Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Tipe
: 1 atm
Efisiensi
Dasar pemilihan
Ukuran
partikel
lubang keluarannya
dapat
diatur
dengan
memodifikasi
1.
F11
F9
F12
F14
Keterangan:
Aliran 9 : laju alir udara panas umpan Spray Dryer
Aliran 11 : laju alir keluaran Homogenizer untuk umpan Spray Dryer
Aliran 12 : laju alir keluaran Spray Dryer untuk umpan Cyclone
Separator Aliran 14 : laju alir keluaran Spray Dryer untuk umpan Screw
Conveyor
99,5
Massa
ke Screw Conveyor :
kg/jam
KH2POyang
4 = 100 2.525,253
= 2.512.627 kg/jam
= 12,626 kg/jam
H3PO4 = 18,424 kg/jam
KOH
= 220,810 kg/jam
H2O
= 2.024,759
kg/jam
Komponen
F14
kg/kmol
kg/jam
kg/jam
H3PO4
98
18,424
18,424
0,000
KOH
56,1
220,810
220,810
0,000
KH2PO4
136,1
2.525,253
12,626
2.512,627
H2O
18
2.024,759
2.024,759
0,000
2.276,619
2.512,627
Total
kg/jam
4.789,246
4.789,246
2.
= Humid heat
= Humidity udara
= 1,005 + 1,884 Y1
f. Moisture balance
Ss (X1-X2) = Gs (Y2-Y1)
g. Entalpy balance
Ss Hs1 + Gs HG1 = Ss HS2 + Ss HS3 + Gs HG2 (Robert E. Treybal, page 700)
(4.789,246 x 44,705) + (Gs. 579,509) = (4.789,246 x 138,305) + (4.789,246
x 55,322) + (Gs(60,3 + 2615,340
Y2)
214.103,242 + 579,509 Gs = 662.376,668 + 264.950,667 +(60,3Gs+2615,340
GsY2)
214.103,242 + 579,509 Gs = 927.327,335 + 60,3Gs + 2615,340 GsY2
713.224,093 519,209 Gs + 2.615,340 GsY2= 0 . . . (2)
H umpan masuk, H 9
= m . HS1
= 4.789,246 kg/jam . 44,705 kJ/kg dry solid
= 214.103,242 kJ/jam
= m . HG1
= 20.354,956 kg/jam . 579,509 kJ/kg
= 11.795.880,200 kJ/jam
Aliran
H 9
Masuk
Keluar
(kJ/jam)
(kJ/jam)
214.103,242
H 11
11.795.880,200
H 13
11.075.905,050
H 12
271.701,724
H 14
662.376,668
Total
12.009.983,442
12.009.983,442
= 4.789,246 kg/jam
umpan
= 1.474,926 kg/m3
= 92,077
lb/ft3 udara
= 0,616 kg/m3
= 0,038 lb/ft3
= 220,810 kg/jam
: - H3PO4
= 18,424 kg/jam
: - H2O
= 2.024,759 kg/jam
: - KH2PO4
= 2.525,253 kg/jam
massa masuk
4.789,246
kg/jam
1.474,926
kg/m3
udara masuk
Vo
20.354,956 kg/jam
0,616 kg/m3
- H:D = 4:1
Volume umpan
= Vo x waktu tinggal
= 0,000902 m3/s x 6 s
= 0,00541 m3
Volume udara
= Vo x waktu tinggal
= 9,178 m3/s x 6 s
= 55,07 m3
= (91,78 + 0,00902) m3
= 91,78902 m3
55,075 m3
= Vsilinder Vkonis
