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WKzUL `D_ edH uGAL jd We W b edH W WU vK UNDd b

b W WU vK dU uGAL j WIdD c w r W WU vK dUL jd

p qJA sO dOJ UuL jd WIOd uGAL jd WIdD c

W WU vK jd qJ

rOI d WDu jd

WDu uGAL j qJA sO

rOI d

uGAL jd rOI d b

WLEML UJ WOuD_

WuGA jd rOI d qJ

edH u

WuL `D_ tM ZM bFL s e W WId s WOJOUJOL UJ_ U edH b

w u W v ddI UOKL nOMB sJL WOeK WLOIL UL ` WOMML

peripheral milling wDOL edH

WuL WFUI b WDu lDI r WuGAL edH `D U u edH sOJ u uJ

od s WuGAL d sO w WOb lDI Wd edH sOJ du lDI sOJ jO vK UEU

qJA w sO u UL WOuD WcG Wd WUD Wd

WOUL WUFL WFUI b Wd WO r lDI WOKL _ e lDI WOKL s ZM

Face milling wN edH
WFUI b WDu lDI r WuGAL edH `D vK U uL edH sOJ u uJ
d U U gd pL uJ qJA w UL edH sOJ WN jO vK WFu

 rEML qOL WO bN lDI WOKL

edH sOJ

edH sOJ

WuGAL

wN edH qJ

WuGAL

wDOL edH qJ
wN wDOL edH

b WDu lDI edH sOJ uJ uM c w

UL b w UNN w uuL b WODOL

qJA w `{u u

wDOL edH qJ

edH d

w ozd wN edH wDOL edH UOKL UM edH sOJ Wd s ZM

bUB edH wJF edH

b W??d?? U??? Q?? WIdD c?? UL

U fJ uJ WKGAK t bM lUI

tM ZM UL WcG WuGAL bI Wd
lDI Wd U

WcG Wd U

bUB edH qJ

qGKG lDI sOJ Q lDI WOKL qL

pL d gd mK WKGA U w U Ob
u WKGA s sOJ s d b t
eL gd pL Ue U Ob e lDI

qJA w sO u UL

VKD UL UND UJ s WuGAL lK U lDI WOKL UM lDI sOJ Q uM c UO s

WJOL bKB UFL s uGAL edH WIdD c b pc u rJ j

jUN edH ouL edH

qJA w u UL WcG WKGA Wd U U Iu lDI WIDM bM lDI sOJ Wd U uJ

b ZbU tJL qI uDIL gd sJ u WuGAL w sOJ s qGKGO

WE U dI v v gd pL q ULK ZbU nFC b WF lD u d qL lUI

lD u u V WHOM e v W WU dF v R UL WuGAL s lUI b d
WKGAL uD u vK dR UL edH sOJ UM d nK v R c d_ WU WFDI

UC qOK WcG bI WOU lD Ud v U w edH UOKL w WIdD c b pc

qOK lD oL

qI pc jd u w be UL qH v lDI u jGC U LU qOGA `D uJ pc

pL WKOK uGAL edH WIdD c b lDI UM w WuGAL cc UL

jUN edH qJA

lDI Wd

ouL wJF eL edH

edH u UM w eL edH r

sOJK WFUI b b YO wN

u s e w WcG Wd U fJ
tH uA s d_ e w lDI

Wd U l ou WcG U uJ
qJA w `{u u UL lDI UM
sOJ dD UO r YO
WcG Wd

ouL wJF edH qJ

WuGAL d s U YO

d nBM s sOJ u dM
U w d_ lDI uJ YO WKGA

fUFL lDI

UM _ p e s wU U u lD WLU `D ZM lDI s WIdD c w

 lDI WOKL uWuGAL r v W uJ lDI

UA
edH ozd sO XOe bd WOKU w dH k

edH 5J UO

WOU quF Ud V edH W vK lD WOKLF UOIK edH sOJ UO bM

lDI sOJ j WKO
UO r WOc sOUJ j U sOJ VI dD VUM UL sOJ qL uL dD U

qOGA d VUM UL jd WOKLF WUML WIdD

WKGA bF u

WUML dE dOu r v WuGAL UNM c lDIK UNOKU YO s uL UFL nK

pc U b V
sOJ bF u

lD bM W eN YO UN WU qOGA d lDI vK UNb YO s sOUJ nK

UNbF WuGA lD bM WbL WIO lDI Wd L sOJ bF u V uGAL

lDI Wd uJ WbOdJ rIK sOJ b bM U WOU Ud VK sOJ WDu d u

WIO

edH sOJ UUI

u vK dO d t dDI pc qOGA WOKLF UUM UNu uJ YO edH sOJ UO r

edH s lDI WOKL

edH W WOM

_ w W UNM ZM WOU qOGA d w qLF lOD WMO W WOM uJ UbM

edH WOKL Ud

w qJA w sO u UL Ud du edH vK qOGA WOKL VKD

 sOJ qL uL WUu Ud bM s UbL w WOb lDI sOJ Wd

s UNd bL xx u UU WUD UNd w WOuD WcG Wd

dI WKF db bO pd WDu Wd w uuL WcG bM

WOuD WcG

WOb lDI Wd

d Wd

WO{dF WcG

edH W vK WOb UL qJ
bM s UNd bL zz u U WUD UNd w WO{dF WcG Wd

dI WKF db bO pd WDu UC Wd w uuL WcG

u UU Wd Wd od s WuGAL UNMR d Wd WuLF Wd

lDI oL jC pyy

bd UE

WIDM w rd g d bu edH sOJ w WFUI b qLF WFD sO UJ qFH

XOe nOEM bd q s lDI WIDM v uI bd qzU a{ w WUF VKD c lDI

WOU e_ s uJ bd UE vK edH W q u WuGAL W e_
bUI w W s wKH e w bd e lI bd qzU lL tO e

