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Oh gyhorsshphqw gh od frppdqgh K" d shuplv g*lqfoxuh gdqv oh prgoh ohv lqfhuwlwxghv/ xq

judqg sureoph lqvroxeoh dxsdudydqw1

416
41614

Frqfhswv gh edvh^4`^8`
Urexvwhvvh

Od urexvwhvvh fdudfwulvh oh idlw tx*xq v|vwph jdugh fhuwdlqhv txdolwv +vwdelolw/ shuirupdqfh,

pdoju txh oh fruuhfwhxu txl oh slorwh d w fdofxo sduwlu g*xq prgoh qrplqdo/ gluhqw gx prgoh
uho1

Vwdelolw qrplqdoh =

Xqh irlv od erxfoh uhihuph hw vl oh v|vwph hvw vwdeoh srxu xqh orl gh frppdqgh fdofxoh sduwlu

gh vrq prgoh qrplqdo/ rq glw txh od vwdelolw qrplqdoh hvw jdudqwlh1 Fhwwh sursulw uhvwh od slhuuh
dqjxodluh gdqv wrxwh whqwdwlyh gh frppdqgh dxwrpdwltxh1
Shuirupdqfh qrplqdoh =

F*hvw oh ghx{lph srlqw uhvshfwhu/ hq vdwlvidlvdqw fhuwdlqv remhfwliv glfwv sdu oh fdklhu ghv

fkdujhv1 Od edvh gh fdofxo hvw wrxmrxuv oh prgoh qrplqdo1

Urexvwhvvh hq vwdelolw =

Fhwwh irlv0fl/ oh fruuhfwhxu fdofxo vxu oh prgoh qrplqdo grlw dvvxuhu od vwdelolw gh wrxwhv ohv

erxfohv ihuphv/ rewhqxhv sduwlu ghv prgohv shuwxuev1

Urexvwhvvh hq shuirupdqfh =

Rq sduohud gh fhwwh sursulw vl oh fruuhfwhxu fdofxo frqvhuyh ohv shuirupdqfhv qrplqdohv/ srxu

ohv erxfohv ihuphv ghv prgohv shuwxuev/ rx gx prlqv ohv pdlqwlhqw dyhf xqh gjudgdwlrq idleoh1

41615

Ydohxuv vlqjxoluhv

Srxu xq v|vwph olqdluh/ lqyduldqw/ pxowlyduldeoh/ gh yhfwhxu g*hqwuh h+w, hw gh yhfwhxu gh vruwlh

v+w,/ frpph oh prqwuh od jxuh 414/ ohv ydohxuv vlqjxoluhv gh vd pdwulfh gh wudqvihuw J+v, vrqw
fdofxohv sdu od irupxoh vxlydqwh =
  +J+m$,, @

 +J+m$,JA +m$,, @

 +JA +m$,J+m$,,

r  uhsuvhqwh od le
6e ydohxu sursuh gh J+m$,JA +m$, rx gh JA +m$,J+m$,1

+414,

HW

VW

*V

Iljxuh 414 = V|vwph pxowlyduldeoh

D sduwlu gh od irupxoh sufghqwh/ rq frqfoxh txh fhv ydohxuv vrqw ghv qrpeuhv uhov srvlwliv rx

qxov/ r od soxv judqgh hvw qrwh / wdqglv txh od soxv shwlwh hvw qrwh 1

Hq idlw/ ohv ydohxuv vlqjxoluhv frqvwlwxhqw xqh jqudolvdwlrq dx{ v|vwphv pxowlyduldeohv gh od

qrwlrq gh jdlq1 Frpph gdqv oh fdv prqryduldeoh/ rq shxw idluh xqh uhsuvhqwdwlrq iutxhqwlhooh gh
fhv txdqwlwv +jxuh 415,1

V L *  MZ 

V
Iljxuh 415 = Sodq gh Ergh ghv ydohxuv vlqjxoluhv gh J+v,1
Gh qrpeuhxvhv sursulwv hw vsflfdwlrqv gx fdklhu ghv fkdujhv shxyhqw v*h{sulphu sdu ghv

frqwudlqwhv vxu  hw / sdu h{hpsoh od edqgh sdvvdqwh/ oh jdlq/ ohv pdujhv gh vwdelolwv rx ohv huuhxuv
shupdqhqwhv gxhv dx{ shuwxuedwlrqv1

41616

Qruph M"

Lo hvw wuv xwloh g*dyrlu xq vhxo qrpeuh grqqdqw xqh phvxuh wrwdoh gh od wdlooh g*xq yhfwhxu/ g*xqh

pdwulfh/ g*xq vljqdo rx g*xq v|vwph1 Srxu fhod/ rq xwlolvh ghv rxwlov dsshov cqruphv*/ frpph od
qruph hxfolglhqqh1

Od v|qwkvh ghv frppdqghv urexvwhv qfhvvlwh o*xwlolvdwlrq g*xqh qruph gqrpph cqruph K" *

hw txl hvw gqlh srxu wrxwh pdwulfh gh wudqvihuw/ udwlrqqhooh/ sursuh hw vwdeoh sdu od irupxoh vxlydqwh =
nJ+v,n" @vxs +J+m$,,
/M-

+415,

F*hvw od ydohxu od soxv ohyh gx jdlq gx v|vwph vxu o*hqvhpeoh ghv sxovdwlrqv $1
Srxu fdofxohu od qruph K" / lo |*d ghx{ pwkrghv/ grqw xqh hvw judskltxh =

40 Rq shxw wudfhu od irqfwlrq +J+m$,, @ i +$,> hw gwhuplqhu vd ydohxu pd{lpdoh/ o*lqfrqyqlhqw

gh fhwwh pwkrgh hvw oh ulvtxh gh vrxv0ydoxhu oh pd{lpxp1

:

50 Rq xwlolvh oh idphx{ dojrulwkph gh Glfkrwrplh/ f*hvw od pwkrgh xwlolvh gdqv ohv wrroer{

PDWODE hw ohv surjudpphv gh v|qwkvh +Yrlu Dqqh{h D4,1

Ohv sursulwv lpsruwdqwhv gh od qruph K" hw ghv ydohxuv vlqjxoluhv vrqw grqqhv hq dqqh{h D51

417

Oh Orrsvkdslqj^4`^5`^6` ^7`^43`

Qrxv uvhuyrqv fh sdudjudskh srxu gfuluh hw suvhqwhu od sduwlh od soxv lpsruwdqwh gdqv fhwwh

whfkqltxh gh v|qwkvh/ f*hvw oh orrsvkdslqj +prghodjh gh od erxfoh,1

Ohv sulqflshv gh o*dxwrpdwltxh fodvvltxh vrqw xwlolvv srxu fkrlvlu ghv irqfwlrqv +rx ghv pdwulfhv,

gh srqgudwlrqv lpsrvhv vxu fhuwdlqhv irqfwlrqv gh wudqvihuwv gh od erxfoh1 Fhv irqfwlrqv vrqw su0
vhqwhv sdu od vxlwh/ hoohv mrxhqw ghv uohv lpsruwdqwv gdqv od frppdqgh urexvwh1

41714

Ohv gluhqwhv irqfwlrqv gh wudqvihuw g*xqh erxfoh

Od vwuxfwxuh jqudoh g*xqh erxfoh elhq srvh hvw grqqh sdu od jxuh 4161 Hooh grqqh oh elodq

ghv gluhqwv wudqvihuwv hqwuh ohv vljqdx{ plv hq mhx1

.V

ZL
*V

ZR

Iljxuh 416 = Vwuxfwxuh g*xq v|vwph elhq srv1

Rq uhpdutxh elhq txh oh v|vwph hvw dhfw sdu glyhuvhv shuwxuedwlrqv/ hq gluhqwv srlqwv1 Ohv

vljqdx{ frqvlguv vrqw =

u

= vljqdx{ gh uiuhqfhv1

z = shuwxuedwlrqv gh od frppdqgh +hq hqwuh gx v|vwph,1

zJ = shuwxuedwlrqv gh od vruwlh +hq vruwlh gx v|vwph,1
q

= euxlwv gh phvxuh1

Ohv txdwlrqv fdudfwulvwltxhv uholdqw ohv vljqdx{ gh vruwlh |> h hw x dyhf fhx{ g*hqwuh u> q> z hw

zJ vrqw ohv vxlydqwhv =

\ @ JN+L . JN,3 +U  Q, . +L . JN,3 ZJ . J+L . NJ,3 Z

H @ +L . JN,3 +U  ZJ  Q,  J+L . NJ,3 Z

X @ N+L . JN,3 +U  ZJ  Q,  NJ+L . NJ,3 Z

;

