Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
2013
Vanessa P. Estrao
2009-79076
Department of Linguistics
College of Social Sciences and Philosophy
University of the Philippines
Diliman, Quezon City
April 2013
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Acknowledgements
To my family. For putting up with my temper and other stress I gave you while doing
this thesis. For the financial and moral support.
To Doc M. For the guidance and useful insights you gave me in the course of doing this
paper. For somehow pushing me to one of my limits in making my papers.
To my Linguistics professors. For everything you have taught me, related to Linguistics or
not, throughout my four years of stay in this course. For training me to give my very
best in the papers and requirements I was made to do.
To my Linguistics 199 classmates. For sharing with me in the highs and lows of thesis
writing.
To my spiritual family, Victory QC, Lifebox UPD. For co-laboring with me in prayer,
encouraging and comforting me during the times all I wanted was to give up and
honestly, for keeping me sane throughout this period of testing.
And to You, my Beautiful and Wonderful Maker. For proving to me how faithful You are to
Your promises, for holding me and comforting me in times of doubts and anxiety, for
strengthening this little faith I have, for teaching me how to worship in the midst of fire
and tears. For everything. Without You, none of this would have been possible. This is
for You. I love You.
Thank you.
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ABSTRACT
This study focused on describing the dialect of Tagalog spoken in the province of Bulacan.
It presents lexical items that were found to be peculiar, i.e. those that are not used in Manila
Tagalog, considered the standard Tagalog, as well as those that were found in Francisco Balagtas
written works that were found to be literary in sense and not used frequently even in the
language study itself. It also presented some insights of the researcher on the phonology,
morphology and semantics of the language based on the observations and analysis done with the
available information. It concludes that the Bulacan dialect is indeed a distinct variant of Tagalog,
and that despite its role as one of the melting pot of cultures in Luzon, it has retained some
features that could still be found in other dialects of Tagalog.
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Guam, Libya, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom and the United
States where there are Filipino communities. In addition to all this, Tagalog has been
recorded to have at least, at present, ten major regional dialects, named after the place
they are spoken. These are as follows: Rizal Tagalog, Bataan Tagalog, Batangas Tagalog,
Bulacan Tagalog, Cavite Tagalog, Laguna Tagalog, Manila Tagalog, Marinduque
Tagalog, Occidental and Oriental Mindoro Tagalog, Quezon Tagalog (Peneyra, 2003:_).
Bulacan is a province located in the southwestern part of Central Luzon in the
Philippines. This town bounded by the towns and cities of Nueva Ecija on the north,
Aurora and Quezon on the east, Pampanga on the west, and Metro Manila, and the
Manila Bay on the south by Rizal, consists of 24 towns, with Malolos City as the
provincial capital. The 24 towns are as follows: Angat, Balagtas (Bigaa), Baliuag,
Bocaue, Bulakan, Bustos, Calumpit, Doa Remedios Trinidad, Guiguinto, Hagonoy,
Malolos City, Marilao, Meycauayan City, Norzagaray, Obando, Pandi, Paombong,
Plaridel, Pulilan, San Ildefonso, San Jose del Monte City, San Miguel, San Rafael and
Santa Maria.
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Despite Tagalog being one of the most studied, if not the most studied,
Philippine languages, the number of specific studies done with regards to its dialects
are relatively few. Peneyra (2003), in her postgraduate thesis Isang Rekonstraksyong
Internal ng Tagalog batay sa mga Piling Dayalek, retraced the linguistic history of Tagalog
through studying the changes in the language as observed in its present dialects. She
focused on reconstructing the development of aspectual forms of grammatical
morphemes, and discriminated lexical morphemes with alternants in the dialects. She
attempted to identify the historical continuity of Tagalog before and the present.
In On the Boak Tagalog of the island of Marinduque, Lopez (1970) studied the variant
of Tagalog in the town of Boac in the province of Marinduque, and compared it with
Greater Manila Area Tagalog which he referred to as the standard Tagalog. Included in
his study were notes on the phonetic differences, lexical and grammatical peculiarities
as well as some idiomatic expressions that are different and not found in standard
Tagalog, but are present and very evident in Boac Tagalog. In another study entitled The
Tagalog Dialects of Marinduque, Rosa Soberano examined the phonological system, the
basic morphological structures, and the equivalents to a 300-item list of words and
expressions, and the basic syntactic structures, of the same dialect.