=
D 2 H 1 sin 600 D3
4
12
D 2 (4D) 1 (0,866)D3
4
12
1/3
55,075
=
3,3683
= 2,5 m
= 4 (2,54 m)
= 10 m
2
Jadi, tinggi
dryer
yaitu
102m= dimana
tinggi total
konisspray
= 2,5
1,25
2,165 m
tinggi silinder = 10 m 2,165 = 7,835 m
2,5 m
10 m
PD
t
C f E
0,6P
Keterangan:
f : Nilai tegangan material, psi digunakan material Stainless Steel
SA 167 Grade 11 : 18.750 psia
E : Welded Joint Efficiency
Dipilih Double welded butt joint maximum efficiency
berdasarkan Table 13.2 Brownell and Young = 80 %
P : Tekanan desain, psi
D : Diameter Spray Dryer = 2,5 m = 98,425 in
C : Korosi yang dipakai adalah faktor korosi terhadap udara luar,
yaitu = 0,25 inci/10 tahun
sehingga =
17,635 98,425
18.7500,8 (0,617,635)
H = 10
R disc
0,5
0, 3
f. perancangan
Dryer
nozzle
pada
Spray
(Brownel, Young,1959)
dengan
NRe
G ID
a '
Dengan:
G
Nozzle Umpan
Data perhitungan :
Laju alir massa (G)
= 4.789,246 kg/jam
= 1,33 kg/s
Densitas (mix)
= 1.474,926 kg/m3
Viskositas (mix)
= 0,000796 kg/m.s
diopt
= 226.G0,5.-0,35
= 226 x 1,330,5 x 1.474,926
= 20,275 mm
= 0,798 in
-0,35
IPS
= 1 in
Sch
= 40
ID
= 1,0490 in
= 0,0266 m
OD
= 1,3200 in
= 0,0335 m
= 0,8640 in2
= 0,0006 m2
mix
4g
. /789
, 246
k
jam
3
1.474,926
kg/m
= 3,247 m3/jam
= 0,000902 m3/s
Kecepatan aliran, v :
v
Fv
A
3
0, 000902
m /s
0,0006
=
= 1,503 m/s
mi v ID
NRe
mix
=
1. 474 , 0926
10,0008
, 503
, 0266
=
= 73.709,06 (turbulen) > 2100
Spesifikasi nozzle standar (Brownel and Young, 1959, App. F item 1 dan
2, hal.349) :
= 0,2 in
= 10 in
= 12 5/8
= 6 in
= 6 in
Regular, Type H
= 6 in
Low, Type C
= 3 in
Data perhitungan :
Laju alir massa (G)
= 20.354,956 kg/jam
= 5,654 kg/s
Densitas (udara)
= 0,616 kg/m3
Viskositas (udara)
= 0,0289 kg/m.s
diopt
= 226.G0,5.-0,35
= 226 x 5,6540,5 x 0,616 -0,35
= 636,697 mm
= 25,067 in
= 25,625 in
= 0,65 m
ID
= 24,981 in
= 0,635 m
20kg
. 354
, 956
/ jam
0,616 kg/m3
= 33.043,76 m3/jam
= 9,178 m3/s
Nozzle Produk
3. Nozzle Aliran Produk MKP
Data perhitungan :
Laju alir massa (G)
= 2.525,253 kg/jam
= 0,7 kg/s
= 0,7 kg/s x 0,995
= 0,698 kg/s
Densitas (mkp)
= 2.338 kg/m3
Viskositas (mkp)
= 0,001145 kg/m.s
Dari persamaan 5.15, hal. 161. Coulson, 1983, dianggap aliran turbulen.