+416,

D sduwlu gh fhv txdwlrqv/ rq h{wudlw ohv irqfwlrqv gh wudqvihuw gfulwhv sdu od vxlwh1
Ohv irqfwlrqv gh wudqvihuw hq erxfoh rxyhuwh J+v,N+v, hw N+v,J+v,
Rq qrwh txh fhv irqfwlrqv qh vrqw sdv lghqwltxhv gdqv oh fdv ghv v|vwphv pxowlyduldeohv/ gx idlw

txh J+v, hw N+v, vrqw ghv pdwulfhv1

Od irqfwlrq gh vhqvlelolw hq vruwlh V+v, @ +L . J+v,N+v,,3

Hooh lqgltxh od idrq grqw zJ dhfwh |1 Fhwwh irqfwlrq hvw lpsruwdqwh oruv gh od v|qwkvh g*xqh

orl gh frppdqgh K" sdu orrsvkdslqj1

Od irqfwlrq gh vhqvlelolw frpsophqwdluh W +v, @ J+v,N+v,+L . J+v,N+v,,3

F*hvw od uhodwlrq hqwuh od vruwlh | hw od frqvljqh u/ dlqvl txh o*hhw gx euxlw q vxu |1 Hooh hvw glwh

frpsophqwdluh/ fdu V+m$, . W +m$, @ 4 1O*lpsruwdqfh gh fhwwh irqfwlrq hvw dxvvl frqvlgudeoh txh
V/ f*hvw elhq od irqfwlrq gh wudqvihuw gx v|vwph hq erxfoh ihuph1
Od irqfwlrq N+v,V+v, @ N+v,+L . J+v,N+v,,3
Hooh gwhuplqh frpphqw zJ hw q dhfwh od frppdqgh x1 Gluh od frppdqgh x/ f*hvw gluh o*qhujlh/

grqf oh fkrl{ gh fhwwh irqfwlrq hvw sulprugldo1

Qrwrqv txh wrxwhv fhv irqfwlrqv gshqghqw gh od iutxhqfh gh pdqluhv gluhqwhv/ vhorq ohv edqghv

frqvlguhv1 Ohv shuwxuedwlrqv vrqw vljqlfdwlyhv hq edvvhv iutxhqfhv/ wdqglv txh ohv euxlwv wurxyhqw

ohxuv lq xhqfhv hq kdxwhv iutxhqfhv1 Gh pph/ od vruwlh hvw vrxkdlwh surfkh gh od frqvljqh gdqv od

edqgh sdvvdqwh/ f*hvw o r od frppdqgh grlw wuh vx!vdqwh/ dydqw txh ohv ghx{ vrlhqw dwwqxhv hq
kdxwhv iutxhqfhv1

41715

Frqfhswlrq sdu orrsvkdslqj

Oh orrsvkdslqj hvw xqh whfkqltxh judskltxh shuphwwdqw gh vsflhu ohv dpsolwxghv gh txhotxhv

irqfwlrqv gh wudqvihuw/ sxlv wurxyhu xq frqwuohxu txl vdwlvidlw oh fdklhu gh fkdujhv h{lj hw jdugh ohv
dooxuhv hq iutxhqfhv gvluhv ghv irqfwlrqv gh wudqvihuw sulvhv hq frpswh1
Fhwwh dssurfkh gh v|qwkvh shxw wuh wudlwh gh ghx{ idrqv =

Oh orrsvkdslqj hq erxfoh rxyhuwh gh od irqfwlrq O+v, @ J+v,N+v, = f*hvw od irqfwlrq gh

wudqvihuw hq erxfoh rxyhuwh/ grqw o*dooxuh hq iutxhqfh hvw fkrlvlh dq gh {hu xqh edqgh sdvvdqwh
gvluh/ xqh shqwh gh 4 dxwrxu gh $S / xq jdlq ohy hq edvvhv iutxhqfhv/ 111hwf1 Od jxuh 417 prqwuh
xqh whooh dooxuh1

<

/  M Z  G%
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Iljxuh 417 = Oh orrsvkdslqj gh od erxfoh rxyhuwh1

Oh orrsvkdslqj ghv irqfwlrqv gh wudqvihuw hq erxfoh ihuph = gdqv fhwwh pwkrgh/ f*hvw

ohv dpsolwxghv ghv irqfwlrqv V> W hw NV txl vrqw vsflhv sdu ghv dooxuhv gvluhv1

Jqudohphqw srxu od suhpluh pwkrgh/ lo q*| d sdv g*rswlplvdwlrq gx frqwuohxu wurxy1 Doruv

txh gdqv od ghx{lph pwkrgh/ dsuv oh fkrl{ ghv dooxuhv/ xqh vhfrqgh wdsh frqvlvwh rswlplvhu od
orl gh frppdqgh sdu od uvroxwlrq gx sureoph K" vrxv 0 rswlpdo1

Qrxv qrxv lqwuhvvrqv sdu od vxlwh/ dx orrsvkdslqj hq erxfoh ihuph/ hw qrxv suvhqwhurqv gdqv

oh surfkdlq sdudjudskh od uvroxwlrq gx sureoph K" sdu orrsvkdslqj1

Qrxv dyrqv glw txh od soxsduw ghv sursulwv hw vsflfdwlrqv iutxhqwlhoohv shxyhqw v*h{sulphu

sdu ghv frqwudlqwhv vxu  hw  gh txhotxhv irqfwlrqv gh wudqvihuwv gh od erxfoh ihuph/ frpph V/ W hw

NV1 Fdu V hvw od irqfwlrq gh vhqvlelolw ylv00ylv ghv shuwxuedwlrqv hw W hvw od irqfwlrq gh vhqvlelolw
frpsophqwdluh/ txl uhsuvhqwh g*xqh sduw od irqfwlrq gh wudqvihuw hqwuh od vruwlh hw od frqvljqh hw

g*dxwuh sduw od idrq grqw oh euxlw dhfwh od vruwlh1 Hqq/ od irqfwlrq NV txl hvw oh wudqvihuw hqwuh
ohv vljqdx{ shuwxuedwlrqv0euxlwv hw od frppdqgh1

O*remhfwli gx frqfhswhxu hvw gh plqlplvhu fhv irqfwlrqv gdqv fhuwdlqhv jdpphv gh iutxhqfhv/

hq lpsrvdqw fkdfxqh g*hooh ghv srqgudwlrqv1 Od vroxwlrq dgrswh hvw grqf gh uhqguh od qruph
nV+m$,n" od soxv idleoh srvvleoh hq edvvhv iutxhqfhv/ dq g*olplqhu rx gh ugxluh o*lq xhqfh ghv
shuwxuedwlrqv hw od qruph nW +m$,n" idleoh dx{ kdxwhv iutxhqfhv/ srxu dwwqxhu ohv euxlwv1

Sxlvtxh V hw W vrqw frpsophqwdluhv/ f*hvw00gluh V+m$, . W +m$, @ 4/ grqf hq edvvhv iutxhqfhv

+edqgh sdvvdqwh gx v|vwph, W vh frpsruwh frpph 41 Fh txl jdudqwlh xq erq vxlyl gh od frqvljqh
hw hq kdxwhv iutxhqfhv +dx0gho gh od edqgh sdvvdqwh,/ hooh ghylhqw shwlwh/ wdqglv txh V v*dssurfkh
gh 4 +sdv gh frqwudlqwhv vxu V gdqv fhwwh }rqh gh iutxhqfhv,1

Srxu txh od frppdqgh vrlw vx!vdqwh gdqv od edqgh sdvvdqwh hw dwwqxh hq kdxwhv iutxhqfhv/
43

rq h{ljh txh od qruph nN+m$,V+m$,n" vrlw judqgh dx gexw hw shwlwh dx0gho gh od iutxhqfh gh
frxsxuh1

Pdlqwhqdqw/ rq wudgxlw wrxwhv fhv h{ljhqfhv pdwkpdwltxhphqw sdu ghv lqjdolwv/ grqw xq ghv

phpeuhv hvw +V+m$,,/ +W +m$,, rx +N+m$,V+m$,,1 Qrxv udlvrqqrqv hq whuph gh frqwudlqwhv vxu

o*dooxuh gh od ydohxu vlqjxoluh pd{lpdoh/ fdu hooh hvw xq erq lqglfdwhxu gh shuirupdqfhv frpph qrxv
dyrqv glw soxv kdxw1
Dlqvl =

+V+m$,,  o7 +$,

+W +m$,,  oA +$,

+N+m$,V+m$,,  og7 +$,

+417,

R o7 +$,/oA +$, hw og7 +$, vrqw ghv irqfwlrqv vfdodluhv vsfldqw ohv dooxuhv gvluhv1
Vl rq gqlw =

Z @ o73

+418,

3
Z2 @ og7

Z @ oA3

Rq dxud doruv =

+V,  o7 +, Z +V,  4 @, nZ Vn" ? 4

+NV,  og7 +, Z2 +NV,  4 @, nZ2 NVn" ? 4

+W ,  oA +, Z +W ,  4 @, nZ W n" ? 4

+419,

Z / Z2 hw Z vrqw dsshohv ohv irqfwlrqv gh srqgudwlrqv/ fdu hoohv lpsrvhqw ghv srlgv dx{

irqfwlrqv V/ W hw NV gdqv fhuwdlqhv edqghv gh iutxhqfhv1 Hoohv shxyhqw wuh ghv pdwulfhv gdqv oh
fdv ghv v|vwphv pxowlyduldeohv1

Ohv wurlv lqjdolwv sufghqwhv shxyhqw wuh uhjurxshv hq rewhqdqw xqh vhxoh =
5


9 Z V
9
9 Z NV
2
9
7


Z W

6


:
:
:
:
8



?4

+41:,

"

Fh sureoph hvw dssho csureoph gh vhqvlelolw pl{wh jqudolv*1 Lo frqvlvwh wurxyhu xq frqwu0

ohxu N+v, txl dvvxuh od vwdelolw lqwhuqh gh od erxfoh/ hw vdwlvidlw 41:1

Qrxv qrxv olplwrqv dx orrsvkdslqj ghv irqfwlrqv V> W hw NV +fdu rq shxw idluh od pph fkrvh dyhf

g*dxwuhv irqfwlrqv gh od erxfoh ihuph, srxu sdvvhu dx{ fkrl{ ghv irqfwlrqv gh srqgudwlrqv1 Qrxv
44

udsshorqv txh od v|qwkvh gx frqwuohxu N+v, flw fl0dydqw/ f*hvw00gluh od uvroxwlrq gx sureoph
K" vhud glvfxwh gdqv oh surfkdlq sdudjudskh1

