Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
0HPDWLNDQ5RNRN
3HQJDODPDQ1\DWD.HEHUKDVLODQ'DODP0HOHSDVNDQ-HUDWDQ5RNRN
%XDK3HQD
$KPDG6DOLP%D'XODQ
3HQHUMHPDK
0XK6DHIXGGLQ0%DVUL
(GLWRU
0XKPX·LQXGGLQ0%DVUL
$KLUQ\D6D\D%HUKDVLO0HPDWLNDQ5RNRN
3HPEXNDDQ
6HJDOD SXML EDJL $OODK .LWD PRKRQ SHUWRORQJDQ GDQ DPSXQDQ
NHSDGDQ\D 'DQ NLWD EHUOLQGXQJ NHSDGD $OODK GDUL NHMDKDWDQ GLUL NLWD GDQ
GDULNHEXUXNDQDPDONLWD%DUDQJVLDSD\DQJGLEHULSHWXQMXNROHK$OODKPDND
WLGDN DGD \DQJ ELVD PHQ\HVDWNDQQ\D 'DQ EDUDQJLVDSD \DQJ 'LD VHVDWNDQ
PDND WLGDN DGD \DQJ ELVD PHQXQMXNLQ\D 6D\D EHUVDNVL WLGDN DGD ,ODK \DQJ
EHUKDNGLVHPEDKPHODLQNDQ$OODKGDQ0XKDPPDGKDPEDGDQXWXVDQ1\D
6HPRJD$OODKPHOLPSDKNDQVKRODZDWGDQVDODP\DQJEDQ\DNNHSDGDQ\D
$GDSXQVHWHODKLWX
,NKZDK ILOODK LQL DGDODK SHUFREDDQNX PHQLQJJDONDQ URNRN \DQJ WHODK
$OODKWXQMXNNDQNHSDGDNX%DJL1\DODKVHJDODSXMLDQGDQVDQMXQJDQVHVXDL
\DQJ OD\DN XQWXN1\D DWDV EDQ\DN NHEDLNDQ \DQJ 'LD WXQMXNDQ VD\D
NHSDGDQ\D 'LD WHODK PHQMDGLNDQ VD\D PHQDQJDWDVXMLDQ \DQJ PDQD 'LD
VHODPDWNDQVD\DGDULQ\DVHWHODKPHODOXLSHUWDUXQJDQSDKLW\DQJEHUODQJXQJ
NXUDQJ OHELK GXD SXOXK WDKXQ \DQJ VD\D DUXQJL GDODP PHUXVDNNDQ
NHVHKDWDQNX PHQJKDQFXUNDQ GLULNXGDQ KDUWDNX PHQ\DNLWNDQ NHOXDUJDNX
UXPDK WDQJJDNX RUDQJRUDQJ \DQJ VD\D FLQWDL GHQJDQ PHPRKRQ NHSDGD
$OODKNLUDQ\DWLGDNPHQJXMLVDODKVHRUDQJNDXPPXVOLPLQGHQJDQQ\D6HUWD
VHPRJD 'LD VHODPDWNDQ RUDQJ \DQJ WHUXML GHQJDQQ\D VHFHSDW PXQJNLQ
6HVXQJJXKQ\D'LD0DKD'HNDWODJL0HQJDEXONDQGRD
6DXGDUDNX\DQJVHGDQJWHUXMLGHQJDQURNRN
6D\D WDKX EHWXO EDKZD DQGD DNDQ PHQJDWDNDQ EDKZD DQGD WHODK
EHUXSD\DEHUNDOLNDOLXQWXNPHQLQJJDONDQQ\DQDPXQWDNEHUKDVLOMXD«'DQ
VD\DNDWDNDQNHSDGD6HVXQJJXKQ\DKDOLWXSHUQDKWHUMDGLSDGDGLULVD\DGDQ
