c a
c 2 a 2
C2 C1 C2
C3 C1 C3
1
0
0
(b a )(c a ) a
1
1
a 2 b a c a
(b a )(c a )(c b)
135
a b b
a 2b a 2b a 2b
5) b a b b
b b a
L1 L2 L3 L1
1 1 1
(a 2b) b a b
b b a
1
(a 2b) b a b
b
0
a b
C2 C1 C2
C3 C1 C3
(a 2b)(a b) 2
a 1 1 a
0
1
6) 1 a
1 1
1 1 a 1
1 a 1
C 2 C3 C2
a 0 1
(a 1) 1 1
1 1
a 0
(a 1) 1 1
a (a 1)(a 1).
0 0 a 1
2 6
7) 5 4 4 x
0 x
2 6
13x 22
5 4 5 4
2.2
136
5
2
4
3
2
1
1
2
det A
5 7 3 9
1 2 1 4
0 14 7 19
2
3
1 2
5 7 3 9
1 2 1 4
0 14 7 19
0
7
3 10
5 7 3 9
1 2 1 4
0 14
7 19
0 7
3 10
0 17 8 29
1 2 1 4
14
7 19
7
3 10
17 8 29
0
1
0
7
3 13
17 8 37
38
L1 5 L4 L1
L2 2 L4 L2
L3 5 L4 L3
L1 2 L2 L1
C3 C2 C3
. det A 0
137
a3
a2
a 1
3a 2
det B 3
b
2a 1 0
2b 1 0
3b
b2
b 1
L3 L1 L3
a3
a2
3a 2
2a
3
b a 3
3b
b 2 a 2
b a 0
2b
3a 2
2a
(a b) b 2 ab a 2
3b
2b
3a 2
(a b) b 2 ab 2a 2
3b 2 3a 2
(a b) 3 b 2a
3(b a )
L2 L1 L2
L3 L1 L3
b a 1
3a 2
2a
b a
1
0
2b 2a 0
2a 1
1
(a b) 4
. a b
138
1 2 6
6 m 2
1
0 m 1
3
det C
3 3
6
m 2 16
2
5 2 10 14 m
1
0 m 1
3
9 3
18 m 2 28
0
1
0
0
2
5
10 14 m 2
1 m 1
3
9 18 m 2 28
C1 2C2 C1
C3 8C2 C3
C 4 4C2 C4
C3 3C1 C3
5
10 1
m 1 1 m 1 0
9 18 1
5
10 1
(m 2 1) 1
m 1 0 14(m 1) 2 (m 1)
14 28 0
. m 1
139
2m x
2m 4
5 m x
2 m
2m 5
2m 2 x
2m 6
2m 4
5 m x
2 m
m x
m x
det D 1
1
0
x
(m x) 1
2m 6
2m 4
5 m x
2 m
0
x
2m 4
3 x
2 m
3 x
(m x) 1
(m x)
L2 L3 L3
C 2 C3 C 2
(m x)( x 2)( x 1)
. x m x 2 x 1
140
2 x 1
1
det E 1 2 x
m
1
m
2 x
C3 C2 C3
2 x 1
0
1 2 x m 2 x
1
m
2 x m
2 x 1
0
(m 2 x) 1 2 x 1
1
m
1
2 x
1
0
(m 2 x) 1
2 x
1
2 m 2 x 0
(m 2 x)
L2 L3 L2
2 x
1
2 m 2 x
(m 2 x)( x 2 x(m 4) 2m 2)
x 2 m
m 4 m 2 8
. x
141
3.2
Nt
1 t 1
det N t t 1 1
1 1 t
t 2 t 1
t 2 1 1
t 2 1 t
1 t 1
(t 2) 1 1 1
1 1 t
0
1 t
(t 2) 1 1
t 1 t 1
(t 2)(t 1) 2
t 1
N t
. t 2
. rgN1 1
t 1
t 2
1 2 1
1 2
. rgN 2 2
N t 5
2 1 1
2 1
1 1 2
142
1 1 1
A
1 2 3
1 3 6
1 1 1 1 0 0
det A 1 2 3 1 1 4 1
1 3 6 1 2 7
4.2
1
1 1
6
2 3
3 9 5
1
1 1
3 7 4
6
1 3
1 2 1
1
1 1
3
1 2
3 9 5
1 t
1
A
Com( A) 3 7 4
det A
1 2 1
3
1
Com( A)
1
1
3
6
3
6
2
3
0
1
B 1
4
1
4
i
1
C 1
2 1
3
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1 3 3 1
1 1 1 1
, D
1
1
4 2
4 1 1
1
1
1
1
1
4
2
1
143
Tr ( AB) Tr ( BA)
det( AB) det( BA)
5.2
15 x y
36 52 xy 16
x y 15
xy 0
. ( x, y ) (0,15)
(x, y ) (15,0)
6.2
n 2
a11 a12
det
0 a
a11a 22
22
n 1
. n
a
a12 a1n
a
a23 a 2 n
11
22
0
a
a
0 a 22 a 2 n
33
3n
1
1
det
1
)
a
det
11