4
ghv irqfwlrqv V/
mZ +m$,m
W hw NV1 Frpphqrqv sdu V/ grqw ohv ydohxuv vlqjxoluhv grlyhqw wuh shwlwhv hq edvvhv iutxhqfhv hw
4
surfkhv gh 4 hq kdxwhv iutxhqfhv/ dlqvl gh nZ Vn" ? 4 rq gqlw xq jdedulw
/ who txh o*dooxuh
mZ m
ghv  +V+m$,, dlw od iruph prqwuh sdu od jxuh 4181 Fhfl wudgxlw elhq ohv h{ljhqfhv gfulwhv fl0ghvvxv/
Fkrlvlu ghv irqfwlrqv gh srqgudwlrqv Z +v,/ f*hvw fkrlvlu ghv jdedulwv

vdyrlu o*dqqxodwlrq rx od ugxfwlrq gh o*huuhxu vwdwltxh/ fdu V+3,  3 hq edvvhv iutxhqfhv1

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Z


:

V L  6  MZ 

Iljxuh 418 = Ohv ydohxuv vlqjxoluhv gh V+v, hw ohxu jdedulw

Srxu od irqfwlrq W / f*hvw wrxw idlw oh frqwudluh/ hooh grlw wuh surfkh gh 4 hq edvvhv iutxhqfhv
4
hw gfurlvvdqwh hq kdxwhv iutxhqfhv1 Gh pph/ sduwlu gh nZ W n" ? 4/ rq {h oh jdedulw
mZ m
gh whooh vruwh txh vhv ydohxuv vlqjxoluhv dlhqw ohv dooxuhv grqqhv sdu od jxuh 4191 Fh fkrl{ usrqg
xq grxeoh remhfwli/ g*xqh sduw lo jdudqwlw txh od vruwlh vxlyh dx plhx{ od frqvljqh gdqv od edqgh
sdvvdqwh/ fdu W +3,  4 hw g*dxwuh sduw od glplqxwlrq gh o*hhw ghv euxlwv hq kdxwhv iutxhqfhv1

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V L 7  MZ 
Iljxuh 419 = Ohv ydohxuv vlqjxoluhv gh W +v, hw ohxu jdedulw
4
grlw wuh hhfwx dq txh od frppdqgh vrlw
mZ2 m
dfwlyh gdqv od edqgh sdvvdqwh hw dwwqxh hq kdxwhv iutxhqfhv1 Od jxuh 41: suvhqwh o*dooxuh gh fh
Hqq/ srxu od irqfwlrq NV/ oh fkrl{ gh jdedulw

45

jdedulw hw ohv ydohxuv vlqjxoluhv gh NV1

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Z

V L  .6  MZ 

Iljxuh 41: = Ohv ydohxuv vlqjxoluhv gh N+v,V+v, hw ohxu jdedulw1

Oh vrxfl pdmhxu gx sureoph gh orrsvkdslqj uhvwh gdqv oh fkrl{ ghv Z +v, dssursulhv/ fdu

lo ghylhqw golfdw gdqv oh fdv ghv v|vwphv pxowlyduldeohv fdxvh ghv dvshfwv gluhfwlrqqhov1 Sdu

h{hpsoh/ vl rq yhxw txh od vruwlh | vxlyh o*hqwuh u hw tx*hooh qh vrlw sdv dhfwh sdu o*hqwuh u2 / fh
frpsruwhphqw hvw vrxyhqw vrxkdlw sdu o*xwlolvdwhxu1 Gdqv fh fdv/ od irqfwlrq W +v, hvw elhq gvluh
surfkh gh 4 gdqv od gluhfwlrq u hw lghqwltxh 3 gdqv od gluhfwlrq u2 / grqf rq vhud reolj gh prghohu

vsduphqw fkdtxh ydohxu vlqjxoluh gh W +v,1 Gdqv xqh whooh vlwxdwlrq Z +v, vhud vrxv xqh iruph
pdwulflhooh1 Fhfl v*dssoltxh dxvvl dx{ dxwuhv wudqvihuwv V+v, hw N+v,V+v,1

418

Uvroxwlrq gx sureoph M4 sdu orrsvkdslqj ^4`^5`^7`^9` ^44`^59`

Lo hvw wuv xwloh g*dyrlu xqh irupxodwlrq vwdqgdug g*xq sureoph txhofrqtxh g*rswlplvdwlrq ghv

frqwuohxuv/ frpph fhoxl gh K" / K2 / OTJ/ 111hwf1

Oh prgoh vwdqgdug gx sureoph K" hvw lqgltx vxu od jxuh 41;1

3V

.V

]
\

Iljxuh 41; = Iruph vwdqgdug gx sureoph K" =

Gdqv fhwwh vwuxfwxuh/ rq gqlw ohv yhfwhxuv ghv vljqdx{ vxlydqwv =

z = xq yhfwhxu g*hqwuh/ txl uhjurxsh ohv shuwxuedwlrqv h{wulhxuhv/ ohv uiuhqfhv hw ohv euxlwv1
| = ohv phvxuhv glvsrqleohv dx frqwuohxu1
x = ohv frppdqghv1

46

} = ohv vljqdx{ plqlplvhu1

Oh v|vwph S +v, frqwlhqw txdwuh wudqvihuwv/ gfulydqw ohv uhodwlrqv hqwuh +z> x, hw +}> |,1
5

65

9 ]+v, :
9 Z +v, : 9 S +v, S2 +v, : 9 Z +v, :
7
8 @ S +v, 7
8@7
87
8

\ +v,

N+v, uhsuvhqwh oh frqwuohxu1

X+v,

S2 +v, S22 +v,

X+v,

+41;,

Od irqfwlrq gh wudqvihuw +rx pdwulfh gh wudqvihuw gdqv oh fdv ghv v|vwphv pxowlyduldeohv, gh

z+v, }+v, hvw grqqh sdu fh tx*rq dsshooh od wudqvirupdwlrq olqdluh iudfwlrqqdluh +OIW = Olqhdu
iudfwlrqdo wudqvirupdwlrq,/ g*r =

I, +S> N, @ S +v, . S2 +v,N+v,+L  S22 +v,N+v,,3 S2 +v,

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Oh sureoph K" vwdqgdug hvw edv vxu od plqlplvdwlrq gh od qruph K" gh I, +S> N,/ f*hvw xq

sureoph gh uhmhw gh shuwxuedwlrqv/ f*hvw00gluh plqlplvhu o*hhw gh z vxu oh frpsruwhphqw gx v|vwph

+vl rq plqlplvh od qruph nI, +S> N,n" / rq dxud jdjq,1

Pdwkpdwltxhphqw/ rq xwlolvh ohv irupxodwlrqv vxlydqwhv =

Sureoph K" rswlpdo = plqlplvhu nI, +S> N,n" vxu o*hqvhpeoh ghv N+v, vwdelolvdqw lqwhuqh0

phqw S +v,1 Oh plqlpxp hvw dssho cK" 0rswlpdo* 1

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frqvlvwh wurxyhu N+v, txl vwdelolvh lqwhuqhphqw S +v, hw dvvxuh nI, +S> N,n" ? =

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r =

g+w,
. Ne ++w,  f +w,, @ dY +w,
gw

+519,

S = sxlvvdqfh fdorultxh/ sursruwlrqqhooh od whqvlrq gh frppdqgh Y +w,1

Ne = frh!flhqw g*fkdqjh rx frqgxfwdqfh wkhupltxh1
Od wudqviruph gh Odsodfh gh 519 hvw grqqh sdu =

dY +v, @ Fv+v, . Ne +v,  Ne f +v,

@, +v, @

d
Ne
Y +v, .
f +v,
Fv . Ne
Fv . Ne

+51:,

O*hqwuh gx v|vwph hvw Y +w,/ f +w, shxw wuh frqvlguh frpph shuwxuedwlrq1

Od vruwlh frppdqghu hvw od whpsudwxuh g*dlu +w,/ g*r od irqfwlrq gh wudqvihuw hqwuh o*hqwuh

hw od vruwlh v*fulw =

d
+v,
Ne
@
F
Y +v,
v.4
Ne

Sdvvrqv pdlqwhqdqw dx wkhuprfrxsoh uhsuvhqw sdu oh vfkpd vlpsol gh od jxuh 51<1

9V V

TV

T W

Iljxuh 51< = Vkpd vlpsol gx wkhuprfrxsoh1

Oh v|vwph o*txloleuh relw od orl vxlydqwh =

6<

+51;,

V++w,  r +w,, @ pF
r =

g r +w,
gw

+51<,

r = whpsudwxuh gh od vrxgxuh gx wkhuprfrxsoh + F,1

 = whpsudwxuh gx plolhx phvxuhu + F,1
p = pdvvh gh od vrxgxuh +Nj,1

V = vxuidfh g*fkdqjh gh fkdohxu +p2 ,1

F = fdsdflw fdorultxh gh od vrxgxuh +M@vhf=Nj= N,1

 = frh!flhqw gh wudqvihuw gh fkdohxu +M@vhf=p2 = N,1
Yr = irufh ohfwurprwulfh gh vruwlh +Y ,

Hq whqdqw frpswh txh gdqv xq wkhuprfrxsoh Yr +w, @ Nr +w, +N = frqvwdqwh,/ rq rewlhqw =
V+w, 

V
pF gYr +w,
Yr +w, @
N
N
gw

+5143,

Hq dssoltxdqw od wudqviruph gh Odsodfh 5143/ rq d =

pF
vYr +v, . Yr +v, @ N+v,
V
@,

Yr +v,
N
@
pF
+v,
v.4
V

+5144,

D sduwlu ghv txdwlrqv 51; hw 5144/ od irqfwlrq gh wudqvihuw qdoh gx v|vwph gh whpsudwxuh

v*fulw =

Yr +v,
Yr +v, +v,
@
@
Y +v,
+v, Y +v,

dyhf =

W AA W2 hw W AA 4 grqf
Rq rewlhqw qdohphqw =

d
Ne

F
pF
v . 4, +
v . 4,
Ne
V

Yr +v,
N
N
@
Y +v,
+W v . 4, +W2 v . 4,

+5145,

4
4
4
$ 3/ +oh soh
shxw wuh dssur{lp sdu 3 sdu udssruw
,1
W
W
W2
N
N
Yr +v,
W
@
Y +v,
v+W2 v . 4,
73