WOHB r lDI l{u v VOU_ d e s lDI qzU aC wzUdNJ UOU qLF WCL
qzU WOHB q s VOd b bLF w e UU d ddL WCL v Wu q qzU
VzuA s

uIL UDL pO s lMB bd qzU dL b YO rOd

lDI WIDM v bd qzU jG{ uI rJK b fL

WcG Wd b Wd bb%

sOJK WODOL Wd bLF YO UN WUML WODOL WdU edH sOJ b Wd dQ

Wd edH sOJ WODOL Wd s dF edH WOKL u WuGAL bF u UNbF u vK

lDI

lDI Wd WODOL Wd
dL bu WUI lDI UM b UNFDI w WOD WUL UN vK edH WOKL w lDI Wd dF

WUML Wd s uKF bF lDI WMOF edH sOJ WU lDI Wd be V WIOb w

W tuA sOJ d WUML Wd s UBIM Ue V b

WdC WOdI WM U bu b w sOJ jO vK UM_ b_ lDI Wd U

b s sOJ Wd U qJA w `{u u UL sOJ dDI

WUFL uJ b bF jOL WHUC VKD pc bu

WIO r

`B pc vK WUFL WL V WIOb w d lDI Wd UOI b uJ

WIO

qJ

WIO

rU o

WIO

sA o

wN edH

WIO

sA o

dH

WIO

rU o

WIO

sA o

wN wDO edH

uOMLWd UF

udJ

wUWK UF

U VJ

st stSt
VuwzUA u

wJzU dO u

WKGA bF u

qOGA u

edH u

YO

lDI Wd

r edH sOJ dD

WIO sOJ b
[ WOdI WM

W vK bL edH u WuGAL bF sOJ bF u v WU{ lDI Wd bLF

WFzUA UFL s WuLL lDI Wd WUM WONOu U LO wU b sO qGAL `D WuF
HSS WOUF Ud VK s uMB edH sOJ WDu b

Ud bM j{ q s b Wd U r WODOL Wd lDI Wd Wb

WO WUFL bU edH W vK

WIO

Wu Wd d_ edH W Ud bM j{ r UOL b Wd WLO U bF

Ud j{ Wu vK

U
lDI Wd V WIOb Wd b r UdD edH sOJ

WIO

WuK

W Ud bM rOLB V WuL WdK WMJL Wd d_ WcG j{ r

 ULKJ WuGAL U B WMU U OJ dOG dOG V edH sOJ lDI Wd

lDI Wd bF s lDI Wd be V edH sOJ Wd XCH WuGAL

WOU U p edH WOKL W_ WMOFL dE w WUML

edH sOJ WFUI b d VM
edH WMUL oK b w WOJOUJOL d{_ VM

b v R UL edH UM UNUJ s UNe jd UJ s qLI WFD p WOKL VM

WKGAL uD u

sOJ Wd j{
U r WIO edH sOJ WOb Wd bb V edH WOKL d bM

wK UL lDI Wd uU s Wd

WIO

U
b Wd V r UdD edH sOJ bU UND Wu d dD uH s WFD

rUM edHK sA edHK

q
WuGAL bF u l WUILU b s
WIO sA edHK lDI Wd
WIO rUM edHK lDI Wd
WIO
WIO [

[
[

b Wd

sA lDI Wd

WIO [

[
[

rUM lDI Wd
WcG Wd

X u UU WOD Wd W WU UNd w WUL UNQ WcG Wd dF

WIO r bu WUI y y w{dF U w

V WUML WcG Wd U WcG bM j{ V edH W vK uGAL lD bM

edH sOJ qJ WOKJ WcG WdF r v edH sOJ UM s s qJ WcG bI WdF

sOJK bu bK WcG bI
r s qJ WcG bI qL YO
sOJ UM b

qJ WOKJ WcG bI U WcG Wd WIO se b w WcG Wd U bM

WIOb w b bF U dC

WIO r WcG Wd qL YO
r s qJ WcG bI
edH sOJ UM b
WIOb w sOJ b

U
WcG Wd V WIOb Wd b U M tUM b wDO edH sOJ

rUM sA lDI s qJ dD uH s WFD edH

u
rUM lDIK s qJ WcG bI r sA lDIK s qJ WcG bI b s

WIO r sA lDIK
WIO r rUM lDIK
edH W vK qOGA s
W vK qOGA s uJ b U w Wd WuL Wb UOuuMJ b s w

U dBM u c `d oI pc WUML oI v UN UL V w Uu s u edH

UL sOL vedH W vK qOGA s rI WOUMB Wu uD w

eON s

Wd j{ VUML lDI sOJ XO YO s W eON edH W vK qLF iI

bM w Xe u bIH W WU vK WKGA XO WUML WcG Wd j{ edH sOJ

bd UE bIH WcG bM Ud
edH s lDI s

u uJ YO lDI u u Ud s qu b vKedH W vK lDI s nu

WUN w wU nBM dO Wb w lDI sOJ dD nB t UUC qLF WFD u s lDI uA

wU uM vK UFL uJ YO uA

lDI sOJ o qLF WFD u wKJ uA u

lDI u u

YO

qLF WFD u
lDI sOJ dD
lDI d b bu uA s wKJ edH s
wKOGA bF bFL pL qOGA q bFL pL

lDI oL

wKJ uA u
WcG Wd

bu uAK edH s

WUFL w `{u u UL lDI d bF UdC bu uA s vK bLF c wKJ se U

WOU

wKJ edH s

WOHB d r UNJL UN{d r UNu udJ wU VK s WKOD WFD

r rUM lDI oL r t uLL sA lDI oL XLK S r `BO pL

edH s V U M tUM b r tu r bL edH sOJ dD U

q
r WDA dL bFL pL
r sA lDIK vIO r rUM lDI oL

d
sA lDI d b

sOJ dD WuGAL u uA u

sr WcG b s s qJ WMA WcG bI
sr WcG b s s qJ WLUM WcG bI
sOJ Wd UM_ b s qJ WcG bI WcG Wd