a
0
nn
nn
a11a22 a33 ...ann
144
1.3
(1
(1
2 1 3
x 5

3 2 2
y 5
z
5 3 1
16
2 1 3
3 2 2 26
5 3 1
5
1 3
2 5 3
1
1
x 5 2 2 1
, y 3 5 2 3
16 3 1
5 16 1
2 1
5
1
z 3 2 5 2
5 3 16
2 1 3
A1
A
3 2 2
5 3 1
x
5
1
y A 5
z
16
145
(2
2 x 3 y 3
x 2 y 5
x 3 y 1
x 3 . y 1
(1
(3
x 2 y z 0
t 1
. z 2 y x
. x, y IR
)( x, y,2 y x,1
2.3
m 1 m
(1 A 1 m 1
1 1
). det A (m 1)(3m 1
1
:
(1
m 1 m
3
m 0 m
0
1 m
1
1
y
1 m 1 , x
m m 1
det A
det A
2
1
1
1
1 1
m 1
0
1
z
1 m m
det A
2
1
1
146
2m 1
)m(3m 2
2m 2m 1
y
z
)(m 1)(3m 1
)(m 1)(3m 1
)(m 1)(3m 1
m 1
x y z 0
x y z 1
2 x y z 1
.x
x 2
y z 2
y z 3
1
3
x 3 y z 0
3x y 3 z 1
2 x y z 1
x 3 y z
5 y 6 z 0.5
5 y 6 z 1
147
2 1 1
(2 A 1 m 1
3 1 m
). det A 2m(2 m
:
(2
m 0 m 2
)a (m 2 1) b(m 1) c(m 1
x
)2m(2 m
a (m 3) b(3 2m) 3a
y
)2m(2 m
)a (1 3m) b c(2m 1
z
)2m(2 m
m 0
2 x y z a
x z b
3x y c
2 x y z a
3x y b a
3x y c
c b a
x IR , y 3 x b a , z x b
.
c b a
148
m 2
2 x y z a
x 2 y z b
3x y 2 z c
y 2 x z a
x z (2a b) / 3
x z c a
c a (2a b) / 3 5a b 3c 0
x z c a,
y z 2c 3a,
z IR
c a (2a b) / 3 5a b 3c 0
149
3.3
: ( S1 )
2 3 5 : 1
1 2 4 : 1
3 1 3 : 0
1 2 4 : 1
2 3 5 : 1
3 1 3 : 0
1 2 4 : 1
0 1
13 : 3
0 5 15 : 3
1 2 4 : 1
0 1 13 : 3
0 0 50 : 12
L1 L2
L2 2L1 L2
L3 3L1 L3
L3 5 L2 L3
x 2 y 4 z 1
y 13z 3
50 z 12
7
25
3 6
)
25 25
: (S2 )
. ( , ,
1 1 1
1 : 1
1 1 1 2 : 4
2 1 2 3 : 1
150
1 1 1
1 : 1
0 2 2 1 : 5
0 1 4 5 : 3
1 1
0
L2 L1 L2
L3 2 L1 L3
: 1
1 :
11
3
:
2
5
1
2
1
L3 L2 L3
2
(S 2 )
x y z t 1
( S 2 ) 2 y 2 z t 5
3 z (11 / 2)t 1 / 2
3
3
x t ,
2
2
2
6
2 3
4
5
7
7
y t ,
3
3
11 1
z t , t IR
6
6
: (S3 )
4 : 2
5 : 2
3 8 3 2 : 1
1 2 1 10 : 0
2 6 4 4 : 2
0 3 9 1 : 0
0 1 3 8 : 2
0 1 3 12 : 1
151
L2 L1 L2
3
L3 L1 L3
2
1
L4 L1 L4
2
1
L3 L2 L3
3
1
L4 L2 L4
3
: 2
: 0
: 2
: 1
2 6 4 4
0 3 9 1
25
0 0 0
3
37
0 0 0
3
3
6
t
37
25
.
4.3
1 m
2
1
: 1
)2 (m 3
3
: 1
1
1