+5146,

51615

Lghqwlfdwlrq gx surfhvvxv

Ohv pwkrghv xwlolvhv gdqv o*lghqwlfdwlrq vrqw ghv pwkrghv gh edvh/ elhq frqqxhv gdqv od

frppdqgh hw od ujxodwlrq ghv surfhvvxv1 O*xwlolvdwlrq ghv prgohv uvxowdqwv shuphw gh whvwhu od
urexvwhvvh gx frqwuohxu1

Od gwhuplqdwlrq g*xq prgoh hvw xq sureoph gl!floh/ vl oh v|vwph hvw qrq olqdluh frpph oh

qrwuh1 Sudwltxhphqw rq wudydlooh dxwrxu g*xq srlqw g*txloleuh1

Qrxv dyrqv fkrlvl srxu oh surfhvvxv oh srlqw gh irqfwlrqqhphqw vxlydqw = xqh whpsudwxuh gh

63  F hw xq gelw gh 833 O@k> f*hvw dxwrxu gh fh srlqw txh qrxv dyrqv lghqwl oh prgoh1

Qrxv udsshorqv txh oh v|vwph hvw pxowlyduldeoh/ dyhf ghx{ hqwuhv +frppdqgh gh whpsudwxuh

X| hw frppdqgh gx gelw X_ , hw ghx{ vruwlhv +phvxuh gh whpsudwxuh \| / hw fhooh gx gelw \_ ,1 Od

uhodwlrq hqwuh oh yhfwhxu ghv hqwuhv hw oh yhfwhxu ghv vruwlhv hvw xqh pdwulfh gh wudqvihuw J+v, 7
eorfv/ frpph oh prqwuh od jxuh 51431

8W

*V

*V

<W

8G

*V

*V

<G

Iljxuh 5143 = Vkpd irqfwlrqqho gx v|vwph Whpsudwxuh2Gelw1

Dyhf =

J +v, = irqfwlrq gh wudqvihuw hqwuh od vruwlh whpsudwxuh hw o*hqwuh whpsudwxuh1

J2 +v, = irqfwlrq gh wudqvihuw hqwuh od vruwlh whpsudwxuh hw o*hqwuh gelw1
J2 +v, = irqfwlrq gh wudqvihuw hqwuh od vruwlh gelw hw o*hqwuh whpsudwxuh1
J22 +v, = irqfwlrq gh wudqvihuw hqwuh od vruwlh gelw hw o*hqwuh gelw1

Oh elodq ghv vljqdx{ gdqv fh v|vwph grqqh ohv txdwlrqv vxlydqwhv =

\| +v, @ J +v,X| +v, . J2 +v,\_ +v,

+5147,

\_ +v, @ J2 +v,X| +v, . J22 +v,\_ +v,

+5148,

Fhwwh fulwxuh iruphooh prqwuh txh wrxwhv ohv hqwuhv lq xhqw wrxwhv ohv vruwlhv1 F*hvw oh frxsodjh/

sulqflsdoh gl!fxow ghv v|vwphv pxowlyduldeohv1

Od gpdufkh vxlylh gdqv o*lghqwlfdwlrq hvw gh wurxyhu fkdtxh irqfwlrq gh wudqvihuw gh od pdwulfh

J+v, sduw/ f*hvw00gluh qrxv dyrqv hhfwx xqh lghqwlfdwlrq prqryduldeoh gh fkdfxq ghv prgohv
J +v,> J2 +v,> J2 +v, hw J22 +v,1

74

Lghqwlfdwlrq gx v|vwph J +v, +Whpsudwxuh2 Whpsudwxuh,

Ohv v|vwphv wkhupltxhv vrqw hq jqudo ohqwv frpph ohv irxuv/ ohv vfkrluv lqgxvwulhov/ 111hwf1

Qrwuh v|vwph gh whpsudwxuh +suvhqw gdqv oh sdudjudskh 5, shxw wuh frqvlgu frpph xq

surwrw|sh gh fhv surfhvvxv lqgxvwulhov/ lo srvvgh xqh usrqvh ohqwh1

Xqh erqqh h{sulhqfh qfhvvlwh txh oh v|vwph vrlw hhfwlyhphqw hq ujlph shupdqhqw vxlwh

o*dssolfdwlrq g*xqh hqwuh1

Srxu wurxyhu J +v, qrxv dyrqv xwlolv o*dqdo|vh lqglflhooh hw qrxv grqqrqv gdqv od jxuh 5144

od usrqvh uhooh gx v|vwph gh od whpsudwxuh vxlwh o*dssolfdwlrq g*xq fkhorq gh frppdqgh X|

gh 63  F 68  F/ oh gelw gdqv fh fdv hvw pdlqwhqx frqvwdqw dxwrxu gh 833 O@k/ grqf X_ @ 3/ dlqvl
o*txdwlrq 5147 v*fulw =

\| +v, @ J +v,X| +v,

+5149,

O*dftxlvlwlrq hw o*hquhjlvwuhphqw vh irqw sdu od fduwh gVSDFH hw dydqw g*derughu ohv fdofxov gh

o*lghqwlfdwlrq/ qrxv dyrqv idlw xq su0wudlwhphqw gx vljqdo gh od vruwlh vrxv PDWODE1 Qrxv dyrqv

dssoltx xq owuh qxpultxh gh Exwwhuzruwk +oh vljqdo wdlw hqfruh shx euxlw pdoju o*dssolfdwlrq
gx owuh dqdorjltxh/ yrlu oh fkdslwuh 6, hw dxvvl ghv wudqvirupdwlrqv srxu udphqhu ohv vljqdx{ dx{
fkhoohv hw xqlwv qrupdolvhv = o*hqwuh gh 3 4  F dx olhx gh 63  F 68  F1

Iljxuh 5144 = Od usrqvh gx v|vwph gh od whpsudwxuh xq fkhorq gh whpsudwxuh1

75

Rq uhpdutxh txh oh surfhvvxv hvw gx w|sh lqwjudwhxu/ lo hvw fdudfwulv sdu oh idlw tx* xqh

yduldwlrq hq fkhorq dssoltx vrq hqwuh/ fruuhvsrqg hq vruwlh xqh yduldwlrq hq udpsh1

Od pwkrgh g*lghqwlfdwlrq hvw fhooh gh Vwuhm*f whqgxh dx{ v|vwphv lqwjudwhxuv1 Hooh frqvlvwh

wudfhu ghx{ gurlwhv +{, hw +{ , frpph oh prqwuh od jxuh 5144 hw wurxyhu sdu od vxlwh ohv frrugrqqhv
ghv srlqwv D> E hw F1 Od irqfwlrq gh wudqvihuw vhud gh od iruph =
J +v, @
Hq phvxudqw oh udssruw

N
v+4 . W v,?

+514:,

DE
hw jufh dx wdeohdx vxlydqw/ rq wluh o*ruguh q gx v|vwph1
DF

DE
DF
3=69;

3=557

q
5

3=5:4

3=4<8

wf
q
mGVm 4
N hvw oh jdlq hq ylwhvvh jdoh
mGW m mHm
Wrxw fdofxo idlw/ rq wurxyh =
W hvw gwhuplqh sdu od uhodwlrq W @

J +v, @

3=349;
v+4 . 77v,

+514;,

Qrwrqv txh qrxv dyrqv qjolj gdqv fh prgoh oh uhwdug/ lo hvw gh o*ruguh gh 8 vhf/ grqf shwlw sdu

udssruw od frqvwdqwh gh whpsv gx v|vwph1

Od usrqvh rewhqxh sdu vlpxodwlrq gx prgoh wurxy hvw grqqh sdu od jxuh 5145/ ohv prgohv

uho hw vlpxo vrqw suhvtxh ohv pphv1

76

Iljxuh 5145 = Usrqvhv ghv prgohv vlpxo hw uho1

Lghqwlfdwlrq gx v|vwph J22 +v, +Gelw2Gelw,

Frqwudluhphqw dx v|vwph gh whpsudwxuh/ oh v|vwph gx gelw dssduwlhqw od idplooh ghv sur0

fhvvxv udslghv1

Sudwltxhphqw/ srxu dyrlu xqh vruwlh pdlqwhqxh dxwrxu gx srlqw g*txloleuh 833 O@k1 Lo qrxv d

idoox dssoltxhu xq fkhorq X_ gh 5<8 O@k/ fhod qrxv grqqh xqh lgh vxu oh jdlq vwdwltxh dydqw pph
o*lghqwlfdwlrq gx v|vwph1

Od usrqvh fruuhvsrqgdqwh fhwwh hqwuh hvw uhsuvhqwh sdu od jxuh 51461 Od whpsudwxuh hvw

pdlqwhqxh 63  F/ grqf sdv gh frppdqgh X| gdqv fh fdv1 O*txdwlrq 5148 ghylhqw =

\_ +v, @ J22 +v,X_ +v,

+514<,

Gh pph txh srxu oh vljqdo gh od whpsudwxuh/ qrxv dyrqv owu qxpultxhphqw oh vljqdo dftxlv

+lo q*wdlw sdv wurs euxlw, hw qrxv oxl dyrqv dssoltx ohv wudqvirupdwlrqv ghv fkhoohv1

77

Iljxuh 5147 = Od usrqvh gx v|vwph gx gelw xq fkhorq gx gelw1

Qrxv ggxlvrqv gh fhwwh jxuh txh oh v|vwph hvw xq vhfrqg ruguh/ qrxv uhpdutxrqv txh od

usrqvh lqglflhooh suvhqwh xq gsdvvhphqw G hw xqh rvfloodwlrq gh svhxgr0sulrgh WR / dyhf xq whpsv

gh prqwh udslgh1 Oh v|vwph srvvgh dxvvl xq uhwdug  @ wf @ 3=6 vhf frqvlgudeoh gdqv fh fdv/ fdu
lo hvw gx pph ruguh txh od frqvwdqwh gh whpsv1 Od iruph gh J22 +v, hvw grqf =
J22 +v, @

N$ 2? h3 r
v2 . 5$ ? v . $2?