WIO r sA WcG Wd
WIO r

rUM WcG Wd

sO d lDI Wd b b s lDI Wd Wb b b U

rU WIO sA WIO

WIO
sA o sA lDI Wd

WIO

rU o rUM lDI Wd

WIO
WIO [
WIO

b Wd

sA lDI Wd

rUM lDI Wd

wKJ uA u
WcG Wd

bu uAK edH s

lDI sOJ o qLF WFD u wKJ uA u

r wKJ uA u
WIO r [ [ sA WcG Wd
WIO r [ rUM WcG Wd
WIO [
WIO [

sA edH s

rUM edH s

rUM edH s sA edH s wKJ edH s

[ [ wKJ edH s
WIO [

buK WUF WK_

UNM q WHO b WuLF edH W WOOzd e d
WKUA edH W WOI_ edH W sO dH U
rdU p sO edHU uBIL U
edH W WUD WOuD WdU rJ UNDu sJL w dD b
Ud ozd W WUD WOuD WdU rJ sJL edH W w
UNbF YO s edH sOUJ UN nB V w UHB w U
UNbF YO s edH sOUJ u d
u q Ub U MO WOc sOUJ UNO du w u_ d
e sOJ UNO du w UJ d
rdU p U{u ULNMO dH d sOKJ WO vK edH W WFUI b bu
u q Ub d l edH sOUJ u d
rdU pU `{ uA u w sOJ dD d U
YO s wN edH wDOL edH sO U
edH `D sOJ u sO WF

sOJ w lDI l{u

UNUOK UNOU sO wJF edH WOKL r nO rdU U {u d

YO s ouL edH wJF edH sO U
WcG Wd lDI Wd U sO WF
lDI u
XOe bd UE WOKU

 uGAL j w WOU WU WOUJ WU sO dH rdU U MOF sO

edH sOJ UO bM UNOK bLF w quF d
edH w WbL qOGA Ud rdU U MOF sO
UOFL sOJ qL uL w WbL qBH u WHO w U
wK U d
edH w WcG Wd
edH w lDI Wd
edH w se b w uDIL gd r UNOK bLF w quF U
edH w lDI qzu nzU dA l d
b uNHL YO s edH UOKL w s qJ WcG qJ WcG s q sO U
ULNM q
c dUM U {u UNU WUF V WODOL Wd edH w lDI Wd d
WUFL
UNDd w WOU WUFL U {u edH s UNOK bLF w quF d
dOL s q u WIO rK WcG Wd XLK S rK UNu WFD edH d
jI b uA lDI s V rK edH sOJ dD rK wzUNM wzb
edH s w dRL quF U
edH sOJ Wd bb w dRL quF U
WOHB d rK UNJL rK UN{d rK UNu dD uH s WFD
rK UNu UdD WOKb edH sOJ bU rK `BO UNJL
rUM lDI oL rK sA lDI oL U S U M
UNUM b
s qJ WcG bI lDI Wd b v udU edH s V rK

b????u???

rOI

Indexing

b?????u

bM WU lDI l{u bb F uD b WOJOUJOL lDI qOJA UOKL w X

b jOD WOKL s UF U_ s U b v WOuD_ uGAL jO rOI

Ue Wu UJ_ s qJ Q nU edH b UL rOI UN b eK rOI UO

WOU Wb uGAL qOJA WOU_ UOKLF s rOI WOKL dF uGAL jO vK WHK
w wb qJ qL UNM d b UJ_ uGAL jO vK UF l{ v WU

b bu t GA jd dE rOI e WU qOJA sOUJ WUFU d lD

UNM q nzU Ue U rOI eN u U bu c w dF eN c s u

UNb ozd U

b_
vK U uJ bu c W bF pM lu
b YO s rOI eN sO UI
UNHzU rOI eN e wL
WUML rOI WId U
wUH VdL jO dUL rOI d UU oD