Paz published two papers on the Rizal dialect of Tagalog, both in 1994. In the
first one (1994a), she discussed the different lexicons and expressions of the dialect,
considered the historical, geographic and political situation of the area, and compared
the variants of the language spoken in the different towns of Rizal. Also, included in the
paper was a dialect atlas that presents the distribution of the different innovations of the
dialect in the different areas. In her follow-up study, entitled Ay Hao (1994b), Paz
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further supported her first study, and discussed the phonological differences in the two
relic areas found in the area surveyed in Rizal.
Medinas (1970) Mga Diyalekto ng Kabite focused on the linguistic patterns in the
province of Cavite and their differences from the Tagalog used in Manila. The writer
used 180 words in Tagalog and listed their variants as these are used in the province.
There were also seventeen maps which showed the isoglosses of certain words that
were presented to better illustrate the pattern of the development of the dialect. The
writer further discussed the history and place names of the province, and the causes of
the differences among the dialects.
Methodology
Data were primarily obtained from the Diksyunaryo ng Wikang Filipino by the
Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino (1998), as well as from interviews to native speakers of the
dialect and observations in the environment where the researcher, a native speaker of
the dialect herself, resides. For the lexicon part, the researcher identified the words that
appear to be lexically peculiar, i.e. those not used by Manila Tagalog speakers, and
isolated them. Other native speakers of the dialect were asked to confirm the initial data
gathered. These speakers were also interviewed to elicit further data. Speakers of other
Tagalog dialects as well as speakers of the languages surrounding Bulacan were also
asked to identify words in the initial data gathered that they understood. These words
were then eliminated. The data, along with those that came from the researchers
knowledge as a native speaker of the dialect, were then compiled, transcribed and
analyzed by the researcher. Pictures, scientific terms and additional descriptions were
also provided. Written works by Francisco Balagtas, s prominent Filipino poet were also
reviewed to gather data of the kind of lexical items that this native of Bulacan Tagalog
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used before. As for the phonology, morphology, and semantic parts, the researcher
conducted preliminary qualitative analysis. For the definition of the terms taken from
Balagtas works, the researcher made use of the Vocabulario Tagalo by Fr. Francisco San
Antonio.
Preliminary researches were done to understand all the terms given by all the
informants. General Information about the province and narratives were the main
sources of information. All of these helped in the analysis. Terms were grouped by
semantic domain to better see their qualities. Individual discussions were first done on
each semantic category to analyze why the terms were prevalent. All the data gathered
were analyzed and integrated to know all the implications of all the peculiar terms.
LEXICAL
A total ___ lexical items were collected, and these were classified under ten
categories, namely: Flora, Fauna, Kinship Terms, Personality Traits, Characteristics of a
Person or an Object, Hygienic Practices, Food, Related to Health and Well-Being,
Industry and Actions. Data elicited from the works of Francisco Balagtas, a famous poet
from Bulacan, were also included.
Flora
1. buho [bu.'h] n. English: bamboo; thin,
straight and young bamboo, grows up to
10 meters; has long nodes, not growing
circular like other bamboos, and has no
small thorns; Scientific name: Bambuseae
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Scientific
name:
Colocasia
esculenta
Scientific
name:
Broussonetia
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stored after drying and used later on during periods of scarcity. The leaves
become mucilagious when cooked, a trait of this crop, which is highly
appreciated; Scientific name: Corchurus olitorious L.
Fauna
1. alitangya [a.l.ta.'ja+ n. English: Anchor
Stink Bug; an insect that belongs to the
Pentatomidae family; has a foul stench; feeds
on rice and other vegetables; Scientific name:
Stiretrus anchorago
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9. alupihang-dagat [a.l.p.'ha.da.'gat+ n.