DNDQ VD\D FHULWDNDQ SHUFREDDQNX VHFDUD ULQFL $NDQ WHWDSL \DQJ VD\D
LQJLQNDQGDULGLULDQGDDGDODKDQGDELVDVHULXVGDODPPHPEDFDVXUDWLQLGDQ
VXSD\DDQGDPHODNXNDQSHUFREDDQ\DQJWHODKVD\DODOXLGDODPPHOHZDWLIDVH
KLWDPGDULIDVHNHKLGXSDQNXVHSDQMDQJWDKXQ
$OODKODK \DQJ EHUVDNVL EDKZD VD\DPHQ\HEXWNDQ GL VLQL EXNDQ NDUHQD
PHPEDQJJDNDQ GDQ PHQRQMRONDQ NHPDNVLDWDQ $NDQ WHWDSL VD\D
PHQ\HEXWNDQQ\D VHEDJDL SXMLDQ GDQ VDQMXQJDQ NHSDGD $OODK DWDV NDUXQLD
EHVDU \DQJ WHODK 'LD OLPSDKNDQ NHSDGD VD\D GDODP PHOHSDVNDQ GLUL GDUL
URNRN6D\DVHEXWNDQULQFLDQSHUFREDDQLQLVHPRJDELVDGLDPELOIDLGDKROHK
VLDSDVDMD\DQJGLXMLGHQJDQURNRNVHKLQJJDGLWHWDSNDQEDJLQ\DKLGD\DKODOX
PHPDWLNDQ URNRN WHUDNKLU GDODP KLGXSQ\D EHUVDPDDQ GHQJDQ OHPEDUDQ
DNKLUGDULOHPEDUDQOHPEDUDQVXUDWLQL
5RNRN3HUWDPD
$KLUQ\D6D\D%HUKDVLO0HPDWLNDQ5RNRN
1\DVHEDJDLPDQD\DQJWHUMDGLSDGDSHUFREDDQNX\DQJEHUKDVLO\DQJKHQGDN
VD\DNHPXNDNDQNHPXGLDQ
6HEHOXP'DWDQJQ\D+LGD\DK
6HEHOXP $OODK \DQJ PHPLOLNL NDUXQLD PHQXQMXNLNX GDODP
PHQLQJJDONDQ URNRN VD\D EHUXEDK PHQMDGL ¶WDEXQJ DVDS EHUJHUDN· 6D\D
PHQJKLVDS URNRN GHQJDQ SHQXK WDPDN KLQJJD VD\D PHURNRN VHKDUL
PHQFDSDLEXQJNXV\DNQLEDWDQJ+LQJJDDSLWHUXVPHQ\DODGLPXOXWNX
VHMDN EDQJXQ WLGXU SDJL KDUL KLQJJD WLGXU NHPEDOL %DKNDQ NDGDQJNDGDQJ
VD\D EDQJXQ GDUL WLGXU KDQ\D XQWXN PHQ\DODNDQ URNRN NHPXGLDQ NHPEDOL
WLGXU
$GDSXQUXDQJDQGLPDQDVD\DGXGXNVDPDVDMDDSDNDKGLWHPSDWNHUMD
UXPDKDWDXGLWHPSDWNDZDQNDZDQGLSHQXKLDVDSWHEDONHWLNDVD\DEHUDGD
GLVLWXGHQJDQGLOLSXWLSHUDVDDQVWDJQDVLIXWXUHPDODVGDKDNKLWDPWHUXV
EDWXNEDWXN GLPDQD SHQJREDWDQ WLGDN ODJL ELVD PHPEHUL PDQIDDW«NHGXD
ELELU KLWDP PDWD PHUDK PXND PDVDP 7HPSDW GLPDQD VD\D WLGDN ELVD
PHURNRN GL VLWX NDUHQD VXDWX VHEDE VD\D VHJHUD WLQJJDONDQ 'DQ VD\D