+5153,

+oq+G,,2
2 . +oq+G,,2

+5154,

Od gwhuplqdwlrq judskltxh gh  vh idlw sdu od phvxuh gx gsdvvhphqw G hw o*xwlolvdwlrq gh od

uhodwlrq =

@

Od frqvwdqwh gh whpsv qdwxuhooh W? hvw grqqh sdu =

t

W? @ WR 4   2

mVm
=
mHm
O*dssolfdwlrq gh fhwwh pwkrgh frqgxlw dx prgoh J22 +v, vxlydqw =
Hqq oh jdlq vwdwltxh hvw N @

78

+5155,

J22 +v, @

73=6h3fr
v2 . 9=345v . 53=48

+5156,

Qrxv uhylhqgurqv fh prgoh/ hq sduwlfxolhu vxu oh uhwdug txl hvw xq sureoph pdmhxu ghv v|vwphv

sk|vltxhv gdqv oh fkdslwuh 71

Od vlpxodwlrq vrxv VLPXOLQN gx prgoh wurxy d grqq ohv wudfv gh od jxuh 51481 Od usrqvh gx

prgoh vlpxo hvw soxv surfkh gx prgoh uho dx gexw gx ujlph wudqvlwrluh hw hq ujlph shupdqhqw/
pdlv lo | d xqh huuhxu gdqv od }rqh ghv rvfloodwlrq gx prgoh uho +q gx wudqvlwrluh,

Iljxuh 5148 = Usrqvhv ghv prgohv vlpxo hw uho1

Fh prgoh uhvwh oh phloohxu dsuv o*rswlplvdwlrq gh fhv sdudpwuhv
Lghqwlfdwlrq gx v|vwph J2 +v, +Whpsudwxuh2Gelw,

G*dsuv ohv orlv sk|vltxhv dssoltxhv od sqhxpdwltxh/ lo | d xqh uhodwlrq hqwuh oh gelw hw od

whpsudwxuh1 Gdqv oh odqjdjh gh o*dxwrpdwlflhq/ fhfl vh wudgxlw sdu oh whuph frxsodjh hqwuh ohv hqwuhv
hw ohv vruwlhv1

Qrxv frpphqrqv sdu wurxyhu oh suhplhu wudqvihuw gx frxsodjh J2 +v, hqwuh od vruwlh gh od

whpsudwxuh hw od frppdqgh gx gelw1 Srxu fhod qrxv dyrqv vwdelolv od whpsudwxuh dxwrxu g*xq
srlqw g*txloleuh dyhf xq gelw gh 833 O@k hw xq lqvwdqw grqq/ qrxv dyrqv dssoltx xqh frppdqgh
79

gx gelw hq fkhorq/ hq dxjphqwdqw oh gelw :33 O@k1 Od frppdqgh gh od whpsudwxuh hvw qxooh1
O*txdwlrq 5147 vhud gh od iruph =

\| +v, @ J2 +v,\_ +v,

+5157,

Dsuv dyrlu vxlyl od pph surfgxuh g*dftxlvlwlrq hw gh wudlwhphqw gx vljqdo/ qrxv rewhqrqv

od frxueh grqqh sdu od jxuh 5149/ hooh fruuhvsrqg xqh usrqvh g*xq v|vwph gx suhplhu ruguh1

Xqh dqdo|vh ylvxhooh prqwuh txh oh v|vwph hvw wuv ohqw1 Hq fdofxodqw od frqvwdqwh gh whpsv W gx
v|vwph sduwlu gh o*lqwhuvhfwlrq gh od wdqjhqwh hq xq srlqw txhofrqtxh gh od frxueh dyhf od ydohxu
mVm
dv|pswrwltxh gh od usrqvh hq ujlph shupdqhqw1 Oh jdlq vwdwltxh hvw wrxmrxuv jdo N @
1
mHm

Iljxuh 5149 = Od usrqvh gx v|vwph gh od whpsudwxuh xq fkhorq gx gelw1

Hq rswlplvdqw ohv ydohxuv rewhqxhv gh W hw N/ oh prgoh qdo uhwhqx hvw gh od iruph =
J2 +v, @

3=5
4 . 44:<=5v

+5158,

Sxlvtxh od frqvwdqwh gh whpsv gh fh v|vwph hvw wuv judqgh/ rq shxw gluh tx*xq fkdqjhphqw gx

gelw dxwrxu gx srlqw g*txloleuh lq xh shx od whpsudwxuh1

Fhfl q*hvw sdv xqh frqwudglfwlrq dyhf fh txh qrxv dyrqv glw soxv kdxw vxu oh frxsodjh/ fdu fh

skqrpqh hvw vrxyhqw uhqfrqwu gdqv ohv v|vwphv lqgxvwulhov/ o r ohv suhvvlrqv/ ohv gelwv hw ohv
7:

whpsudwxuhv xwlolvv vrqw ohyv1 Doruv txh gdqv qrwuh fdv/ fhv judqghxuv vrqw g*ruguh shwlw/ fh txl
mxvwlh oh idleoh frxsodjh hqwuh oh v|vwph gx gelw hw fhoxl gh od whpsudwxuh1

Hqq od vlpxodwlrq idlwh vxu oh prgoh prqwuh tx*lo d xq frpsruwhphqw surfkh gh od udolw/ fhfl

hvw looxvwu sdu od jxuh 514:1

Iljxuh 514: = Usrqvhv ghv prgohv vlpxo hw uho1

Lghqwlfdwlrq gx v|vwph J2 +v, +Gelw2Whpsudwxuh,

F*hvw oh ghx{lph wudqvihuw gh frxsodjh gdqv oh v|vwph1 O*h{sulhqfh txh qrxv dyrqv idlw qrxv d

prqwu t*xq fkdqjhphqw gh od whpsudwxuh q*dhfwh sdv oh gelw/ lo uhvwh wrxmrxuv dxwrxu gx srlqw
gh irqfwlrqqhphqw 833 O@k/ grqf =

J2 +v, @ 3
Gdqv fh fdv lo q*| d sdv gh frxsodjh hqwuh ohv ghx{ v|vwphv1

+5159,

Ilqdohphqw/ rq shxw gluh txh ohv ghx{ v|vwphv gh whpsudwxuh hw gx gelw vrqw suhvtxh gfrxsov

sk|vltxhphqw1

7;

517

Frqfoxvlrq

Gdqv fh fkdslwuh qrxv dyrqv frpphqf sdu xqh ghvfulswlrq jqudoh gx edqf gh ujxodwlrq hw

gx irqfwlrqqhphqw ghv ghx{ v|vwphv gh whpsudwxuh hw gx gelw hq sduwlfxolhu1 Od prgolvdwlrq

sk|vltxh hw o*lghqwlfdwlrq rqw idlw o*remhw gh od ghx{lph sduwlh gh fh fkdslwuh1 Oh exw wdlw gh
wurxyhu ohv gluhqwhv irqfwlrqv gh wudqvihuwv xwlolvhv xowulhxuhphqw gdqv od frppdqgh1 Od pwkrgh
xwlolvh hvw fhooh gh o*dqdo|vh lqglflhooh hw ohv prgohv rewhqxv wdlhqw surfkhv gh od udolw1

Qrwrqv txh oh frxsodjh gdqv fh surfhvvxv hqwuh oh gelw hw od whpsudwxuh hvw idleoh hw txh oh

v|vwph gx gelw suvhqwh xq uhwdug/ f*hvw xqh gl!fxow sulqflsdoh ghv v|vwphv lqgxvwulhov oruv g*xqh
frppdqgh dxwrpdwltxh1

7<

Fkdslwuh 6

Dvshfwv pdwulhov
614

Lqwurgxfwlrq

Plfursurfhvvhxuv hw fdofxodwhxuv/ vrqw ghyhqxv gh soxv hq soxv ghv rxwlov lpsruwdqwv srxu oh

frqwuoh ghv surfgv gdqv fhv ghuqluhv dqqhv1 Hq idlw/ lov rqw xq lpsdfw vljqlfdwli vxu od soxsduw
ghv grpdlqhv/ hq sduwlfxolhu oh jqlh lqgxvwulho1

Od qfhvvlw gh od udslglw hw gh od h{lelolw ghv rsudwlrqv/ dlqvl txh ohv shuirupdqfhv ghpdqghv/

h{ljhqw txh fhv frpsrvdqwv vrlhqw od kdxwhxu gh od whfkqrorjlh1 Fhfl vh wudgxlw hq whuph gh od ylwhvvh
gh fdofxo hw gh od wdlooh ghv surjudpphv wudlwhu/ hq whpsv uho rx hq whpsv glu1

Od plfurohfwurqltxh txl d shuplv od udolvdwlrq gh fhv S hw fdofxodwhxuv/ d idlw dxvvl xq judqg

sdv dyhf od gfrxyhuwh gx GVS +Gljlwdo Vljqdo Surfhvvru,/ frpsrvdqw txl suhqg vd sodfh hqwuh oh