English:
specialized
mantis
pair
shrimp;
of
uses
forelimbs,
a
the
Kinship terms
1. kaka [ka.'ka] n. a term of respect used to refer to one's parents' siblings, whether
female or male, or to older people
2. kaka [ka.'ka] n. a term of respect used by siblings to refer to one older than
them, whether female or male
3. inang [.'na+ n. a term of respect used to refer to one's own mother; also used by
some grandchildren in reference to their fathers or mother's mother
4. tata [ta.'ta], also tatang [ta.'ta+ n. a term of respect used to refer to one's own
father; also used by some grandchildren in reference to their fathers or mother's
father
5. impo [m.'p] n. a term of respect used to refer to one's own or a close relative's
grandmother; also used by some grand grand children in reference to their
fathers or mother's grandmother
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Attributes of Persons
1. alibugha [a.l.bg.'ha] adj. used to refer to someone who spends too much that
it leads him to poverty; one who does not like responsibilities; irresponsible
Example sentence: Nagsisi rin ang alibughang anak.
The irresponsible child finally repented.
2. bulastog [b.las.'tg] adj. naughty; one who likes to steal the scene; boastful and
deceitful
Example sentence: Marami ang naiinis kay Pedro dahil napakabulastog niya.
Many people get annoyed with Pedro because hes such a naughty boy.
3. burara [b.ra.'ra] adj. Careless in his/her things and even in his/her actions;
untidy
Example sentence: Ayokong makasama ang isang taong burara sa bahay.
I dont want to live with a careless and untidy person.
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5. buriri [b.r.'r] adj. Slow poke; slow in action and in whatever s/he is doing
Example sentence: Pinagalitan ako ni Papa dahil napakaburiri ko raw.
My dad scolded me for being a slow poke.
7. harot [ha.'rt] adj. Naughty; acts like a kid; now has a meaning: flirtatious
Example sentence: Isa siyang harot.
Shes such a flirt.
8. kiri [k.'r] adj. Flirt; one who loves to get the attention of guys
Example sentence: Ayoko ngang masabihang makiri.
I dont want to be labeled a flirt.
9. lantod [lan.'td] adj. Flirt; one who loves to get the attention of guys; of higher
level than kiri.
Example sentence: Ang mga babaeng sumasama sa lalaking may asawa ay tunay
ngang malantod.
Women who go with married guys are really such flirts.
10. mapanggagad [ma.pa.ga.'gad+ adj. used to describe one who mockingly mimics
another's speech or actions
Example sentence: Walang mabuting mahihita kapag nanggagad ka ng magulang.
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13. bakera [ba.k.'ra] adj. negative attribute to someone who is quite boyish, rarely
stays at home and is always outside even when it is already dark
Example sentence: Napakabakera talaga ng kapatid niya!
His sister is really such a person who always outside for
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Attributes of Objects
14. gara [ga.'ra] adj. used to describe something that is beyond normal and
expected; can be used either positively or negatively; can also be used to refer to
people who are not so normal form in terms of actions and clothing; when a
clothing or action is way beyond whats normal and expected
Example sentence: Ang gara ng kotse!
That car looks superb!
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15. may gapak [mj.ga.'pak] adj. broken as in a chair or other material; is now also
used to refer to people who are quite foolish
Example sentence: Isinauli niya ang biniling sofa dahil may gapak na.
She returned the sofa she purchased for its already damaged.
Hygienic Practices
Personal
1. gugo [g.'g] v. To wash using a native shampoo (also called gugo) or using the
commercial shampoo or other hair product; to wash just the head and not the
body
Example sentence: Guguan mo na nga ang batang yan. Ayaw maligo eh.
Wash the head of that child. She doesnt want to take a bath.
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4. hilod [h.'ld] v. To scrub the body and remove the dirt (called libag in Tagalog)
using a so called live stone (buhay na bato) called panghilod
Example sentence: Maghihilod kang mabuti kapag naliligo ka.
Scrub your body thoroughly when you take a bath.
5. hinaw [h.'naw] v. To wash one's hands; to put one's hands in the water and
wash it
Example sentence: Naghinaw muna ako bago kumain ng merienda.