(2 m) : 1
L2 2 L1 L2
L3 (1 m) L1 L3
1
1
)(2 m
: 1
)0 (1 m
)3 2(2 m
: 3
0 (1 m) 1 (1 m)(2 m) : m
m 1
1 1 1 : 1
0 0 1 : 3
0 0 1 : 1
x y z 1
z 3
z 1
152
m 1
L2 L2
(1 m)
L3 (1 m) L2 L3
1 1 (2 m) :
1
1 2m
3
0 1
:
1 m
1 m
0 0 m(3 m) : 3 m
x y (2 m) z 1
3
1 2m
z
y
1 m
1 m
m(3 m) z 3 m
m 0
x y z 1
x z 3
0 3
m 3
x y z 1
x (5 / 2) z (3 / 2)
0 0
.
x z , y z , z IR
153
3
2
1
2
5
2
3
2
m 0 m 3
)(3 m
)(m 1
1
y
z
)m(m 1
)m(m 1
m
.x
) (S
m 1
m 0
m 3
1
5
3
3
x z , y z , z IR
2
2
2
2
m 1
m 0
m 3
)(3 m
)(m 1
1
x
y
z
)m(m 1
)m(m 1
m
154
1.4
: A
(1
A
)PA () (1 )(4
. 3 4 , 2 1 , 1 0
E1 , E2 , E3
1 , 2 , 3
x
X y
z
( x, y, z ) E1 AX 0 /
x y 2 z 0
2 x y z 0
y 3 z 0
x z
y 3 z
z IR
E1 )v1 (1,3,1
z (1,3,1) , z IR
. 1
( x, y, z ) E 2 AX X
y 2 z 0 y 4 x
2 x z 0 z 2 x
y 2 z 0 x IR
155
E2 )v2 (1,4,2
x(1,4,2) , x IR
. 2
( x, y, z ) E3 AX 4 X
3 x y 2 z 0 x z
2 x 3 y z 0 y z
y z 0
z IR
E3 z (1,1,1) , z IR )v3 (1,1,1
. 3
:B
(2
1 2
PB () (2 )(1) 2
2 1
E2 , E1
. 2 1, 1 2
:
1 2
x 2 y 0
x 2 y
x 2 y 0 z 0
y IR
z 0
E1
y (2,1,0) , y IR
2 1
2 x 2 y 0
x y
x y 0 y IR
z IR
0 z 0
. E2 y (1,1,0) z (0,0,1) , z, y IR
156
1 2
)v1 (2,1,0
)v3 (0,0,1) v2 (1,1,0

. 2 1
:C
(3
1 0
)PC () 2 (3
2 3
)v2 (1,0,1) v1 (1,1,0
. 2 3
)v2 (1,1,1
1 0
2
1 2 PD () (2 )(1) : D
(4
.
2 1
E1
x(2,1,0) , x IR
. 1 2
E2
x(1,1,0) , x IR
. 2 1
. 1 2
)v1 (2,1,0
. 2 1
)v2 (1,1,0
:E
(5
1 2
PE () (2 )(4) 2
)v1 (1,3,2
2 4
1 2 )v2 (1,0,0
. 2 4
157
2.4
A A
(1
t
PA () det( A I n )
det( A I n ) t
det At (I n ) t
(det B det B t )
( A B)
At B t
det( At I n ) PAt ()
B A (2
B P 1 AP
PB () det( B I n )
det( P 1 AP I n )
det( P 1 AP P 1 P )
det
P
( A I ) P
det P 1 ( AP P)
det P det( A I n ) det P

det( A I n ) PA ()
. det A 0
A1 (3
PA1 (
) det( A 1
In )
PA () det( A I n )
det( A AA 1 )
det A( I n A 1 )
det A det( I n A 1 )
1
() n det A detA 1 I n