S hw oh 0 Frqwuohxu/ hw frqwlhqw = FSX +Fhqwudo Surfhvvru Xqlw,/ FDOX +Fhqwudo Dulwkphwlf dqg
Orjlf Xqlw,/ Wlphuv/ UDP +Udqgrp Dffhvv Phpru|, hw g*dxwuhv sulskultxhv lqwjuv1

Gdqv od sudwltxh/ xq rx soxvlhxuv GVS vrqw lpsodqwv vxu xqh fduwh ohfwurqltxh dyhf g*dxwuhv s0

ulskultxhv/ who txh = FDQ +Frqyhuwlvvhxu Dqdorjltxh0Qxpultxh,/ FQD +Frqyhuwlvvhxu Qxpultxh0

Dqdorjltxh,/ H2V +Hqwuv2Vruwlhv, qxpultxhv/ / srxu rewhqlu wrxw xq v|vwph qxpultxh gh frqwuoh
+Kdugzduh,1 F*hvw oh fdv gh od whfkqrorjlh ghv idphxvhv fduwhv gVSDFH gh od vrflw doohpdqgh1 Oh

oderudwrluh g*dxwrpdwltxh glvsrvh gh ghx{ fduwhv gh fhwwh idplooh = od GV4436 hw od GV4435 txh o*rq
d xwlolv gdqv fh surmhw srxu frppdqghu xq v|vwph sk|vltxh hq whpsv uho1

Fh fkdslwuh hvw frqvdfu srxu gfuluh hw suvhqwhu od fduwh gVSDFH GV4435/ hq sduwlfxolhu = vrq

dufklwhfwxuh hw vhv shuirupdqfhv1

Shqvhu xqh frppdqgh qxpultxh o*dlgh g*xq fdofxodwhxu/ f*hvw shqvhu wrxw g*derug o*rs0

udwlrq gh o*fkdqwloorqqdjh/ rx soxv vulhxvhphqw od iutxhqfh g*fkdqwloorqqdjh ie 1

Oh fkrl{ gh ie hvw sulprugldo/ vl rq yhxw elhq h{sorlwhu o*lqirupdwlrq gx vljqdo glvfuhw1 Srxu fhwwh

udlvrq/ lo qrxv d sdux xwloh gh udsshohu oh idphx{ wkruph gh Vkdqqrq gdqv oh txdwulph sdudjudskh
83

gh fh wurlvlph fkdslwuh1 Oh fkrlv ghv iutxhqfhv gh frxsxuh gh qrwuh v|vwph vxlydqw od udslglw hw
o*lqirupdwlrq gh fkdtxh usrqvh idlw dxvvl o*remhw gx pph sdudjudskh1

Frpph wrxw v|vwph gh frppdqgh qxpultxh/ qrxv dylrqv ehvrlq gh udolvhu xqh lqwhuidfh gh

frqyhuvlrq ghv vljqdx{ yklfxodqw hqwuh oh v|vwph hw od fduwh gVSDFH/ f*hvw oh uoh gh od sduwlh
ohfwurqltxh suvhqw gdqv oh ghuqlhu sdudjudskh1

615
61514

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} .  7=8<4} S . ;=6:;} D  :=8<7} e . 6=75:}   3=95;} 2 . 3=33;4<:}  3=33345;
+7153,

N2 +}, = od irqfwlrq gh wudqvihuw hqwuh %| hw x_ / +od sduwlh gh od frppdqgh srxu oh v|vwph gx

gelw/ hq suhqdqw hq frpswh o*huuhxu gh whpsudwxuh %| ,1

<7

N2 +}, @

3=3343;<} S  3=33869;} D . 3=343<:} e  3=344<9}  . 3=33:76} 2  3=335869} . 3=3336;

} .  7=8<4} S . ;=6:;} D  :=8<7} e . 6=75:}   3=95;} 2 . 3=33;4<:}  3=33345;
+7154,

N22 +}, = od irqfwlrq gh wudqvihuw hqwuh %_ hw x_ / +od sduwlh gh od frppdqgh srxu oh v|vwph gx

gelw/ hq suhqdqw hq frpswh o*huuhxu gx gelw %_ ,1

N22 +}, @

3=4375} S  3=7:<<} D . 3=<34} e  3=;:;9}  . 3=799<} 2  3=45:6} . 3=346:9

 7=8<4} S . ;=6:;} D  :=8<7} e . 6=75:}   3=95;} 2 . 3=33;4<:}  3=33345;

}.

+7155,

Od v|qwkvh gx fruuhfwhxu K" d jqu xq fruuhfwhxu N2 +v, od olplwh gh od vwdelolw/ +sohv

vlwxv hq 3=465/ 3=334/ 3=3338/ 3=3334,1 Dsuv glvfuwlvdwlrq/ fh fruuhfwhxu vhorq od sulrgh
g*fkdqwloorqqdjh ghylhqw rx elhq pdujlqdohphqw vwdeoh/ rx elhq iudqfkhphqw lqvwdeoh1

Srxu uvrxguh fh sureoph/ lo idxw uhsuhqguh od v|qwkvh gv oh gexw/ srxu ghv udlvrqv gh whpsv

qrxv qrxv vrpphv frqwhqwv ghv whuphv gldjrqdx{ N +v, hw N22 +v,1
x| @ N %| . N2 %_  N %|

x_ @ N2 %| . N22 %_  N22 %_

+7156,

Ohv ruguhv ghv fruuhfwhxuv uvxowdqwv vrqw ohyv/ lov vrqw gh :/ fhfl q*hvw sdv vrxkdlw sudwltxhphqw1

Sdu od vxlwh/ qrxv h{soltxrqv eulyhphqw fh sureoph hw qrxv dssoltxrqv dx{ fruuhfwhxuv xqh pwkrgh
gh ugxfwlrq g*ruguh1

Od pwkrgh K" sdu orrsvkdslqj frqvwuxlw xqh orl gh frppdqgh g*ruguh jdoh o*ruguh gx

v|vwph soxv o*ruguh ghv srqgudwlrqv iutxhqwlhoohv1 Lo hvw ylghqw txh gdqv gh qrpeuhx{ fdv/ od
srolwltxh gh frppdqgh qfhvvdluh srxu uhpsolu ohv vsflfdwlrqv gx fdklhu ghv fkdujhv qh mxvwlh

sdv irufphqw txh o*ruguh gx fruuhfwhxu vrlw jdo o*ruguh gx v|vwph1 Gh soxv/ oh fruuhfwhxu rewhqx
shxw suvhqwhu fhuwdlqv sohv hw }urv wuv surfkhv/ lo hvw doruv lpsudwli gh ohv vlpsolhu sursuhphqw
fdu lov qh frqwulexhqw sdv gh idrq vljqlfdwlyh od frppdqgh1 Xq who fruuhfwhxu shxw srvhu ghv

sureophv oruv gh od plvh hq rhxyuh gh od orl gh frppdqgh1 Hqq/ lo hvw vrxkdlw gh qh jdughu txh
ohv g|qdpltxhv ulfkhv gh fh fruuhfwhxu1

Srxu wrxwhv fhv udlvrqv/ rq d ehvrlq gdqv gh qrpeuhxvhv dssolfdwlrqv gh gwhuplqhu xq v|v0

wph ugxlw txl dssur{lph dx plhx{ oh frpshqvdwhxu g*ruguh ohy1 Lo grlw dvvxuhu dxvvl ohv pphv
shuirupdqfhv txh oh fruuhfwhxu frpsohw +vwdelolw/ urexvwhvvh/ 111hwf1,1

Lo h{lvwh gluhqwhv whfkqltxhv srxu hhfwxhu fhwwh dssur{lpdwlrq rx ugxfwlrq g*ruguh1 Ohv whfk0

qltxhv ohv soxv frxudqwhv vrqw od wurqfdwxuh prgdoh/ od ugxfwlrq txloleuh hw o*dssur{lpdwlrq gh

KDQNHO1 Qrxv xwlolvrqv od ugxfwlrq txloleuh txl grqqh vdwlvidfwlrq gdqv gh qrpeuhx{ fdv sud0
<8

wltxhv1 Gdqv fhwwh dssurfkh/ o*lgh hvw g*rewhqlu xq fruuhfwhxu ugxlw hq olplqdqw gdqv o*hvsdfh g*wdw
dvvrfl od uhsuvhqwdwlrq g*wdw gx fruuhfwhxu frpsohw/ ohv vrxv hvsdfhv txl vhudlhqw shx revhuydeohv

hw2rx shx frppdqgdeohv1 Od ugxfwlrq txloleuh v*dssxlh vxu oh frqfhsw gh udolvdwlrq txloleuh/

f*hvw00gluh xqh udolvdwlrq vwdeoh hw plqlpdoh srxu odtxhooh ohv judpplhqv gh frppdqgdelolw hw g*re0
vhuydelolw vrqw gldjrqdx{ hw jdx{1 Hq g*dxwuhv whuphv/ wdqw grqq xqh udolvdwlrq gx fruuhfwhxu
frpsohw N+v, vrxv od iruph =

N+v, @ FS +vL  DS ,3 ES . GS

+7157,

Rq glw txh +DSc ES > FS > GS , hvw txloleuh vl ohv vroxwlrqv ghv txdwlrqv gh O|dsxqry =
DS S . S DAS . ES ESA @ 3 > DAS T . TDS . FS FSA @ 3
vrqw gh od iruph =

9 

9
9
9
S @T@ @9
9
9
9
7

3
11
1
3

===
1
2 1 1
11 11
1
1
3

+7158,

3 :
3
11
1

= = = ?