I washed my hands first before eating merienda.
1. hawan [ha.'wan] v. to cut the tall grasses and remove the garbage in an area
Example sentence: Naghawan ang lolo sa may likod bahay.
Grandfather cut the tall grasses and cleaned the area at the back of the house.
2. imis [.'ms] v. To clean and put into its proper place all that is not in order
Example sentence: Inutusan siya ng nanay niya na imisin ang mga laruan niya.
His mother ordered him to clean and arrange his toys.
3. isis [s. 's] v. To scrub hard in an effort to remove the dirt that has long been
there
Example sentence: General cleaning ngayon. Pinapais-is ni Nanay ang mga pader sa
bahay.
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Its general cleaning (day) today. Mother told me to scrub the dirt in the walls of
the house.
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*ba.g.'ra] n.
a table
like
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Food
Terms for certain food
1. makukukot [ma.k.k.'kt] n. any food that is eaten while resting or while
watching the television
2. pamutat [pa.m.'tat] n. fruit eaten along with the main dish
3. kusilba [k.sl.'ba] n. sweetened using sugar; beans and or bananas are
usually its main ingredient
[insert picture here]
4. buwig [b.'wg] n. a big bunch of banana
[insert picture here]
5. bahaw [ba.'haw] n. cold leftover rice; also called kaning lamig;
[insert picture here]
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Ingredients
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2. biling [b.'l+ v. to move the body of an object so that the part under will be on
top; to turn over
Example sentence: Biniling niya ang isdang niluluto gamit ang siyanse.
He turned over the fish he was cooking using the spatula.
2. ahin [a.'hn] v. to prepare food for the people who are going to eat
Example sentence: Mag-ahin ka nga at kakain na tayo.
Prepare the food and well eat.
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Kitchen Utensils
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Taste
1. maaskad [ma.as.'kad] adj. a kind of taste that is not so bitter nor so sourness; an
aftertaste left after eating pomelo
Example sentence: Maaskad talaga ang lasa niyan.
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Smell
1. maangis [ma.a.'s] adj. the smell of rotten food
Example sentence: Maangis na iyan. Itapon mo na lang.
That smells rotten. Just throw it.
2. maangot [ma.a.'t] adj. a kind of foul smell that is like that of spoiled bagoong or
tapa
Example sentence: Kapag maangot na ang amoy, huwag mo nang kainin.
When it smells like spoiled smoked fish, dont eat it.
3. maantot [ma.an.'tt] adj. foul smell as that of dirty water or urine that was
covered for a long time
Example sentence: Hindi pala naitapon ang tubig na iyan kaya maantot na. Halos
isang linggong nakulob yan eh.
That water has not been thrown away so it now smells foul. That was covered
for at least one week.
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State of Food
1. malagihay [ma.la.g.'haj] adj. soggy; soft and not yet that fully cooked
Example sentence: Huwag mo munang hanguin ang sinaing at malagihay pa.
Dont remove the rice yet from the stove. Its still soggy and not fully cooked.
2. malasado [ma.la.sa.'d] adj. term used to refer to the egg yolk not being well
done or well cooked
Example sentence: Ayoko na malasado ang itlog na kakainin ko.
I do not prefer the egg I will eat to be not well-cooked.
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2. hirin [h.'rn] v. to have air suddenly block the throat while drinking
Example sentence: Bigla na lang siyang nahirinan kanina habang umiinom ng tubig.
He suddenly had some air blocking her throat while she was drinking.
Washing
1. urong [.'r+ v. To wash the dishes
Example sentence: Ako ang dapat mag-urong ngayong araw na to.
Its my turn to wash the dishes today.
2. basal [ba.'sal] v. To soak the used dishes and cooking tools in plain water in a
tub before washing it using soap; can also be done with clothes
Example sentence: Basalin mo muna ang mga pinggan na iyan bago urungan.
Soak those plates in water first before you wash it.