sehingga diperoleh :
diopt
= 226.G0,5.-0,35
= 226 x 0,6980,5 x 2.338 -0,35
= 12,5 mm
= 0,492 in
IPS
= 1/2 in
Sch
= 40
OD
= 0,84 in
= 0,02134 m
ID
= 0,622 in
= 0,0158 m
= 0,00211 ft2
mix
2. 525 , 253
kg /jam
2.338 kg/m3
= 1,08 m3/jam
= 0,0003 m3/s
Kecepatan aliran, v :
v
Fv
A
3
0, m
0003
/s
= 0,0002
= 1,5 m/s
mi v ID
NRe
mix
=
2. 338
18
, 5
0,015
0,0002
=
= 277.053 (turbulen) > 2100
Spesifikasi nozzle standar (Brownel and Young, 1959, App. F item 1 dan
2, hal.349) :
Flange Nozzle thickness (n)
= 0,2 in
= 10 in
= 12 5/8
= 6 in
= 6 in
Regular, Type H
= 4 in
Low, Type C
= 3 in
Densitas (mix )
= 1 kg/m3
diopt
= 226.G0,5.-0,35
= 226 x 6,3180,5 x 1 -0,35
= 568,07 mm
ID
= 22,37 in
= 22,37 in
= 8,202 ft = 2,5 m
ODs
= 8,238 ft
Hs
= 7,835 m = 25,705 ft
steel
= 489 lb/ft3
Berat shell
= ..(ODs2 ID 2).H .
s
s stell
b. Berat Conis
IDc
= 8,202 ft = 2,5 m
ODc
= 8,238 ft
Hs
= 2,165 m = 7,1 ft
steel
= 489 lb/ft3
Berat conis
= 1/12..(ODc2 IDc2).Hs.stell
c. Berat Atomizer
Volume Atomizer =
1
4
3
D 2 H= 0,00157 m
Vc
= 0,055 ft3
steel
= 489 lb/ft3
Berat koil
= 4,957 ft
IDc
= 1,5 m = 4,9212 ft
Hs
= 0,3 m = 0,984 ft
steel
= 489 lb/ft3
stell
= 133,58 lb
e. Berat opening
Berat nozzles
Nozzle aliran F11 :
Ukuran Nozzle
= 1 in
Berat Nozzle
= 4 lb
= 0,5 in
Berat Nozzle
= 2 lb
Nozzle aliran F9
: Ukuran Nozzle
= 8 in
Berat Nozzle
= 30 lb
= 8 in
Berat Nozzle
= 30 lb
= 2 + 4 +30 + 30
= 66 lb
= berat nozzle
= 66 lb
Waktu tinggal = 6 s
= 4.789,246 kg / 3600 x 6 s
= 17,56 lb
Berat udara
Berat bahan baku
2/5 H
tbp
1 . Leg Planning
Digunakan kaki (leg) tipe I-beam dengan pondasi dari cor atau beton.
2
Karena kaki dilas pada 40 % ketinggian Spray dryer, maka ketinggian kaki:
(Hleg) = 40 % x H Spray dryer
dengan :
H Spray dryer : tinggi total Spray dryer, ft
(Hleg)
= 0,4 x 10 m
= 4 m = 13,12 ft
digunakan I-beam 5 in
dimensi I-beam :
kedalaman beam
in
=5
Lebar flange
in
= 3,284
Web thickness
= 0,494 in
= 0,326 in
= 4,29 in2
Berat/ft
= 14,75 lbm
18.000
= 1 (l2 /18.000. r 2
18,000
1 (81,24 /
=
2
18.000 x 1,87 )
= 14.038,54 lbm/in2 (<15,000 psi , sehingga memenuhi)
(Brownell and Young, p.201)
jarak antara center line kolom penyangga dengan center line shell (a) dari
(gambar 6) :
a = x lebar flange + 1,5
= x 3,284 +1,5 = 3,142 in
y = x lebar flange = x 3,284 = 1,.642 in
Z = I/y = 15/1,642 = 9,135201 in3
P
Gambar F.8. Sketsa beban tiap lug
P
Pw
(H L)
W
n D bc
dengan :
Pw = beban angin total pada permukaan yang terbuka,
lbm H = tinggi reaktor di atas pondasi, ft
L = jarak dari fondasi ke bagian bawah reaktor, ft
Dbc = diameter anchor-bolt circle, ft
n = jumlah penyangga, n
W =
berat reactor kosong + berat liquid dan beban mati lainnya, lbm
= 8.035,662 lbm
diasumsikan reaktor diletakkan dalam ruangan (fee from wind) dan lokasi
pabrik diasumsikan bebas dari gempa, sehingga Pw = 0, kemudian
persamaan di atas menjadi:
P. a
=
Z
(fec)
2.008,9155 x
3,142
1959)
=
= 690,955 lbm/in2
9,135201
f =
fc fec
P
f
2.008,9155
13.347,59
Axis 2-2
l/r = 81,24 in/ 0.63 in = 128,95 (l/r > 120, tidak memenuhi)
(Brownell and Young, 1959, p.201)
2. Lug Planning
nb
Pbolt
f
bolt
dengan : fbolt = stress maksimum yang dapat ditahan oleh setiap baut =
12,000 psi
Abolt =
502,23 lb m
12.1 l m /in
2
b
= 0,042 in2
6M
f allow
My
P
1 ln
2 l
4
dengan :
in h
= tinggi gusset
= 12 in (Brownell and Young, 1959,
fallow
.0,625
4.