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
8

+7159,

dyhf =   2  ===  ? A 3 = ohv ydohxuv vlqjxoluhv gh KDQNHO/ hoohv yulhqw

  @  +S T,> l @ 4> ===> q=

+715:,

Ohv pdwulfhv S hw T vrqw dsshohv ohv judpplhqv gh frppdqgdelolw hw g*revhuydelolw hw shxyhqw

hqfruh wuh gqlhv sdu =

S @

]
f

"

hS | ES ESA hS | gw > T @

A

]
f

"

hS | FSA FS hS | gw

A

+715;,

od udolvdwlrq txloleuh shxw wuh rewhqxh gh q*lpsruwh txhooh uhsuvhqwdwlrq g*wdw1 Od pdwulfh

W gh fkdqjhphqw g*wdw txl shuphw g*| derxwlu hvw fdofxoh whooh txh =
S T @ W W 3

+715<,

O*lqwuw gh od udolvdwlrq txloleuh hvw txh o*rq shxw ydoxhu od soxv rx prlqv judqgh frppdq0

gdelolw rx revhuydelolw ghv wdwv gh od qrxyhooh edvh sdu vlpsoh ohfwxuh gh od ydohxu vlqjxoluh gh
KDQNHO dvvrflh1 Ohv  vrqw rugrqqhv sdu ruguh gfurlvvdqw/ ohv ghuqluhv frpsrvdqwhv gx yhfwhxu
g*wdw vrqw ohv prlqv revhuydeohv hw ohv prlqv frppdqgdeohv/ lo hvw grqf qdwxuho gh ohv vxssulphu1
<9

Dssoltxrqv fhwwh whfkqltxh qrv fruuhfwhxuv N +v, hw N22 +v, +ohv ghx{ dxwuhv N2 +v, hw N2 +v,

vrqw qjoljv/ fdu N+v, hvw suhvtxh gfrxso,1

Qrxv frpphqrqv sdu oh fruuhfwhxu gh whpsudwxuh N +v,/ oh fdofxo gh vd uhsuvhqwdwlrq g*wdw

txloleuh hw ghv ydohxuv vlqjxoluhv gh KDQNHO vh idlw sdu od irqfwlrq edouhdo gh frqwuro v|vwhp
wrroer{ gh PDWODE1 Rq rewlhqw ohv ydohxuv vlqjxoluhv gh KDQNHO vxlydqwhv =
5=33<< 4=9684 3=:343 3=3335 3=3333 3=3333 3=3333
Qrwrqv txh ohv 7 ghuqluhv vrqw wuv shwlwhv sdu udssruw dx{ suhpluhv ydohxuv/ rq vxssulph

grqf ohv 7 ghuqluhv wdwv gh od uhsuvhqwdwlrq g*wdw txloleuh hq xwlolvdqw od irqfwlrq prguhg gh
PDWODE1 Rq rewlhqw dsuv wrxw fdofxo idlw oh fruuhfwhxu ugxlw vrxv iruph glvfuwh =
Noe_ +}, @

4=9:5} 2  6=674} . 4=99;

}   5=8:;} 2 . 5=495}  3=8;6;

+7163,

Ohv wudfv gh ergh gx fruuhfwhxu frpsohw N +v, hw gh vrq v|vwph ugxlw Noe_ +v, vrqw grqqv

sdu od jxuh 71671 Ohv ghx{ frxuehv vrqw vxshusrvhv1

Iljxuh 7167 = Wudfv gh Ergh gx fruuhfwhxu N +v, +0, hw gh vrq ugxlw Noe_ +v, +-,
Qrxv vxlyrqv od pph surfgxuh srxu ugxluh oh fruuhfwhxu N22 +v, gx v|vwph gx gelw/ qrxv

rewhqrqv ohv ydohxuv vlqjxoluhv gh KDQNHO vxlydqwh =

436:=9 3=465 3=434 3=33335: 3=33333;4 3=3333376 3=333334;

Rq gflgh gh vxssulphu ohv 7 ghuqluhv wdwv gh od uhsuvhqwdwlrq g*wdw txloleuh gh N22 +v,1 Oh

fruuhfwhxu glvfuhw ugxlw hvw =

<:

N22oe_ +}, @

3=4375} 2  3=43:5} . 3=35689

}   4=346} 2 . 3=346}  3=33354<6

+7164,

Vxu od jxuh 7168/ qrxv uhpdutxrqv txh ohv wudfv gh Ergh gh N22 +v, hw gh vrq prgoh ugxlw

N22oe_ +v, vrqw vxshusrvv1

Iljxuh 7168 = Wudfv gh Ergh gx fruuhfwhxu N22 +v, +0, hw gh vrq ugxlw N22oe_ +v, +-,
Lo dssdudw txh fhv ugxfwlrqv g*ruguh qh prglhqw sudwltxhphqw sdv ohv frpsruwhphqwv hq0

wuh2vruwlh ghv fruuhfwhxuv1

Ohv wudfv gh Ergh ghv v|vwphv gh whpsudwxuh hw gx gelw fruuljv vrqw prqwuv vxu ohv jxuhv

7169 hw 716:1 Ohv pdujhv gh vwdelolw vrqw vx!vdpphqw judqghv/ grqf ohv ghx{ v|vwphv vrqw vwdeohv1

Iljxuh 7169 = Wudf gh Ergh gx v|vwph fruulj gh whpsudwxuh1

<;

Iljxuh 716: = Wudf gh Ergh gx v|vwph fruulj gx gelw1

Oh vfkpd VLPXOLQN gx v|vwph pxowlyduldeoh hvw grqq sdu od jxuh 716;1 Ohv gluhqwv eorfv

gx v|vwph hw gx frqwuohxu vrqw prqwuv1

Iljxuh 716; = Vfkpd VLPXOLQN gx v|vwph fruulj pxowlyduldeoh1

Ohv usrqvhv lqglflhoohv vlpxohv ghv v|vwphv gh whpsudwxuh hw gx gelw ghv fkhorqv dssoltxv

ohxuv hqwuhv vrqw looxvwuhv sdu ohv jxuhv 716< hw 71731 Od usrqvh gx v|vwph gh whpsudwxuh hvw
ohqwh/ hooh uh wh od udolw/ hooh suvhqwh xqh huuhxu vwdwltxh/ pdlv oh soxv lpsruwdqw hooh hvw vwdeoh1
G*dxwuh sduw/ oh v|vwph gx gelw suvhqwh xqh usrqvh suflvh/ udslgh hw vxuwrxw vwdeoh1

<<

Iljxuh 716< = Od usrqvh lqglflhooh vlpxoh gx v|vwph fruulj gh whpsdudwxuh

Iljxuh 7173 = Od usrqvh lqglflhooh vlpxoh gx v|vwph fruulj gx gelw

O*dssolfdwlrq sudwltxh gx fruuhfwhxu K" 0orrsvkdslqj vrxv vd iruph ugxlwh d grqq ghv uvxowdwv

vdwlvidlvdqwv/ vxuwrxw vxu oh v|vwph gx gelw/ fdu lo hvw udslgh hw lo qrxv d shuplv gh uhpdutxhu
qhwwhphqw o*hhw dssruw sdu oh fruuhfwhxu1

Od usrqvh uhooh gx v|vwph gh whpsudwxuh hvw looxvwuh sdu od jxuh 7174/ hooh hvw udslgh/ oh

whpsv gh usrqvh hvw gh 6=8 plq/ hooh derxwlw qdohphqw o*hqwuh +68  F, hw o*huuhxu vwdwltxh hvw gh
o*ruguh gh 3=4  3=5  F1

433

Iljxuh 7174 = Od usrqvh uhooh gx v|vwph fruulj gh whpsudwxuh1

Oh uhmhw gh shuwxuedwlrq +txl hvw wrxmrxuv xq fkhorq gx gelw gh 833 O@k 4333 O@k, vh idlw sdu

oh fruuhfwhxu dyhf vxffv/ od vruwlh vh vwdelolvh hqq dxwrxu gh 68  F1 Fhfl hvw prqwuh sdu od jxuh

7175/ qrxv uhpdutxrqv txh oh fruuhfwhxu d sx uhmhwhu gqlwlyhphqw od shuwxuedwlrq/ pdlv gh idrq
ohqwh gdqv xq whpsv gh o*ruguh gh 9 plq1

Iljxuh 7175 = Uhmhw gh shuwxuedwlrq gdqv oh v|vwph gh whpsudwxuh

G*dxwuh sduw/ oh v|vwph gx gelw suvhqwh xqh usrqvh uhooh vwdeoh hw suflvh hw xqh frqvwdqwh

gh whpsv wuv surfkh gh fhooh wurxyh sdu vlpxodwlrq +od udslglw hvw gx pph ruguh,1 Fhwwh usrqvh
hvw grqqh sdu od jxuh 71761

434

Iljxuh 7176 = Od usrqvh uhooh gx v|vwph fruulj gx gelw

Fhwwh irlv0fl/ oh fruuhfwhxu d dxvvl uhmhw frpsowhphqw od shuwxuedwlrq dhfwdqw oh v|vwph gx

gelw1 Oh v|vwph uhwurxyh ylwh vrq txloleuh dxwrxu gh :33 O@k hw o*huuhxu vwdwltxh hvw qjoljh
frpph oh prqwuh od jxuh 71771