rOI eN
qJA w UL edH W WU vK X edH UMOUL WOU_ UIKL s rOI eN dF

Ue Wu UJ_ s qJ Q nU edH UMML U UJ v UNKL UD bLO

UUD WOuD_ uGAL vK b bF bF Wu `D WOuD WKG jO vK WHK

bu c w tdF U c a Wb WL WFd

edH WU vK rOI W qJ

rOI eN u

t weK d U U Vd w eN_ c u rEFL U DOD `{u qJA

t oOAF WM WeK WLd sML c uI U M uJ U UM w U M
UbWebs
bILbweKsMLSWKUbWLdb

sML b b odL b UM{d S odL b WDu WLd sJL U

vK X t_
b WKGA tOK XL dE pc tDO s
bIL weK

v WKGA jO rOI q s odL b dJ r _ dL lD bF UdU d u

`DL rI UC jOL rOI sJL YO UNM dG v UF rOI eN ULOLB uM UL

WuGALK wI_

weK d

WOeK( W1d

od* b

rOI uL

rOI WOMO

rOI UN U jD qJ

WOU u_ v rOI eN nOMB sJL cN

qUA rOI

WOzd e_ qJA sO T qJ wd WDu edH W WU vK UN c X

qIM W d s uJ WOeK d Wu WK bu c qUA rOI d

vK b d X YO b b d b S ULNMO

tH b d Wd bI WKGA d c rOI u
rOI r
rOI u

b d

b
odL b
w d
jO rOI WOMO
WOMOB XO UL
rOI hI

qUA rOI qJ

qUA rOI Ub

rOI dF WOuD WKG jO vK WHK Ue u UJ_ s qJ edH b ULK

Ub U ULN WU U v uGAL jO rOI sJL YO Ub rOI eN d qUA

U_ s W qJ WuM d U VKD pc

w rOI u w b t_ qUA rOI UN UN c tOL

Direct indexing

rOI u

UI eL

dUL rOI

dUL rOI UOKL w UN c b

U_ s WuL v dzb jO rI YO
rC c?? rOI d?? rOI u vK Vd

jO rOI sJL pc Ub e UuI

WuGAL

v?? WuGAL

UL

dUL rOI d

dUL rOI UE qJ
WUI rOI u dL dG s uJ dUL rOI UE qJA sO

b wOzd uL db qLF b uJ YO dUL rOI WOMO WOMOB j UL jC

WuGAL U b vK rd WLI Ub V e uI s
dI uI b
dUL rOI dI db uI b
WuGA* U b

U
db uI b V sL qJ v UNKJ qu d r UdD dL uH s WFD

UI dUL rOI d uI b t ULK dUL rOI d

dU* rOI d uI b
dUL rOI d db uI b
WuGA* U b
uI

uI

pd r UbF _ `D d r rOI d w r UdD c qLF WFD X

jOL qOJA r v cU wU `D lDI uI odL WDu dUL rOI d

Simple Indexing

rEM wUL qJ v dzb

VdL jO rOI

d b rOI b pd uKFL s qUA rOI UN bU jO rOI r

b d UMOKF U WL v qL WFD jO rOI U S b s

WKGA wOzd uL

wK UL bUI uJ WU c w rOI b odL b s

odL

odL b UH b
U_ b

odL b YO
WuKDL U_ b
UN e pc rOI c WKUJ b s `O b vK qB U q w fO sJ

uI s WOU b_ vK u dzb rOI d W qUA rOI

vK U I vK t uI dz u WOMOB _ dI
VOd

vK U I vK t uI dz u WOMOB wU dI
VOd

vK U I vK t uI dz u WOMOB YU dI
VOd


uJ odL b b S U L v WuGA jO rOI b uK

s e dJ c vK uBK

v WU{U sOKU sO odL V

bF UHUCL uI s b vK u rOI dI uI dz UO sJL

U I UO U I vK WuL WU dzb YU dI UOU
U I sOI sO WU uD uO hIL wJ jCO
cJ

dz

bIL

qN wUU

dJ UO

WM `B

VI b UO VI v_ dzb wU dI UO sJL pc

U
U M vK u sM lD d

c vK UNOK w WM WM q lD sO d q l b odL V
U I dz s uI UO UI WOU dzb _ dI UO sJL U_

hIL wJ jC v_ WU w

uI U WU dzb _ dI

odL bO qJA w UL uI WL uI sO UU vK uO
r WKU
qJA w UL r VI v dH VI s odL eM b

qJA w `{uL l{uL v dOOG ULNdHU U F hIL wJ b r

t odL b s lD bF WUI dL w dH r u oU r VI `BO qUIL

r U IU U c r VI v U IU r U c bb dH VI s b r v_ WKUJ
cJ

WOMOB vK rOI pd od qJ
Differential Indexing wK{UH VdL wUH rOI
w WIU rOI dD UNLOI sJL w U_ s b v qLF WID jO rOI sJL

rOI b UM t rOI WOMO rOI b sO WO Wd bu rOI s uM c

r WOM Wd vK uBK p fJ bO Wd U w tH Xu w rOI WOMO b

WuL WDu rOI WOMO uL qu d u rOI UN wOzd uL sO qOu

rI qJA d s WuLL qUA rOI UN e YO qJA w UL d d s

rNUM b w d s b d U M ULNUM b sOd s w t WFU d d
U M

U
d UM b rOI b Wd bI b U L qL WFD jO rOI uKDL

w{dH bFU vL `B UIL v UMH{ uK

rOI b Wd

uBKK dzb uI sO UUL s sOU WH

rOI Wd

U_ b UM{d UM UL

b b uJ U L vK

b b uJ U L

W{dHL b b
WOIOI b b

WOMO Wd U fJF jO d b d{ vK jI b VU U UL sJL

WuKDL UM_ b s d W{dHL U_ b _ rOI

rOI b b be V

U w WOMOB b YO rOI WOMO bO sO WO Wd US p v uu sJL

dLU
? bIL bO UNd w WUL pc be bO Wd
WOMOB d bO Wd

U L WOIOI U_ vK qB pc

U L vK qBM

rOI u
bzUI d UM b
bUM
d
UIM* d
b

UIML

WuGAL
b

jO

bzUI

eL
rOI WOMO
rOI od

WOd d

jO d ULF d d q qJ

qJA w UL WOMOB pd u rOI UN wOzd uL sO d d VOd r

d odL b Wd V qU rOI UN WDu UL v WuD jO rOI d

W d

odL b Wd
WuGA* U b

rOI wu UD U bI WUFL UI k

UL U_ b dH

odL b Wd

qIM W

W{uH* U_ b UNU uKD* U_ b

W{dH* U b

bzUI UM b
UIM* UM b

UIML d Vd UM tUM b WU c w uJ wOzd uLvK bzUI d Vd

UM tUM b uJ WOMOBU qBL uL vK

qUA rOI UN WUFU wuD rOI

`D_ rOI w Wdzb uGAL rOI WU{U qU rOI UN eL edH b

uLF sO WO Wd qI uLF lDI sOJ b od s p WU WIO e v WuL

dzb rOI u d d s WuL WDu edH W WUD bdL uL rOI UN wOzd

qIM rOI WOMO vK Wdzb odL b Wd qJA wUL wD wu rOI Wd v

w bdL uL v Ub Wd qIM w d d WuL v tM rOI UN wOzd uLF v

wuD wD rOIK bdL uL rOI UN wOzd uLF sO WU WM uJ edH W

wOzd uLF S tO Wd W rOI UN bS r UN bdL uL uD edH W vK

W uJ V WKU odL b pd bM WKUJ b s d rOI UN w

d d Wd qI

bdL uL

WuGAL

uL

u
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lD b WMOF WFDI qOGA d cOHM seU aOK se bBI
wuD aOK s U
WIO