= 545,2470
6 x 545,2470
12000
tbp =
Ketebalan gusset
(tg)
= 3/8 x thp
Abp
= 2.202,5
5
lb
545 psi
dengan :
fw
= lebar flange
= 3,284
in hb
= kedalaman beam
= 5 in
= n (diasumsikan awal)
pa
0,95 h b
le
0,8 fw
Abp
= 0,2097
mbaru
= (0,00015 x Pa x n2)1/2
= 10,9863 in
dengan :
Pa = tekanan aktual
= P/ Abp,baru = 2.202,55 /26,7226 = 82,423 psi
tbp = (0,00015 x 82,423 x 12,0477 2)1/2
= 1,34 in. Digunakan plat standar 1 in
i.
pondasi
dengan
sistem
konstruksi
beton
terdiri
dari
= 8.035,662
= 2.202,55
lbm
+
Jadi berat total yang diterima oleh pondasi
= 10.238,212
Tinggi pondasi
= 30 in
Volume pondasi
= 1270 in2
= 0,7349 ft3
= V x densitas beton
= 0,7349 ft3 x 140 lb/ft
= 102,886 lbm
10.341,098lb
7,0023 ft
= 1.476,81 lb/ft3
= 0,73 ton/ft3 < 10 ton/ft3
Pondasi dapat dipasang pada tanah clay, sebab tegangan tanah karena beban
kurang dari safe bearing maksimal pada tanah clay.
j.
Cyclone
Spray
dryer
6m
3m
Blower
6m
Gambar F.11. perkiraan skema panjang ducting
Tipe
1.
F16
F12
F15
Keterangan :
Aliran 12 : laju alir gas yang keluar dari Spray Dryer untuk umpan Cyclone
Separator
Aliran 15 : laju alir yang keluar dari Spray Dryer untuk umpan
Screw Conveyor
Aliran 16 : laju alir gas yang keluar dari Spray Dryer untuk dibuang ke udara
Assumsi :
Efisiensi cyclone separator = 98 % (Perrys Chemical Engineering
Handbook 7th Edition, page 17 27).
KH2PO4 =
12,626 kg/jam
= 12,373 kg/jam
100
KH2PO4 =
12,626
= 0,253 kg/jam
100
= 220,810 kg/jam
H2O
= 2.024,759
kg/jam
Komponen
F12
F15
F16
kg/jam
kg/jam
18,424
0,000
18,424
0,000
220,810
12,373
0,253
2.024,759
0,000
2.024,759
2.276,619
12,373
2.264,246
kg/kmol
H3PO4(g)
98
KOH(g)
56,1
KH2PO4(s)
136,1
H2O(g)
18
220,810
12,626
kg/jam
Total
2276,619
2.
Dp min
Nt . . Vc
( s )
dengan :
Dp min = diameter partikel minimum = 0,5 mm = 0,0005
m
BC
kg/m3
5.10
-4
9 . 0,0289 . BC
5,5 . 3,14 . 40 .
