38 Slender supports give stel-ramed construction the lightest Dossible appearance . (D. However, this form is not permitted everywhere. Exterior unenclased supports are ‘ately allowed 2 but, if combined with externally visible For many building types, building regulations require fire resistant or even fie proof construction and encased steel members consequently resemble reinforced concrete ® In shell structures, forces ate distributed uniformly in all directions. Types include: cupola with segments), ob!ong, Cable structures for long spans have been in use since early times » G2. Circus tents are the best-known lightweight suspended diaphragm structure. Modern reinforced ‘The challenge for architects is to create form based on a fusion of architectural expression and knowledge of the twchnological principles of modern construction techniques. This unity was lost in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. halorn which available forme were used on 3 ‘decorative’ basis in any construction type, whether in stone, wood oF plaster. FORM Modern Construction Techniques and Forms © ene horizontal girders, can create an especially ight but solid appearance of unobstructed space. @. Steel and ‘aluminium structures are particularly suitable for ight open halls with few supports and cantilovered roote (2. ‘Woical characteristics are cantilevered floors on beams @ from tower cores. oF house core supports 7) oF ‘98 mushroom structures = @. shell (8, rhythmically arranged transverse shells 3, cows of shells with inclined supports at neutral points» (2. concrete suspended diaphragms with rigid edge beams can Create economical and impressive buildings 98, and may bbe used as basis for cantilever constructions.» The latest fre protection techniques can obviate the need for concrete encasement altogether. intumescent coatings are often used for protecting structural steelwork against fire (especially the visually expressed elements). These look creating a protective layer around the stee!