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Industry
Jewelry-making
1. alukan [a.l.'kan] n. ring sizer
3. bokaypato/bukipato
[b.kaj.pa.'t/b.k.pa.'t] n. an instrument
used to hold little pieces of jewelry when it
is being repaired or when it is just being
made; also used to shape or cut wire-like
pieces
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7. sinoro [s.n.'r] n. a chemical solution produced from mixing cyanide and water;
used in cleaning jewelry and other materials; a drop of it is said to be lethal
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11. ismirelan
instrument
[s.m.r.'lan]
where
n.
an
jewelries
are
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2. sipok [s.'pk] v. the act of compiling the hay for the mandala
Example sentence: Tinuturuan nila ang mga bata na magsipok para sa mandala.
They were teaching the children how to compile the hay for the making of
mandala.
3. lugas [l.'gas] v. to remove the part of the rice that is not fit for making bigas
Example sentence: Kelangan ng lugasin ang palay na inani.
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The harvested rice has to go through the process of removing the parts not fit for
making bigas.
B. Actions
Related to feet and legs
1. bagtas [bag.'tas] v. to cross in a straight path; to tread upon
Example sentence: Binagtas nila ang kahabaan ng Katipunan kaninang kagabi.
They treaded the long roads of Katipunan last night.
4. silat [s.'lat] v. to accidentally fall into a slit in the floor or to accidentally have
ones leg fall into a space in it
Example sentence: Nakuha niya ang sugat na iyan nang masilat siya sa sahig kahapon.
He got that injury when he accidentally fell in a slit in the floor yesterday.
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6. dantay [dan.'taj] v. to put or lean ones leg on something or on someone elses leg
Example sentence: Mahilig siyang mandantay kapag nanonood ng TV.
She loves leaning her leg on another person or thing when watching TV.
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something
Example sentence: Hwag mo ngang dalutudutin ang ulam at baka mapanis pa.
Dont poke on the viand or it might spoil.
3. tanghod *ta.'hd] v. to stare at a person or a thing for quite some time for no
specific reason
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3. hindara [hn.da.'ra] v. to sit or lie down carelessly, showing laziness and lack of
self-regulation
Example sentence: Naghindara ang mga kapatid ko sa bahay kapag tanghali.
My siblings lie carelessly around the house in the middle of the day.
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He used up all his time chatting and catching up with the life of the old man.
money
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10. hablig [hab.'lg] v. To hit at the buttocks or any part of the body for discipline
using anything the angry person gets his hand on to
Example sentence: Sa galit ng ina ay nahablig siya nito ng siit ng kawayan.
In her mothers anger, she hit him with bamboo sticks.
12. iniinut-inot [.n..'nt..'nt] adj. something one has been saving for a long
time; mag-inot - v. To use something one has been saving for a long time; to make
the most out of what one has
Example sentence: Nailabas na niya lahat ng iniinut-inot niyang pera dahil sa dami ng
kailangang bayaran.
She has used up all the money she has saved because of the many bills that had
to be paid.
14. kamo [ka.'m] d. part. from ika/wika mo you said; used when relaying something
that another person said
Example sentence: Ang sabi niya kamo hindi siya makakarating.
Tell him she said she cant make it.
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16. eka d. part. from ika/wika says; used as a filler by middle aged and older men
and women; used also to relay what another person said
Example sentence: Ang ninang niya eka ay nagtatrabaho sa Saudi.
Her godmother, she said, works in Saudi (Arabia).
PHONOLOGY
In general, Bulacan Tagalog has the same phonology as that Tagalog spoken in Manila
and other Tagalog dialects. It has the same 21 phonemes (/p, b, t, d, k, g, , h, s, m, n, ,
l, r, w, j, i, e, a, u, o/), dipthongs, and stress in words (which is basically in the ultimate
position). Some towns in the province, however, show distinct difference in terms of
accent or what is called punto. Bulacan Tagalog speakers from Hagonoy, Calumpit and
Malolos, Paombong have a distinct tone that even speakers from Bulacan recognize as
different from the normal one they use. As the researcher has observed in the
interviews with said speakers and even with people who hear these people speak, there
is indeed that certain rise of pitch at the penultimate of the last word of the utterance of
the speakers.