WHUJHVDWHUJHVD GDODP PHQXQDLNDQ VKRODW VXSD\D VD\D NHPEDOL XQWXN
PHURNRN
3DGD EXODQ URPDGKRQ NDGDQJNDGDQJ EHUEXND GHQJDQ WHPEDNDX
VHEHOXP NXUPD /DQJNDKODQJNDK EHUDW NHWLND EHUMDODQ GDQ OXGDK
NHULQJ«EDQ\DNPLQXPWHKGDQDLUVHFDUDEHUOHELKDQ.RQGLVLPHQJHQDVNDQ
GLPDQD WLGDN PHQ\HQDQJNDQ PXVXK PDXSXQ NDZDQ 'L KDGDSDQNX WHODK
WHUWXWXS VHPXD MDODQ XQWXN PHQLQJJDONDQ URNRN VHWHODK XSD\D EHUNDOLNDOL
\DQJ JDJDO KLQJJD VDPSDLODK VD\D SDGD VLNDS PHQHULPD XQWXN WLGDN
EHUXSD\D PHQLQJJDONDQQ\D VHNDOL ODJL .HSXWXVDVDDQ WHODK EHJLWX
PHPXQFDN KLQJJDS SDGD GLULNX VDPSDLVDPSDL VD\D EHUNKD\DO NDODX VD\D
DNDQPDWLVHGDQJGLPXOXWNXWHUGDSDWURNRN
6DDW6DDW<DQJ0HQHQWXNDQ
$OODKVXEKDDQDKXZDWD·DDODD EHUILUPDQ´.DWDNDQODK
þ ûÊ ¢àÊø³ £ûÀN ó¡ÂÊèä þMôó¡MùÊ þÊ Môó¡Ê̈ø·Á úÊ÷ ¡Øüì « ¢óöÊ ÊÈè û ôß¡çÂÇ úÊÀóM¡Ê½¢¦ßÊ ¢ òë`
Â÷Äó¡§ÁÇ ÒÐ^ö Ê·Âó¡Áèäó¡ÿ
+DL KDPEDKDPED.X \DQJ PHODPSDXL EDWDV WHUKDGDS GLUL PHUHND
VHQGLUL MDQJDQODK NDPX EHUSXWXV DVD GDUL UDKPDW $OODK 6HVXQJJXKQ\D
$OODKPHQJDPSXQLGRVDGRVDVHPXDQ\D6HVXQJJXKQ\D'LDODK<DQJ0DKD
3HQJDPSXQODJL0DKD3HQ\D\DQJµ$]=XPDU
$OODKVXEKDDQDKXZDWD·DDODD EHUILUPDQ
æ ðó¡§ÁÇ ÎÔ^¡¾ËÊ Â ÷¢
óÊ þó ¾´
Ê «úôçòôÊÔ ú÷ ʾ¬ ø ó¡ ç þMôó¡Ê¾ ú÷`
$KLUQ\D6D\D%HUKDVLO0HPDWLNDQ5RNRN
+XNXP0HQJKLVDS5RNRN
6XQQDK \DQJ GLVXFLNDQ PHODUDQJ NLWD GDUL VHJDOD KDO \DQJ PHPEXDW
PDEXN GDQ VWDJQDVL VHEDJDLPDQD PHODUDQJ NLWD GDUL PHQ\LDQ\LDNDQ KDUWD
SDGD WHPSDW \DQJ WLGDN DGD PDQIDDWQ\D GLEDOLN LWX VHPXD VHEDJDL NDVLK
VD\DQJGDQNHEDLNDQNHSDGDNLWD
$KLUQ\D6D\D%HUKDVLO0HPDWLNDQ5RNRN
VHJDOD \DQJ EDLN GDQ PHQJKDUDPNDQ EDJL PHUHND VHJDOD \DQJ EXUXNµ $O
$·UDI
%DX URNRN PHQ\DNLWL RUDQJ \DQJ WLGDN PHURNRN EDKNDQ PHQ\DNLWL
PDODLNDW\DQJPXOLD
6HVXQJJXKQ\D PHPEHODQMDNDQ KDUWD SDGD URNRN PHUXSDNDQ EHUOHELK