WOU WUFL s aOK s U r

3 uA u
aOK u s
WIO 3 WcG Wd

qJA w sO u UL WuGAL u UuA u

d pL

WuGAL dD

WOuD WcG Wd

uA u

uA u qJ
bI UM dG WOKJ WUL

WIO

qLF WFD s b lD u qLF se aOK d b uAL se u

se S lUI b qL d UbM p lD u s d v WuGAL U U UU sJUd v

`B se S u_ s v XU WFDI UM{d S u_ c l Ud VUM

WIO

q w lDI oL vK UuI aOKU eL wKJ bFL WUL U u_ b YO

o o

u_ b

aOK q WuGAL dD nBo

aOK bFwzUNM WuGAL dD nBo

u q w lDI oL

r[[sO sOA aOK oL d

r[[sO rOFM aOK
`B se S lD b u u lD u e u vK d lDI oL U

nFC

wKJ aOK s

YO

r WuGAL u
u_ b

WIOr WcG Wd

U
aK d bU r dDI tOK d r tu r[ dD dD uH s uL

aOK s V r[ lDI oL r tJL

q
WIO sO d qLF WFDI lDI Wd b b s

WDuL lDI Wd

WIO[

WDuL lDI Wd
[ [

aK d pL

b b s

WIOr[
o o

u_ b

[
u

aOK s

WIO [

wN wDOLuL aOK s U
wDOL aOK s
U Uc wu w d e u q w b d wDOL aOK w lDI r
3d( UNFDI w WU* u
uA s
WIO3 WOuD WcG Wd
wzUNM uK wzb uK qLF WFD u d UNFDI w WUL u
uKWFDI u U dLKLU aOK d UNFDI w WUL u u U

qJA w UL wzUNM uKwzb

WuGAL

wzUNM uK

WuGAL u

wzb uK

wDOL aOK w uA u qJ
r? wzUNM wzb uK bI

r
YO
d UNFDI w WUL u

qLF WFD u
lDI u s

WOU' aOK d Wd WU
lDI u b
WO{dF WcG

d pL

Wd wzUNM uK wzb uK s q U

aOK u

qJA sO UL d pL[WOU aOK d

WO{dF WcG

aOK u qJ

[ WOU WUL uJ pc
[
lDI u b

YO
rqLF WFD d
raOK d pL
rWO{dF WcG

u b lDI u b lDI u sb dL `D qU aOK s uJ wUU

lDI

[

tFD uKD* bF* pL

lDI u b
lDI oL

YO
raOK q WuGAL pL
raOK bFwzUNM WuGAL pL
rlDI oL
lDI d b b dL `D aOK s wKJ aOK s

[

U
`BO UNJL WOHB d r UNJL r UN{d rUNu `D WKOD uH s WFD

r[ lDI oL XLK S u aOK W vK rtJL aOK d bU r[

aOK s V WIO WOuD WcG Wd r WO{dF WcG bI

q

[
[

aOK s

WIO [
wN aOK s
be YO wNO aOK d UO r

WuGAL d s dD

wN aOK w uA u qJ

UL dLKLU uA u?? u U??

dD WuGAL u U qJA w

uA u
uA s
WOuD WcG Wd

u_ b
YO

raOK q WuGAL pL
raOK bFwzUNM WuGAL pL
rlDI oL
u_ b uA s aOK s

U
r bL aK d dD U oU UL w WFDIK wN aOK s V
q
ruA u
[

aOK s
[

WIO [
WK_
WOU rOUHLU uBIL `{_ R
B W

UO UI

aOK s

WcG Wd?

aOK
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aOK Ub bwU R
aOK d u l{ YO s wN wDOL uL aOK sO UYU R

lDI WOKL

UNHzU uL aOK W e bld R

wU wuD aOK WOKL r Udu Vu Ud UfU R
aOK d UuJ bU R
aOK U WUM w WKLFL WDd uL r dlU R
aOK U WUM uD dsU R
WHK aOK U_ WOU ud d b v udU lU R

CHV

AKV

AKV

wuD aOK W vK uGAL j d ddUF R

WOHO U_ c dU b s aOK d w e b ZMdA U R

UNUF

aOK WOKL w bd qzu b bzu bdA wU R

rdDI tK d rtu r[dD vIL uH s uLdA YU R

wKU V rt{d rdD aOK d r[lD oL bU

WcG b

WuGAL Wd

aOK s

aK d Wd

lDI u b

WcG Wd

d r[UNJL rUN{d rUNu uH s WFDdA ld R

WcG Wd XU SrdD aOK d bU rqBO aOKU UNJL WOHB

s q s V r[lDI oL WOuD
wN aOK

wDOL aOK

b????u???

uGA* W'UF j{

b?????u

WbI
s XFM w nzUuU UOI vK U WuGAL c uJ V WuGAL U s UN bM

b UF uJ sOF dNEL WuGAL dNE V b UHuL UNUB VKD c UNK

UuA s uK b WOJOUJO hzUB nB V pc WuC UOUL sL{

hK hzUB c U UUFL UOKLF iF WuGAL vK d V p ULC

uD VODA UOKLF c s WHKL qOGA UOKL WO Xb uJ b w UuA s

Wd UUFL

b_
vK U uJ pM lu bu c W UN bF
uD VODA dOUF UL U dF
lDI d U uL WuA Ud dUM eOOL
cOHM rd w WbL ud dF
ou Ue uNH dF
WOL UF oOI b U dF
tb WOHO ouK wb UEM dF
Ud b Wd UKFL UOKL uNH dF
udJ W vK UM uH VK nOMB
bFL hzUB vK uK UM dOQ dF
e?? vMM ?? s?? bd sO b??F? d??? W?? u??d??J? W dOQ d??F?