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The devoicing of glottal stops is also quite noticeable especially in the towns of Bulacan
that are near the province of Pampanga. For example,
h
ayun [a.'jn] hayun [ha.'jn]
ayan [a.'jan] hayan [ha.'jan]
eto [.'t] heto [h.'t]
ere [.'r] here [h.'r]
In the data of Balagtas, it can be observed that there are instances of n changing to ,
thus ____.
Example: naririnig [na.r.r.'ng] nariringig [na.r.r.'g]
MORPHOLOGY
Philippine languages are generally rich in affixes. Tagalog is of course of no exception.
It is one of the Philippine languages that have complicated affixation patterns.
In general, the morphology of Bulacan Tagalog is the same as that of the mainstream
Tagalog. It has, however, also some characteristics that are distinctly its own.
Based on the data from the works of Balagtas, it is very likely that Bulacan Tagalog
made use of the pattern na + base form of the verb in forming some of its verbs. He
(Balagtas) prefixed na to an unreduplicated, uninflected stem, where the usual form has
na- or nag- or um- with reduplicated first syllable of the stem. This pattern, however,
was lost, at least to Bulacan Tagalog which now usually makes use of na- or nag- or
um- with reduplicated first syllable of the stem of verbs. Batangas, Quezon, Nueva Ecija,
Rizal and Laguna Tagalog retained this feature.
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It was also observed that the use of nangag- instead of the usual nag- is very apparent
especially in the speech of the older people. This is also noticeable in Balagtas works.
There were also terms in Balagtas works wherein verbs masok, muwi
SEMANTICS
Semantic extensions are very much apparent in general to Tagalog. Bulacan Tagalog is
of no exception. Qualities that are attributed to things are now also used to describe
people. For example,
Dispalinghado na ata ang mga turnilyo ng utak mo eh.
It seems the screws in your brain have gone useless.
SYNTAX
Generally, the syntax of Bulacan Tagalog is very much similar to that of Manila
Tagalog. Discourse particles, however, are very much present in Tagalog Bulacan,
especially in parts that are further to the metro. Mostly older men and women make use
of them. For example, the use of kako, kamo and eka is fairly noticeable when one listens
to these Bulacan peoples conversations.
Analysis
Language affects culture and culture affects language. The abundance of terms in
a language about certain domains reflects something about the importance of those
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words in the lifestyle and culture of the people using it. As in the Philippine languages,
the abundance of the terms for rice in its languages says something about the significant
role that rice plays in the life of Filipinos.
intonation of some parts of Bulacan attest to how the province is unique in its own
right.
Based on the findings of this study, the people of the Bulacan were found to have
quite a sensitive sense of taste and smell. There were specific terms found for certain
tastes which do not have counterparts in the English language. Also, upon the 11
domains of this study, the domain of food has the most number of entries. Specifically,
there were 12 further classifications within the domain which consist of terms that
pertain to serving, situations during eating, food description, smell, taste, kitchen area,
kitchen tools, act in cooking, merienda, dishes, ingredients and specific terms for certain
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food. It can be inferred that this is because of the provinces proximity to Pampanga,
another province in the Philippines, in which food plays a significant role in the culture.
Furthermore, there are many herbal plants in Bulacan which is why the people
are particular in naming certain plants and trees. In Hagonoy and in Bulacan towns that
are near Pampanga (which has bodies of water), since it is near a body of water, it has
specific terms for fishes, fishing nets, rising of water, etc.
Generalization
The study focused on the lexical items that were found to be of Bulacan origin,
and their implications for the culture and history of the province and inhabitants of
Bulacan. A total of 140 words classified into the domains of flora, fauna, kinship terms,
personality traits, characteristics of a person or an object, hygienic practices, food, those
related to health and well-being, industry and actions were presented. The researcher
provided a description of the form, meaning and usage of each lexical item. In the light
of the findings of this study, it can be concluded that food and cleanliness are two of the
most important domains in the culture of Bulacan.