158
PA () 0
detA 1 I n 0

1
PA1 0
. A1
3.4
f ( x) x
x 0
x f ( x) f 2 ( x) f f ( x) f (x) f ( x) 2 x
4
x IR / u f ( x) 0
f 0
f (u ) f f ( x) f ( x) u
. 1
x IR 4 / v x f ( x) 0
f Id n
f (v) f ( x) f f ( x)
f ( x) f ( x) 0
. 0
x E0 : f ( x) 0 x f ( x) 0 x Kerf
. Kerf E0
159
)x E1 : f ( x) x f ( x) Id IR n ( x
Kerf 0
E1 Im f
x IR : x
x f ( x)
)f ( x
n
/ u E1 , v E2
v u
E0 E1
0
IR n E0 E1
IR n Im f Kerf
E0 Kerf E1 Im f
4.4

1, x, x
f (1) 1 2 x
f ( x) 1 x x 2
f ( x 2 ) 2 x x 2
1 1 0
A
2 1 2
0 1 1
.A
160
PA () (1)(1 )(3 ) : A
A . 3 3 , 2 1 , 1 1
1 , 2 , 3
v1 , v2 , v3
v a bx cx
a, b, c IR
a
( A I )b 0
c
1 1
2 x y 0
x z (1 / 2) y
2 x 2 y 2 z 0
y IR
y 2 z 0
(a, b, c) (1,2,1) y 2 v1 (1 x) 2
. 1 1
2 1
y 0
x z
2 x 2 z 0 y 0
y 0
z IR
(a, b, c) (1,0,1) z 1 v2 1 x 2
. 2 1
3 3
2 x y 0
x z (1 / 2) y
2
x
2
y
2
z
y IR
y 2 z 0
161
v3 (1 x) 2 (a, b, c) (1,2,1) y 2
. 3 3
5.4
1 1 0
A
1 0 0
2 0 1
det A 1 0 :
A
3
PA () det( A I 3 ) 1
0 0 0
3
PA ( A) A Id 3
0 0 0
0 0 0
A3 Id 3 A(A 2 ) (A 2 ) A Id 3
A 1 A
0 1 0
A
1 1
0
0 2 1
162
1.5
4
2 0
A 3 4 12
1 2 5
PA () det( A I 3 ) (2 )(1) :
. 2, 1, 0 : A
2, 1, 0
E2 , E1 , E0
3
E0
( x, y, z ) IR / Ay
0
0
4
0
2 x 4 z 0
x
x 2 z
4 12
0
3 x 4 y 12 z 0
6 z 4 y 0
y
z
x 2 y 5 z 0
2 5
0

x 2 y 5 z 0
x 2 z
3
y z
. E0
2 z (4,3,2) / z IR
z (2, ,1) / z IR
3
2
E1
( x, y, z ) IR 3
/ ( A I 3 )y
0
163
1 0
4
0
2 x 4 z 0

3 5 12
0
3 x 5 y 12 z 0
1 2 4
0

x 2 y 4 z 0
x 4 z
12 z 5 y 12 z 0
x 2 y 4 z 0
x 4 z
y 0
E1
z (4,0,1) / z IR
3
E2
( x, y, z ) C /( A 2 I 3 )y
0
0 0
4
0
4 z 0 z 0