WHKL Wd UUFL UOKL eOOL

uD VODA

sA aOK q WOO{u UEL U uHA f e U IU WcOHM Uud w b U

v b uOMH nK b sOOMH UN UdOH d uD VODA WOu vK WbK rU aOK

uKDL s d WOU WuF Ub uD U v wMH vF b UNOu uD WuF Wb d

w uD VODA WMMI dOUF UL d{ vb UL U WHKJ ld UL

uD VODA WMMI* dOUF*

vK UNLB d lD q `D_ WuF vK d t uD qOJA bM lDI b

WuFM W vK WbK uD VODA `KDB ULF vK WU vb U UN uGAL `D

w WHKL Ud s dUM W dOUFL qUF qLF WFD `D

Roughness WuA

VOd s pc u nd uI bU s lDIU WKGAL `D_ vK WuA uJ

tOu uK WcG s pc bFK lUI b qJ s bU_ QAM WUK wzUM

WLU WU WIdD b WU lDIM YO gd uJ bM QAM uIA U `D vK bF
WuA s dF WU UO eN WDu dL sOFU U `D WuA vK dF sJL

UNM WHK UKDBL

Maximum vB_ WuA UH

Poughness Height

WDI vK sO WUL u Rt edU qL

tO U WLO v `D w WL
qUL j

WuA UKDB qJ

v??B? _ d??H? L? W??u??A? ? U?? H? ?

Maximum Single Roughness
Height
UH vB u R maxedU t ed
qJA w UL WLI fHM UNU WL vK sO

ju q1 Rz edU t ed Mean Roughness Height jOu WuA) UH

WUF* w 5 u UL U UU fL bM dH* WuA) UH wU(

Rz z1 z2 z3 z4 z5 5
Waviness

uL

Wd w c?? e tM ZM UL rEML dO b?? WO qGA `D vK WOuL QAM

Lay lDI d U

lDI

WOJOUJOL lDI rOLB bM WuGAL `D vK d s d UL WOL t lDI Wd U

qJA w `{u u UL WcOHM udU UNKOL udU lDI d U `KDB s dF

lDI U qJ
qLF WFDI dD UU ZM X ed
qLF WFD uD WO{d WIdD ZM H ed
qLF WFD wu UU ZM II ed
qLF WFD ed w R t dD wUF U R ed
U q w wzuA U M ed
edL v WMU dz C ed

ud w Wb* ud

dOFK WbL udU WLzU b sO Wb qOGA WcOHM ud w WbL ud wN

DIN 150 1302 V uGAL uD VODA s

nu

ed

WId WQ `D U sJL wMF `D VODA vK WbK U e

UbI W ULNMO sOHK sOuD sOD s U u qOGA ozd s

sA `D e

qOGA `U d vd c `DK w VODA d??{ wMF e

VI Wd hI q lDIU qGA `D v ed u bF w
aK

pL qOGA `U WLO [ YKL U vK lu rd wMF

r [ w lDIK td Vu bFL

b UK V VJ w UL lDI UOKL d lML

j u UHuL WU sJL uD VODA vK WbK e

wQ UL dOH ed sOL vK wI_

td Vu bFL pL qOGA `U WLO wMF [

w lDIK

WuA UH [

ou U

UMUL vK qOGA WDu lDI U bM sJ `D_ WuF h U o ULO X

vK Ub UOI vK UNb w UL lDI c U UN s sJL w UF_ bb s b

U uLFK wL bFU bF c vL YO rK dDI uL U bd UM UM{d uK t qL

F ZM w UF_
UMMJL v WOKFH UF_U UNOLM d rK s q uJ qOGA WOKL bF

S WU c w rK [ v UDQ bL US `L ZM VI w uL b
U w tu sJL sucL sbF sO dD lI uL

UOIK vK_ b

UH
UOIK v_ b

ucL rK [ vL

vK_ b sO dH bI u UHU

u UL b??u?? WFDIK UOIK v??_ b

qJA w `{u

UH qJ

U_

uGAL U bM WOL UF oOI b v R w U_

qOGA W W

Wb* UOI W

WIKD* WOL UF_ U v uu pc UNF cF w qUF UN UH

ou

WOUMB b q lL WD s WOU WOLUF d cM WOb UHuL duD d b

L wUOI bOuK WOb WLEML ISO WLEM w rUF w
WOUOI U_ dUF UN s r
V UIuK ISO UHu l{ r pc uGAL UOI eN Wd UM W

qJA w `{u u UL WOU_ UKDBL

v_ b

dHB j

vK_ b

wL_ bF

uKF d

wKH d

UH
UH

uKF d
v_ b
wKH d
vK_ b
ouK tOU_ UKDBL qJ

WOU_ UKDB*

rd w vDFL rOLB w uL UOIL u wL bF

dU UL V c qOGA w wL bF vK U UL WEUL b sJLL dO s UH
dG_ bF d_ bF sO uLL dH bI UH wDF sOF

wL bF UOIK vK b sO dH bI u uKF d Deviation d

wL bF UOIK v_ b sO dH bI u wKH d

 dH wL bF s t uLL d bI uJ j c vK dHB j
dHU UILK uKF d UM sJL qOGA w t uL UI d u d_ bF
wL bF d_ bF sO

dHU UILK wKH d UM sJL qOGA w t uL UI d u dG_ bF

wL bF dG_ bF sO

uK s Uu UM U uK uLF VI sO UD_ d vL wKb uK

uL dD dG VI dD d sO dH u d_ uK

uL dD d VI dD dG sO dH u dG_ uK

ouK wb UEM

WLEML q s tF{ r b v ouK XF{ w rEM qL s UEM c dF

ISO UHuLK WOLUF

U UEM VI U UE b sJL qOGA UM WHKL ou u vK uBK

wK ULO ULN dF sOUEM vK dF uLF

VI U UE

H UH
dHB j

UD w VI UI tO X c UEM p u

uKDL ou u vK tO qB bL UH

wU_ d uLF dD w rJ od s
VI
VI U UE qJ

wMF c H ed u VI U UE w UHK
wL bFK U IUD VI UIL v_ b uJ
WeOK d??_U?? uLFK e??d?? dHB j??

dOGB

uJ UbM qb d vK a d W w uLF uJ UbM uK d vK qB pc

qJA w `{u u UL z d W w uLF

uLF U UE
UE w uLF UI tO X c u
H UH

ou u?? vK tO qB bL UH

dHB j

VI d??D? w?? r??J??? o??d?? s?? u??K? D? L?