Recommendations
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As earlier mentioned, only few studies have been done in relation to the dialects
of Tagalog. The researcher suggests that further studies be done in terms of this area of
linguistics, particularly a more in-depth elicitation of data from every town of Bulacan
and other Tagalog speaking provinces. Also, for those terms that the informants
claimed to be of the same meaning as some of the other terms, the researcher
recommends that further analysis be done to actually differentiate the said terms from
each other.
Bibliography
Printed Books
Baltazar, Francisco. (1950). Florante at Laura. Manila: Philippine Education Co.
Baltazar, Francisco. (1990). Orosman at Zafira. Manila: de La Salle University
Press
Bloomfield, L. (1933). Language. New York: Holt.
Chambers, J.K. & Trudgill P. (2004). Dialectology. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino. (1998). Diksyunaryo ng Wikang Filipino,
sentinyal na edisyon. Manila: Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino
Lopez, C. 1970. On the Boak Tagalog of the island of Marinduque.
Medina, Isagani. 1979. Mga Diyalekto ng Kabite. Quezon City: University of
the Philippines -Diliman.
National Statistics Office. (2000). 2000 Census of Population and Housing.
Manila.
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Online Sources
Bulacan Government Official Website. 2013. Retrieved Feb. 4, 2013 from
http://www.bulacan.gov.ph/
Dallas,
Tex.:
SIL
International.
Online
version:
http://www.ethnologue.com/
http://www.herballeaves.net
http://www.filipinoherbshealingwonders.filipinovegetarianrecipe.com/kulitis
.htm
http://www.ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=3155
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http://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/guide_saluyot.php
http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annualchecklist/2006/show_common_name_details.php?name=Asuhos
www.herpetofauna.com
http://www.filipino-food-lovers.com/dinuguan
http://angsarap.net/2012/04/19/ube-halaya/
http://www.filipinoherbshealingwonders.filipinovegetarianrecipe.com/kulitis
.htm
http://eol.org/
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Adjectives
alibugha
bakera
bulastog
burara
busalsal
buriri
kiri
gara
gumon
harot
lantod
mapanggagad
salaula
utak-biya
may gapak
nanggigipalpal
nanggigitata
dapok, gapok
dispalinghado
maangis
maangot
maantot
maanggo
maangi
malagihay
malasado
inin
Meaning/s
flirt; one who loves to get the attention of guys; of higher level
than kiri.
used to describe one who mockingly mimics another's speech or
actions
sloven; slobbish, whether in public or in his/her personal hygiene
and use of things
stupid
broken as in a chair or other material;
thick with dirt
sticky with dirt and a liquid, most of the time, perspiration
weak and not durable
broken; bent; unuseable;
smells of rotten food
smells like spoiled bagoong or tapa
smells of dirty water or urine that was covered for a long time
smells of old milk, especially from a goat
smells of burning food like rice
soggy; soft and not yet that fully cooked
not being well done or well cooked (used to refer to state of egg)
state when the rice is already fully cooked
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Verbs
Meaning/s
gugo
hiniksik
hinguto
hilod
hinaw
hawan
imis
is-is
luglug/luglog
To clean and put into its proper place all that is not in order
To scrub hard in an effort to remove the dirt that has long been
there
To remove the dirt by putting something in the water for a short
time
taklob
tambog
biling
To move the body of an object so that the part under will be on top; to
turn over
busa
To stir fry
To prepare food for the people who are going to eat
To cut
To grate; To crush
To have fish bone block the throat while eating
To have air suddenly block the throat while drinking
To choke while eating something solid
To wash the dishes
To soak the used dishes and cooking tools in plain water in a tub
before washing it using soap; can also be done with clothes
according to old people, to give someone an uncomfortable
feeling in the stomach area; old people say that one can get it
when another person greets another with an empty stomach; v.
to cause someone to suffer from stomach ache due to your
greeting the person with your stomach empty; said to be cured
through a person applying his or her saliva to the patients
stomach area
To cure a fever through applying warm compress all over the
body in an effort to lower its (the bodys) temperature
ahin
gayat
gadgad
bikig
hirin
bilaok
urong
basal
usog/balis
hulas/banyos
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