3 6 12
0
3 x 6 y 12 z 0
1 2 3
0

x 2 y 3 z 0
x 2 y, z 0
y IR
E2
y (2,1,0) / y IR
v2 (4,0,1) v1 (4,3,2)
2, 1, 0
v3 (2,1,0)
0 0 0
D
0 1 0
0 0 2
164
1
0
4
0
1
P 3
2
1 / 2 1 2
1 t
. D P AP
P
ComP 1
2 5
det P
3 / 2 2 6
. PA ( A) A(2 I 3 A)( A I 3 ) 0
2.5
PA () det( A I 3 ) (2 33) : A
3
3
3
3
3 i
2 i
1 0
)PA (
2
2
2
2
.A
)M 3 ( IR
) . M 3 (C
( 1 / 2 ) ( 3 / 2 ) i
( 1 / 2 ) ( 3 / 2 ) i
1 ( 1 / 2 ) ( 3 / 2 ) i
P
1 ( 1 / 2 ) ( 3 / 2 ) i
1
1
0 0 0
. D 0 1 0
0 0 2
v3
3 :
2 . v 3 v2
v2
165
3.5
4 0 2
A 0 1 0
5 1 3
1 1
PA () det( A I 3 ) (1 ) 2 (2)
2 2
1 dim E1 2 :
E1
1 1
( x, y, z ) E1 AX X
4 x 2 z x
y y
5 x y 3 z z
5 x 2 z 0
5 x 2 z y 0
2
x z , y 0
5
2
dim E1 1
E1 z
, z IR
,0,1
4.5
1 a 1
A
0 1 b
0 0 c
166
)PA () det( A I 3 ) (1 ) 2 (c
: c 1
(1
A
1
1 a 1
A
0 1 b
0 0 1
: 1
E1
x, y IR
b 0
-
E1
)x(1,0,0) y (0,1,a
E1 X ( x , y , z ) IR 3 / AX X
1 a 1
x x x ay z x

ay z 0
0 1 b
y y y 3z y
bz 0
z z z z
0
0
1
. dim E1 3
z 0 ay 0
b 0
E1 A
x(1,0,0) y (0,1,0) x, y IR
. dim E1 3
a b . IR
A
c 1
2 c
1 1 : c 1
(2
.
.1 dim E1 2 : 1 1
E1
. dim E2 1 : 2 c
E2
AX X
E1 ( x, y, z ) IR 3
167
b IR
x ay z x
ay 0
z 0
y bz y
z 0
(a 1) z 0
: a 0
y IR
:
ay 0
)X ( x, y, z ) ( x, y,0) x(1,0,0) y (0,1,0
e2
e1
dim E1 2 A
e1 e2
E1
y 0
: a 0
( x,0,0) xe1 dim E1 1
5.5
)f (e1 ) f (1,0,0) (1,2,0

)f (e2 ) f (0,1,0) (0,2,1
)f (e3 ) f (0,0,1) (0,1,0
f
1 0 0
A 2 2 1
0 1 0
PA () det( A I 3 ) (1 )(1 ) 2
1 1
2 1
E1
( A I 3 ) X 0
E1 ( x , y , z ) IR 3 /
y IR
168
y ( 2,1, 1),
: 1 1
E1
( x, y, z ) E1 ( A I 3 ) X 0
1 dim E1 2
x 0
y z
z IR
dim E 1 1
E1 z
0,1,1
, z IR
u3
)u1 (2,1,1 )u 2 (0,1,1
u3 , u 2 , u1
)u3 e1 (1,0,0
det(u1 , u 2 , u3 ) 2
f (u1 ) u1
f (u 2 ) u 2
f (u3 ) e1 2e2 u1 u 2 u3
1 0
1
T
0 1 1
0 0 1
)u3 (, ,
Au3 u3 u 2 ( A I )u3 u 2
30
0
21 1
1
IR
169
)u3 (0,0,1
1 0
0
T 0 1 1
0 0 1
2 0 0
P 1 1 0
1 1 1
1.4
6.5
1 1
0 0 0
1
D 0 1 0 . P 3 4 1
1 2 1
0 0 4
2 0 0
2 1 0
D 0 1 0 . P 1 1 0
0
0 1
0 0 1
1 1
0 0 0
1
D 0 0 0 . P 1 0 1
0 1 1
0 0 3
1
1/ 2
2 0 0
2
. P 1 1 0
T 0 1 1
0
0 1 / 2
0 0 1
170
2 0 0
1 1 0
. P 3 0 1
T 0 4 1
2 0 1
0 0 4
7.5
0 1 1
A
1 0 1
1 1 0
(1
)PA () det( A I 3 ) (1) 2 (2
2 2
1
1
E1
)x1 (1,0,1) x2 (0,1,1
x1 , x2 IR
E2
x1 (1,1,1)) x1 IR
D PAP 1
D
v1 , v2 , v3
1 0 0
1 0 1
D 0 1 0 P 0 1 1
0
0 2
1 1 1
(2
x
x
x