(1474,926 -1)
BC = 0,65 m
Cyclone
Kode
CL-301
Fungsi
Jenis
Cyclone Separator
Bahan
Suhu
60 C
Tekana
16,201 Psi
n desain
Kapasitas
126,601 ft3
Dimensi
Diameter silinder
= 2,6 m
Panjang silinder
= 5,2 m
Panjang konis
= 5,2 m
= 0,65 m
1 buah
l.
Perancangan blower
Fungsi :menarik udara kering sebagai bahan baku udara kering spray
dryer Tipe: Centrifugal Blower
Data-data yang diperlukan :
Laju alir massa
: 20.354,956 kg/jam
Densitas udara
: 0,616 Kg/m3
= (100/80) x 16,794 Hp
= 20,992 Hp
Q Hot oil
= H2 H1
= (11.795.880,200 6.167.551,67) kJ/jam
= 5.628.328,532 kJ/jam
= fuel oil no 6
= 18.774,9415 Btu/lb
Efisiensi ()
= 90 %
fuel oil
= 870 kg/m3
= 54,3123 lb/ft3
Q
f
=
5 . 628
0,8
. 328 ,532
= 18.774,941554,3123
= 6,89 ft3/jam
= 195,1 liter/jam
n.
Perancangan Heat
Exchanger Neraca panas
pada HE-301
1.
Panas masuk
Aliran 1 (udara kering keluaran unit utilitas) Pada T = 30C
Tabel F.5. Energi masuk Udara kering dari unit utilitas
Massa
H1
H1 (m.H1)
(kg/jam)
(kJ/kg)
(kJ/jam)
20.354,956
303
Komponen
Udara kering
Total
20.354,956
6.167.551,67
6.167.551,67
HG1 = 303 kJ/kg (Entalpy udara pada 1 atm dan 303,15 K, Perrys
Chemical Engineering Handbook 7th Edition, page 2 208).
2. Panas keluar
H2
H2 (m.H2)
(kg/jam)
(kJ/kg)
(kJ/jam)
Komponen
Udara kering
Total
20.354,956
579,509
20.354,956
11.795.880,200
11.795.880,200
= H2 H1
= (11.795.880,200 6.167.551,67) kJ/jam
= 5.628.328,532 kJ/jam
Qhotoil
s
=
NHV
= 134 L/jam
5.628.328,532 kJ/jam
134 kg/jam
42.000 kJ/kg
Aliran
Masuk (kJ/jam)
Keluar (kJ/jam)
H1
6.167.551,67
0,000
H2
11.795.880,200
QHot oil
5.628.328,532
Total
11.795.880,200
11.795.880,200
= 134 kg/jam
T masuk, T1
= 350 oC = 662
F T keluar, T2 = 90 oC = 194 oF
= 20.354,956
kg/jam T masuk, t1
= 30oC =
86oF
T keluar, t2
= 300 oC = 572 oF
= 970 kg/m3
1. Neraca panas
Beban pemanasan, Q
2. Menghitung LMTD
Berikut adalah gambaran temperatur pada double pipe heat exchanger
Tabel F. 4. Temperatur di double pipe
Hot fluid
Cold fluid
Differences
662
Higher temp.
572
90
t2
194
Lower temp.