OHELKDQ GDQ WDEG]LU SHQJKDPEXUDQ VHGDQJ $OODK WLGDN PHQ\XNDL RUDQJ
RUDQJ \DQJ EHUOHELKOHELKDQ $OODKVXEKDDQDKX ZD WD·DDODD EHUILUPDQ ´'DQ
MDQJDQODK NDPX PHQJKDPEXUKDPEXUNDQ KDUWDPX VHFDUD ERURV
6HVXQJJXKQ\D SHPERURVSHPERURV LWX DGDODK VDXGDUDVDXGDUD V\HWDQ GDQ
V\DLWDQLWXDGDODKVDQJDWLQJNDUNHSDGD5REQ\Dµ$O,VUD·
/DSRUDQ1\DWD6HFDUD6LQJNDW
-XPODK RUDQJRUDQJ \DQJ PHQLQJJDO VHWLDS WDKXQ GLDNLEDWNDQ URNRN
PHQFDSDLMXWDRUDQJGLVHOXUXKGXQLD$UWLQ\DGDULWRWDOMXPODKRUDQJ
\DQJ PHQLQJJDO WLDS WDKXQ 6HPHQWDUD RUJDQLVDVL NHVHKDWDQ GXQLD :+2
PHQJDORNDVLNDQVDMDGDULDQJJDUDQQ\DXQWXNSHQDQJJXODQJDQURNRN
3HQHOLWLDQ GDQ SHQJNDMLDQ PHPEXNWLNDQ EDKZD URNRN EHUWDQJJXQJ
MDZDEDWDVVHNLWDUGDULVHOXUXKNRQGLVLSHQ\DNLWMDQWXQJGHPLNLDQSXOD
NDQJNHUSDUXSDUXGDQVHMXPODKPDFDPNDQJNHUODLQ
7HUEXNWL VHFDUD LOPL\DK EDKZD URNRN PHUXSDNDQ WHUPLQDO SHUWDPD
NHSDGDMDODQKHURLQGLPDQDGLGDSDWLGDULSDUDSHFDQGXKHURLQPHUHND
PHURNRNVHFDUDEHUOHELKDQ
3HQHOLWLDQ PHQHWDSNDQ EDKZD GL VDQD WHUGDSDW PDWHUL KDVLO GDUL
SURVHVSHPEDNDUDQWHPEDNDXGDQPDWHULPDWHUL\DQJPHQXWXSLQ\D
3DUD SHURNRN OHELK EDQ\DN WHUMDQJNLW SHQ\DNLW SDUXSDUX EDVDK GDQ
UDGDQJSDUXSDUX
6HVXQJJXKQ\D URNRN PHQ\HEDENDQ WHUVHQGDWQ\D UDGDQJ XGDUD VHFDUD
PHQDKXQ
3HQXWXS
$GDSXQVHWHODKLWX
6DXGDUDNX\DQJVHGDQJWHUXMLGHQJDQURNRN
6HVXQJJXKQ\DLQLPHUXSDNDQDMDNDQ\DQJMXMXUGDULKDWLNHKDWLVXSD\D
DQGDPHQLQJJDONDQURNRN«
$QGDDNDQPHQJDWDNDQEDKZDDQGDWHODKEHUNDOLNDOLPHODNXNDQXSD\D
DNDQWHWDSLSDGDNDOLLQL
-DQJDQODKDQGDPHQLQJJDONDQURNRNGHPLNHVHKDWDQ
-DQJDQODKDQGDPHQLQJJDONDQURNRNGHPLPDV\DUDNDWGDQPDQXVLD
-DQJDQODKDQGDPHQLQJJDONDQURNRNGHPLPHQMDJDKDUWDDQGD
1DPXQ WLQJJDONDQODK URNRN VHPDWD NDUHQD $OODK QLVFD\D $OODK DNDQ
PHPEDQWXDQGDGDODPPHQLQJJDONDQQ\D
$KLUQ\D6D\D%HUKDVLO0HPDWLNDQ5RNRN