1
y
Ay PDP y
z

z
z
171
P 1
1
P y
DP
y
z
X
x
1
Y P y
Z
z

X 1 0 0
X X

Y0 1 0
Y Y
Z 0
Z 2 Z
0 2
X (t ) c1e t
Y (t ) c2 e t
2t
Z (t ) c3 e
c1 , c2 , c3 IR
x X

(1)
y PY
z Z

x(t ) c1e t c3e 2t
t
2t
y (t ) c2 e c3e
t
2t
z (t ) (c1 c2 )e c3e
172
c1 , c2 , c3 IR
(1) k
2 1 1
1
P 1 1 2 1
D k 0
3
1 1 1
0
A k
(3
0
0
k
(1)
0
k
0
2
2(1) k 2 k
1 k 1
k
k
1
A PD P
(1) 2 k
3 k 1
(1) 2 k
(1) k 1 2 k
2(1) k 2 k
(1) k 1 2 k
(1) k 1 2 k
k
1
k
(1) 2
2(1) k 2 k
8.5
2 1 0
A 1 0 2
0 1 2
2 1 1 2
PA () (2 )(1) 2
. u 2 (1,1,1) u1 (2,0,1)
u3 (, , )
Au3 u 2 u3 ( A I )u3 u 2
1
1
21 0
1
1
u3 (1,0,1)
2 1 1
P
0 1 0
1 1 1
173
2 0 0
T
0 1 1
0 0 1
(2)
x
x
x
x
1
y
Ay PTP y P y
TP y
z

z
z
z
z
X
x
1
Y P y
Z
z

X 2 0 0
X 2 X

0 1 1
Y Z
Y
Y
Z
Z Z
0 0 1
X (t ) k1e
Y (t ) (k 2 k 3t )e t
Z (t ) k3 e
2t
k1 , k 2 , k3 IR
2 X Y Z
x X

y PY Y
z Z X Y Z

x(t ) 2k1e (k 2 k3 k3t )e
t
y (t ) (k 2 k3t )e
2t
t
z (t ) k1e (k 2 k3 k3t )e
2t
k1 , k 2 , k3 IR
. (2)
174
T n
T 3 T 2
T n
2n
. T n 0
0 0
1 n
0 1
n IN
n IN
An PT n P 1
A PTP 1
0 1
1
P 1 0
1
0
1 1 2
2 n1 (n 1) n 2 2n 2 n1
n
A n
1 n
2n
n IN
n
n
n
2 2n 2
2 (n 1)
u n 1 u n

(3)
vn1 Avn
w w
n 1 n
u n
u
n 0
vn A v0
w
w
n
0
u n (2 n1 (n 1))u 0 nv0 (2 2n 2 n 1 ) w0
vn nu0 (1 n)v0 2nw0
n
n
wn (2 (n 1))u 0 nv0 (2 2n 2 ) w0
175
1. C. Baba-Hamed, K. Benhabib, Algbre I, Rappels

de cours et exercices avec solutions, OPU, 1992.
2. B.
Be
nz
a
gho,
I
nt
r
oduc
t
i
onl
a
lgbre linaire,
eme
(2
Edition ), OPU , 1989.
3. F. Cottet-Emard, Algbre linaire et bilinaire,
Cours et exercices corrigs, De Boeck & Larcier
s.a., 2006.
4. Da
mi
e
nEt
i
e
nne
,Exe
r
c
i
c
e
sd
a
l
g
br
el
i
n
a
i
r
eTome
1 et Tome 2, De Boeck & Larcier s.a. 2006.
5. Jean-Pi
e
r
r
eEs
c
of
i
e
r
,Tout
el
a
l
g
br
edu1re cycle
Dunod , Paris, 2002.
6. R. Labbas, L. Jolivet, Algbre linaire et
Gomtrie, Applications Mathmatiques avec
MATLAB , Lavoisier, 2005.
7. Lay, Algbre linaire : Thorie, Exercices,
Applications, De Boeck & Larcier s.a., 2004.
8. J.Leland-Ferrand , J.M Arnudies. Cours de
Mathmatique , Tome 1, Algbre, Dunod, Paris,
1977.
9. Jean-Marie Monier, Algbre MPSI, Dunod , Paris,
2003
10. Patrice Tauvel,Exe
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i
c
e
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l
g
br
el
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n
a
i
r
e
,
Dunod , Paris, 2004.
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13. J. Rivaud, Algbre linaire 2, Vuibert, 1978.
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15. M. Zitouni, : Algbre , ( 2eme Edition ), OPU ,
1991.
177