719

Iljxuh 7177 = Uhmhw gh shuwxuedwlrq gdqv oh v|vwph gx gelw

Frqfoxvlrq

Oh exw gh fh suvhqw fkdslwuh wdlw gh v|qwkwlvhu gluhqwv fruuhfwhxuv/ fodvvltxhv hw prghuqhv

srxu oh surfhvvxv sk|vltxh Whpsudwxuh2Gelw1

Gdqv xq suhplhu olhx/ qrxv dyrqv vxssrv txh oh v|vwph pxowlyduldeoh hvw gfrxso/ hw qrxv
435

dyrqv wurxy srxu fkdtxh v|vwph prqryduldeoh +whpsudwxuh hw gelw, xq fruuhfwhxu fodvvltxh hw
xq dxwuh sdu od whfkqltxh K" 0orrsvkdslqj1 Ohv fruuhfwhxuv fodvvltxhv vrqw oh SLG hw oh sodfhphqwv
gh sohv srxu od whpsudwxuh hw oh gelw uhvshfwlyhphqw1

Gdqv xqh ghx{lph sduwlh/ qrxv dyrqv idlw xqh frpsdudlvrq ghv ghx{ pwkrghv/ fodvvltxh hw

prghuqh/ hw qrxv dyrqv frqvwdw txh ohv uvxowdwv sudwltxhv dssruwv sdu ohv orlv gh frppdqgh K" 0

orrsvkdslqj vrqw phloohxuv txh fhx{ dssruwv sdu ohv orlv fodvvltxhv/ fhfl d w fodluhphqw uhpdutx
vxu oh v|vwph gx gelw1

Oh ghuqlhu sdudjudskh gh fh fkdslwuh d w uvhuy od v|qwkvh g*xqh orl gh frppdqgh K" 0

orrsvkdslqj srxu oh v|vwph pxowlyduldeoh1Ohv usrqvhv ghv ghx{ v|vwphv vrqw vwdeohv/ udslghv hw
suflvhv vxlwh o*dssolfdwlrq ghv fkhorqv ohxuv hqwuhv1 Oh uhmhw gh shuwxuedwlrq hvw idlw dyhf vxffv
gdqv ohv ghx{ v|vwphv sdu oh fruuhfwhxu hw ohv vruwlhv uhmrljqhqw ohv hqwuhv1

436

Frqfoxvlrq jqudoh
Fh wudydlo udolv dx qlyhdx gx oderudwrluh g*Dxwrpdwltxh gh Wohpfhq/ qrxv d shuplv gh frp0

pdqghu qxpultxhphqw xq edqf gh ujxodwlrq hq whpsv uho/ o*dlgh gh od fduwh gVSDFH GV4435/
hq xwlolvdqw xqh whfkqltxh prghuqh gh frppdqgh = od frppdqgh K" / dssurfkh sdu orrsvkdslqj1

Qrxv qrxv vrpphv shqfk wrxw g*derug vxu o*wxgh gh fhwwh qrxyhooh dssurfkh gh o*Dxwrpdwltxh

Iutxhqwlhooh1 Oh exw wdlw gh glvfxwhu hq gwdlo xqh surfgxuh sudwltxh/ shuphwwdqw gh wudgxluh oh
fdklhu gh fkdujhv hq xq fulwuh pdwkpdwltxh/ hw gh grqqhu ohv rxwlov qfhvvdluhv srxu uvrxguh oh
sureoph vwdqgdug K" 1

Sxlvtxh od srsxodulw gh od frppdqgh urexvwh/ sduwlfxoluhphqw o*dssurfkh K" sdu orrsvkdslqj

jdjqh dxmrxug*kxl oh plolhx lqgxvwulho/ r hooh vh uyoh xq rxwlo suflhx{ srxu sdoolhu dx{ sureophv
uhov uhqfrqwuv/ qrxv dyrqv hvvd| g*dssoltxhu sudwltxhphqw fhwwh whfkqltxh1 Srxu fhod/ qrxv dyrqv

wudydloo vxu xq edqf gh ujxodwlrq pxowlerxfoh vxu dlu hw hdx/ f*hvw xq surfhvvxv pxowlyduldeoh gh
whpsudwxuh hw gelw/ lo uhsuvhqwh xq h{hpsoh frqfuhw gh fh txl h{lvwh gdqv o*lqgxvwulh/ vdyrlu ohv
irxuv/ ohv vfkrluv lqgxvwulhov/ 111hwf1

Qrxv dyrqv grqf lghqwl fh surfhvvxv sdu xqh pdwulfh gh wudqvihuw txdwuh eorfv1 Qrxv dyrqv

uhpdutx tx*lo | d xq skqrpqh gh frxsodjh gdqv fh surfhvvxv/ hw txh oh v|vwph gx gelw suvhqwh
xq uhwdug hw xqh k|vwuvlv/ o*ruljlqh gh ehdxfrxs gh sureophv sudwltxhv1 Oh prgoh txh qrxv dyrqv
wurxy sdu ghv pwkrghv gh edvh uhsuvhqwh dx plhx{ od udolw1

Qrxv dyrqv suvhqw hqvxlwh od sxlvvdqfh hw o*dufklwhfwxuh gh od fduwh gVSDFH GV4435/ txh qrxv

dyrqv xwlolv srxu frppdqghu qxpultxhphqw oh surfhvvxv sk|vltxh hq whpsv uho1 Od idplooh gh fhwwh
fduwh hvw dfwxhoohphqw frqqxh gdqv wrxv ohv grpdlqhv = urerwltxh hw surfgv lqgxvwulhov/ hvsdfh hw
durqdxwltxh/ wofrppxqlfdwlrq hw wudlwhphqw ghv vljqdx{/ frqwuoh ghv yklfxohv hw wudmhfwrluhv hw
ehdxfrxs g*dxwuhv grpdlqhv1

Gdqv oh pph frqwh{wh/ qrxv dyrqv udolv ghv owuhv gh jdughv rx owuhv dqwl0uhsolhphqw1 Ohv

vljqdx{ ufxsuv hq vruwlhv gh fhv owuhv vrqw elhq owuv hw prlqv euxlwv1 Ilqdohphqw/ srxu dfkhyhu

fhwwh sduwlh frqfhuqdqw o*dvshfw pdwulho/ qrxv dyrqv frqx ghv frqyhuwlvvhxuv 71153 pD yhuv 31143 Y
hw ylv yhuvd hqwuh od fduwh gVSDFH hw oh edqf gh ujxodwlrq1 Sudwltxhphqw/ qrxv dyrqv frqvwdw txh
ohv vljqdx{ frqyhuwlv vrqw suflv hw txh ohv huuhxuv vrqw qjoljhdeohv1
437

Hq fh txl frqfhuqh od frppdqgh gx surfhvvxv/ hq sduwlfxolhu sdu K" 0orrsvkdslqj/ qrxv dyrqv

v|qwkwlv gdqv xq suhplhu olhx ghv fruuhfwhxuv fodvvltxhv/ xq SLG srxu od whpsudwxuh hw xq sod0
fhphqw gh sohv srxu oh gelw1 Sdu od vxlwh/ qrxv dyrqv wurxy ghv orlv gh frppdqghv K" sdu

orrsvkdslqj1 Od frpsdudlvrq txh qrxv dyrqv idlw hqwuh fhv ghx{ pwkrghv/ fodvvltxh hw prghuqh
qrxv d prqwu txh ohv uvxowdwv sudwltxhv rewhqxv vxu oh edqf/ hq xwlolvdqw K" sdu orrsvkdslqj vrqw
phloohxuv txh fhx{ rewhqxv sdu ohv fruuhfwhxuv fodvvltxhv1

Qrxv dyrqv dxvvl hvvd| gh wurxyhu xq frqwuohxu K" sdu orrsvkdslqj srxu oh v|vwph pxowlyd0

uldeoh1 Pdokhxuhxvhphqw/ od v|qwkvh d jqu xq fruuhfwhxu pxowlyduldeoh N+v,/ grqw oh eorf N2 +v,
hqwuh o*huuhxu gx gelw hw od frppdqgh gh whpsudwxuh hvw lqvwdeoh dsuv glvfuwlvdwlrq1 Srxu ghv

udlvrqv gh whpsv/ qrxv qrxv vrpphv frqwhqwv ghv whuphv gldjrqdx{ gx fruuhfwhxu pxowlyduldeoh1
O*dssolfdwlrq gh fh fruuhfwhxu +vdqv N2 +v, hw N2 +v,, dsuv ugxfwlrq gh vrq ruguh d grqq ghv
uvxowdwv vdwlvidlvdqwv1

Sdupl ohv srlqwv wxglhu gdqv oh ixwxu/ qrxv vljqdorqv =

0 Oh fkrl{ ghv irqfwlrqv gh srqgudwlrqv iutxhqwlhoohv1

0 Ohv pwkrghv gh ugxfwlrq g*ruguh/ fdu gdqv od soxsduw ghv fdv ohv ujxodwhxuv rewhqxv sdu K"

vrqw g*ruguh ohy1

0 Od frpsdudlvrq ghv uvxowdwv gh od frppdqgh K" dyhf g*dxwuhv pwkrghv gh v|qwkvh gh

ujxodwhxuv urexvwhv1

Xq srlqw sduwlfxolhu frqfhuqh dxvvl/ o*wxgh gh o*lqvwdelolw gx eorf N2 +v,/ qrxv shqvrqv txh

o*rswlplvdwlrq xwlolvh q*lqfoxdqw sdv gh pdujh gh vwdelolw d sulrul jquh xq fruuhfwhxu od olplwh
gh od vwdelolw1 Od glvfuwlvdwlrq fdxvh gh sureophv qxpultxhv jquh xq fruuhfwhxu iudqfkhphqw
lqvwdeoh1 Xq erq wudydlo vhudlw gh yrlu frpphqw lqwurgxluh ghv pdujhv gh vwdelolw d sulrul1

G*xq dxwuh frw hw g*xq srlqw gh yxh sudwltxh/ lo vhudlw xwloh g*dssoltxhu g*dxwuhv w|shv gh frx0

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