U?? UE w?? UHK w??U??_ d???

dOG eOKU d h ed u uLF

uLF

pc dOJ WeOK d_U VI ed

VI

uJ UbM WeL w uK d vK qB

UbM qb d vK A VI d W

w sO u UL Z VI d W uJ

qJA

uLF U UE qJ

bL UH b s u/ r b' 5
uI

UH b b vK UID

VIK uLFK WOUH ud u s6 H7 45 bF We dBMF cOHM rd vK V

WOUO UF v

q
u s uLFK r dDI bM UH bI b WIdL UH b v udU
r [

u H VIK UH WLO
r [
[

 r b

 r b

 r b

r b

Heat treatment Wd( U'UF*

b vK nu uL c b Xd UNBzUB WHKL WObMN uL UIU X

UUFL UN d bF u c qbF sJL t tb oOD pc WIKFL u c u

Wd

Wd( U'UF*
bFL bd r s tMOF W v bFLK sO WOKL UNU Wd UUFL UOKL ndF sJL

WOJOUJOL bFL hzUB w dOOG b b

c Wd tUFL UOKL bN steel uH VK vK td UUFL UOKL d

udJ W vK tOKLF UH bLF UN W lOD WOD WOI tHOKG bFL WOI v

Wbb dO UFL Wd WUFL UOKL iF r sJL UL bd bF

steel uH VK

udJ b v [ s UNO udJ W d udJ bb s WJO s U u

V uH nOMB sJL XOMLO rU dF U u Fe3O bb bOd JA UOzUOLO bb l

wK U v udJ W

udJ ju uH

u eutectoid buJuO uHU dF [ U udJ s W uH c u

XOMLO Fe3O bb bOd XdHU dFL Fe wIM bb uK s Wu WOL u

tdNL uB w bBU tOA UdNE V XOdO vL WKUL uK qJA
udJ iHM uH

XOdO uK s WOL suJ vK bU [ s q udJ s W uH c u

XOdO XdH s jOK s U tuK uJ pc XdH wIM bb uK s e UI l

udJ lHd uH

l XOdO uK s WOL suJ vK bU [ s d udJ s W uH c u

XOdO XOMLO s jOK s U tuK uJ pc XOMLO bbbOd uK s e UI

bb WOM UuJ bK u

uK UM

uKL dO uL w c uJ uK WOKJ uK dO U uJ WKB U_ lOL

WIM c uJ UFL UNM uKL uL U UE iF UNCF WDd UDL VA q

VFJL tA uK UM w bL bM bb rEM L WKB WU w bFLK eOL wd VOd

WOUL U_ s s q w b bb UM uJ WdG d W w XdHK WMU

qJA w UL BCC r edL uK UM WKJA VFJL ed w uK VFJLK

BCC r edL uK UM qJ
VFJL ed uJ ULMO bb s c WOUL U_ s s q uJ XOM WMU U

edL uK UM WKJAVFJL uD s `D q ed w bb s bu p qUI w UU

qJA w UL FCCtu

FCC wN edL uK UM qJ
FCC wN edL uK UM v BCCredL s uK UM u uH sO

bbK uK UM lOD r edL UM v wD bdU tu edL UM u fJFU

edL uK UM fJF c s VFJL ed uK t udJ UI wNu edL

UI vK U tu edL XOM_ uJ c bb s c uGA ed uJ c wL

r edL XdHK UMJL p uJ sO w t udJ

udJ bbK d( e vMM

d W vK nu uK UM c UL WOJUJOL tBzUB b uHK uK UM

u s uH qI uK UMdOOG VKD hzUB cN dOOG qbF U tOK udJ W

uKLU dF U v bFL UbM u WMOF d W v bFL sO p r d u v

uKDL qJAU uK UM U vK qLF b bd bFL bd r r dIL dO VKB

u WOMK WHKL U udJ bb sO d u jD `{u qJA

bb w udJ W d W vK nu w WHKL
sO

uuL uH WU vK bLF Wu W W vK r VK uK v u WOKL

bb udJ qM XOd rD XOdO [ WM udJ vK U uH sO bMF

WKB WU w tK p r UUL

s eOK YU v W XOM_U WuJL bb WOM vb VKB uKL PAM

bM XOd u XdO XOdO udJ s [ s q W vK U uH sO bM U

vI ULMO XOM VK uK v r qJA w P S jU WKL Wu W W

XOM v UOKF nu UI GS j v sO u bM u tKJ vK UEU XdH

wD bM tU XOMLO XOd udJ s [ s d W vK U uH sO bM U

uH sO eK tKJ vK UEU XOMLO vI ULMO XOM v XOd u S K j

WOM w U dOG b ULC G S K j u v bIL

bd bM WOJF u

wD bd bM wJF u
j bM t_edLL uK UM u UOD bd bd bF uHK WOK_ WOM uF
XOd XdH s UO suJ UNMJL w r edL uK v bzU G S P