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944 1002 907 802

520 555 600 520

500 302 412 406

f (e1 ) f (1,0,0) (1,1) f1 f 2

f (e3 ) f (0,0,1) (0,1) f 2

f (e1 ) f (1,0,0) (1,1) f1

f (e3 ) f (0,0,1) (0,1) f1

v1 a11 f1 a 21 f 2 ... ai1 f i ... am1 f m

v2 a12 f1 a22 f 2 ... ai 2 f i ... a m 2 f m

vn a1n f1 a 2 n f 2 ... ain f i ... amn f m

f (e j ) a1 j f1 a2 j f 2 ... aij f i ... amj f m

. A B aij bij i 1...m, j 1...n

( f g )(e j ) (aij bij ) f i

cij aij bij

cij aij bij

. A 0 aij 0 i 1...m, j 1...n

. cij aik bkj

cij aik bkj

a41b11 a 42b21 a43b31

a11b12 a12 b22 a13b32

a21b12 a22 b22 a 23b32

a41b12 a42 b22 a 43b32

7 4 (1) 0 (8) (1) 20

f (e j ) a1 j f1 a2 j f 2 ... aij f i ... amj f m

y1 a11 x1 a12 x2 ... a1n xn

) . diag (a11 , a22 ,..., ann

f (e3 ) f1 f 2 , f (e2 ) 2 f1 , f (e1 ) f1 f 2

a11 a12 a1n

a11 (a22 a33 a21a31 ) a12 (a 21a33 a23 a31 )

a11 a 22 a33 a12 a 23 a31 a13 a 21 a 32

a13 a 22 a31 a11a 23 a32 a12 a 21a 32

det( diag (a11 , a22 ,..., ann )) a11a 22 ...ann

I n diag (1,1,1,...,1) det( I n ) 1

det( B11 ) det( A11 ) b11 a11

det( B1k ) det( A1k ) b1k a1k

a12 a1n a11 a12

b11 a11 a11

B11 A11 A11

det( B1k ) det( A1k ) det( A1

) . det( A11 ) det( A12

) det( A) a11 det( A11 ) a12 det( A12 ) 0 .( a11 a12

) det(C1 , C1 ,...Cn ) det(C1 , C 2 ,..., C n

det(C2 , C1 ,...C n ) det(C 2 , C2 ,..., Cn ) 0

det(C1 , C1 ,...Cn ) det(C2 , C2 ,..., C n ) 0

) det( A) (1) i j aij det( Aij

) det( A) (1) i j aij det( Aij

det( AB ) det( A) det( B )

) . mij (1) i j det( Aij

) Com( A) (1) i j det( Aij

) det B (V1 ,V2 ,...,Vn

) (V1 ,V2 ,...,Vn ) det B (V1 ,V2 ,...,Vn

. det B (V1 ,V2 ,...,Vn ) 0

det B (V1 ,V2 ,...,Vn ) 0

) det B (V1 ,V2 ,...,Vn ) det( kVk ,V2 ,...,Vn

) k det (Vk ,V2 ,...,Vn

k 2 det(Vk ,V2 ,...,Vn ) 0

det B (V1 ,V2 ,...,Vn ) 0

)V3 (1,1, a) , V2 (1,1,1) , V1 (1, a,1 . IR 3

.V1 ,V2 ,...,Vm

) . (V1 ,V2 ,...,Vm

V1 ,V2 ,....,Vm , em1 ,..., en

det A det N det I n m det N 0