86
108
t1
468
Differences
486
-18
(t2 - t1)
(T1 - T2)
176
(t2 - t1)
(T1- t1)
tLMTD
T1 t 2 T2 t 1
T t
ln
T2 t 1
= 139 oF
3. Temperatur Kalorik
Tc = Tavg = (T1 + T2) = 428oF
tc = tavg = (t1 + t2) = 329oF
hot fluid
= Hot oil
cold fluid
= Udara kering
Range UD
dipilh UD
= 50 Btu/jam ft2
U D .t
5.334.403 Btu/jam
50 Btu /
jam
ft o F 139 F
= 767,54 ft2
Karena A > 200 ft2, maka digunakan tipe Shell and tube dengan ukuran
standar yang digunakan (tabel 10, kern, 1965):
1,0000 In
BWG
18,0000
Luas area, At
0,2618
a"
0,5940
Length, L
ft2/lin ft
18,0000 Ft
Nt = A / L. a"
Nt = 767,54 / 18 . 0,594 = 71,78 tube
Jumlah aliran
1,0000 Pass
Pitch
1,2500 In
Diamater shell =
15,2500 In
A terkoreksi
square pitch
L.a".N
=
UD terkoreksi
769,824 ft2
= Q/A.tLMTD
=
49,85 Btu/jam.ft2 oF
Flow area, as
=0,25 ft
BWG = 18
Clearance, C = Pt OD
= 0,25 in
At = 0,594 in2
5)
Gs=
W
as
44.875 lb/jam
at
= Nt. at'/144n
at = 0,297 ft2
5) Laju alir massa, Gt
Gt
W
at
0.045 ft
0.297 ft
295,42 lb/jam
= 994,68 lb/jam.ft2
= 329oF
Pada tavg
= 0,024 cp 2,42
= 0,605 lb/jam ft
= 0,058 lb/jam ft
De = 0,99 in = 0,0825 ft
D xG
e
Pt = 1,25 in
Res =
= 0.0825 x 997.222,22
0,058
Ret =
Dt Gt
0.075 x 994,68
0.605
= 123,307
= 141.846,26
7) jH = 250
[Gb.28]
7) jH = 6
[Gb.24]
8) Pada tavg
= 329oF
8) Pada tavg
= 428oF
c 3
k
9) h o
=
s
(oF/ft) c
= 0,544 Btu/lb oF
= 0,876
k c 13
jH
[Pers. 6.15]
9)
D
k
= 55,745
c 3
k
hi
t
= 1,795
k c 1 3
= jH
[Pers. 6.15]
D t k
= 8,17
ID
hio/t = ho/t x
OD
= 7,37 Btu/jam ft2 oF
10) Tube wall temperature, tw
t w t c
h io
h io
h o
[Pers. 5.31a]
= 340,56 oF
(T t a )
a
o
11.a ) s Pada tw = 246,3 F
w = 0,022cp 2,42
w = 1,2 cp 2,42
= 0,05324 lb/jam
ft s = (s/w)
= 2,904 lb/jam ft
0,14
t = (t/w)0,14
= 1,012
= 0,823
ho = (ho/s)s [Pers.
6.36]
2o
= 55,058 Btu/jam ft F
13)
io
o
11.b ) t Pada tw = 246,3 F
h io h o
14)
Ud
1
Ud
1
Uc
1
Ud
Rd
1
7,706
0.007
= 0,136
Ud = 7,311 Btu/hr.ft2.oF
U C U D
=
UC U D
= 0,00701 Jam ft2oF/Btu
Rd yang diperlukan = 0.007 hr.ft2.oF/btu (Tabel 12. Kern, 1965).
Rdhitung> Rddiperlukan
(memenuhi)
Pressure drop
1)
1) Ret = 123,307
Dari Fig.26 Kern
De x
Gs
Res =
f = 0,0035
= 0.0825 x 997.222,22
0,058
= 141.846,26
s = 0,09472
Pada ta = 329 oF
= 0,05 lb/ft3
S = 0,0008
Number of course =
(N + 1 ) = 12 L/B = 72
Pressure drop
Pressure
drop
2) Ps =
f Gs
Ds
(N
1)
2) Pt
=
f G p L.n
s D e s 5,22 x
10
10
= 8,96 Psi
s 5,22
x10
10
t D t
= 0,0002 Psi
Pr = (4.n/s) x V2 / 2. g
= 0,084
4) P. T = Pt + Pr
= 0,0846 Psi
Allowable Ps = 10 psi
Allowable Pt = 10 psi