t_ edLL uK s udJ lOL d r udJ W V p XOMLO

C W s qI w d W bM XOM_ WOM
ld bd bM wJF u

edL WO v t_ edL WO s uK u r ld bd bM XOd WOM X r

XOM_ WU w UNK XU w sU_ w X udJ r

UJA U t_ edLL uK s r w dG t_ edLL uK YO

v WJA w UN c b R d UNOK rIL udJ V UN UNO PAM uA

bKB u tM ZM UL MARTENSITE XOMUL vL Wd WHOB bK WOM uA

Wd( U'UF* UOKL

WHK dD WHK b Wd UUFL UOKL r

Hardening WOI bOKB

CaseHardening WOD WOI nOKG

Tempering Wd WFdL

Normalizing bF lOD

Annealing sbK dOL

UUFL UOKL UNOK r w d??? Ub WHKL UL qJA w dNE

Wd

XOM

d W

Wd WUFL WIDM

XOML XOM

XOM Xd
WMOK sbK WIDM

Xd

XOd

Xd XOd

XOMLO XOd

UN qeL WMOK sbK WIDM

udJ W

udJ bb sO d u jDL qJ
WOI bOKB
U s uK UM dOOG p p wudJ bb U v WOI WOKL bN

b bd bFL bd r WMOF d W v uH sO WOKLF sLC udJ VOd

WKOK WOL vK uL uH U pc udJ W vK bLF bd sO WOKL U cJ

bOKB sJL udJ s [ s q W vK u XdH udJ s

u sLC d W v sO U [[ sO udJ W XU U

d W vK d W v UNMO VKD XdH s WOL vI ULMO XOM v jI XdO

W wu s vK d W uJ [ v udJ W qB v qI c UOKF

w G S K j `{u UL p udJ W UU c sO d W X

 qJA
UD v Ue R WMOL b WOIK sO d W U b b WE b

WOI r sK WMOL d U b v sO r r B W iH bd WOKL

bd bF ULN

XOM sL bFLK wzUH bd w WOI wN bOKB WOKL w WOU uD U

u vK bd bF bLF XeMULU dF uK UM qOJA wK uK UM suJ U lML

w bd jO s u W UM bL bd jO
bdO ld UDO UL dF UL

bdO ju UDO Xe dF Xe
bdO wD UDO uN dF uN

CaseHardening WOD WOI nOKG

vK UI l tHOKG qP WUIL WFDI U v WOD WOI nOKG WOKL bN

UM q WUHL UbBK UJ dF w lDIK c r WUHL bB u WUIL Ud UNK

WOJObON UJ fUJL bL odL bL d

V `D oOI [ s udJ W be V VKI WU vK WEULK

[ s vK udJ W uJ

dO u s WuMB WFDI WMdJ WOU UID w udJ W Ue WOKLF c r

Ud UNUF r s bOKBK qU
WMdJ

UB R `B WMOF W v udJ s WKOK W vK uL uH sO r UbM

l VA r rEF r q WK UL c uJ b udJK WIKD UL tCdF bM udJ

bU WMdJ r UOL U q WU udJ l uuB bOUO q dNBM uU Uud

WOU dD

nOKG jO

qGA WFD

YO s??b??U?? W??M?d??J?

u oUM w WFDI l{u

nK
sO

nK
sO

UJU UN r WMdJL UL
r q??J?A? w?? U??L?

v tUuL bMB sO

d??? d?? W??

bM
wzUdN sO d
WMdJ WOKL qJ

sO d??? d??? H? W??u??? W??

oL b UU dA fL
sO d w WMdJL WID
rK[

d w e?? WODG r d e `D s b e bOKB uKDL uJ b

UMU U uFL UbOKB

bOUO dNBM WMdJL UL vK u u w WFDI fDG YO wKL UL w WMdJ

WMdJ oL qB b Wu W d d W v sO r udJ l uuB

uJ WMdJ UL WdU WIdD c UL WU rK [ v WU nB rK[ v
WuF d `D UO UU d

bdK UL qb VNK U qb
U
vIL e sO WIDM VNK

UGU WMdJ WOKL qJ

UGU WMdJ
uJ U?? jO w WFDI sO r YO

qB d W v UOL U s uJ
UbM wLJ U w WIdD c b
UC vL rK vK uKDL G pL be
oUM bOKB WOUJU UL VNKU bOKB WOKLF c

qJA dNE UL `D vK b
WMdJ bF Wd WUFL

UO rOFM r [ s vK WOD UID w udJ W WFDI `D WMd r bF

eU `D `B r Q Ubd r Wu W v qB b d W UNMO p VKI

YO s d W v tFDI sO UIU UNd r UL r w bOKB WOI WOKLF

 ld bd r WLU tUO X w VKI dQ

UF WUFL WMdJ r YO WMdJ bF Wd WUF wD bOKBK d?? d UM

UNM

YU bOKB
qLF WFD

d Y
d wzUdN bN

WOI WI

UO W??D? u?? WODWID sO r YO

wOUMG U U nK s ZU w wzUdN

W w ld UH v UO R YO Y
mK YO UbOKB uKDL WOD WID d??

b mm v mm [ s bOKB oL
oU uGALK u??_ VK w?? WOKLF c??

U d

vI `D

YU bOKB qJ

WOKLF c?? UL Ubu UNFO UbOKB

uA WK bOKB WI oL bb WF tOUJS

s d `D_ w d W UH b

WOKLF c `{u qJA

dMU bOKB

vK u U s UO dF c d W d bM wzUdN d w WFDI l{u YO

suJ sOdOM qGKG WO WI Wd WUF bOKB r NH UAM sOdOM

uOMOu_ vK uL wJzU uH b dK WUIL WOUF B bdOM

WOUF BUWOKLF c UL sOdOM qGKG vK bU WOJzU UFL c _ dJ ubUH

c `{u qJA d W v BU UH vK b dK bb WUI

UNbF WOKF

sO nK

UA U
NH3

uGAL

UF U
nK
sO

wzUdN sO d
dMU WMdJ WOKL qJ

Tempering Wd WFdL
s p r UNU U s b tOK b WU dO WA dU UbOKB bF lDI `B

WFdLU WOKLF c vF Ubd U r b s dG V WMOF d W v UNMO U

b V uHK Wd WFdLK WUML d U r b sO Wd
Normalizing bF lOD
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