REPUBLICAN

ASCENDANCY: THE
JEFFERSONIAN VISION

Republican Identities in
a New Republic

An age of rapid population growth

7.2 million in 1810; two million more
than 1800
20% black slaves
children under 16 the largest single
group

Strong regional identities

Early secession movements threaten
national unity

North America in 1800

Westward the Course of

Empire

Intense migration to West after 1790

New States

Kentucky--1792
Tennessee--1796
Ohio--1803

Western regional culture rootless,

optimistic

Native American
Resistance

Western settlers compete for Indian

land
Indians resist

Tecumseh leads Shawnees, defeated

Creeks defeated

Settlers reject Indian-White

coexistence

Commercial Life in the

Cities

Economy based on agriculture and trade

American shipping prospers 1793-1805

Cities associated with international trade,

otherwise marginal role in national life

Industrialization and mechanization just

beginning to frighten skilled craftsmen

Revolution of 1800
Election of 1800 arguably the most

significant in US History.

Why?

Jeffersons Political Principles

Themes of inaugural
Jeffersons political principles

Rejected the idea of a political

elite.
Backbone of democracy was the
free, independent farmer.
Small governmentgoverns best
when it governs least.
Strict construction of the
Constitution.

Jeffersonian Restraint

Jeffersons first priority = undue abuses by

the Federalists.

Pardoned those convicted under the Alien and

Sedition Act
Repeal Naturalization Act.
Repealed the excise taxcost US 1 Mill. per year
in lost revenue.
Cuts military spending to the bone (2,500 men)
Reduce the national debt (Sec. Gallatin)

What does he do to the core of Hamiltons

financial program?

New Tone to Govt

Deliberately informal

Fired Federalists who were

incompetent or too partisan &
replaced w/ Republicans

Continued Cabinet system but didnt

invite divergent opinions

Judiciary Act of 1789

Created Supreme Court
5 Associate Justices, 1 Chief
13 judicial districts
Circuit and district courts
writ of mandamus
John Jay first
Chief Justice of
the Supreme
Court

issued by a superior court to compel

a lower court or a government officer
to perform mandatory or purely
ministerial duties correctly

Judiciary Act of 1801

Last ditch effort to hold

power
midnight judges.
Chief Justice John Marshall
Shaped American legal
tradition and meaning of the
Constitution more
profoundly than any other
single figure.

Attack on the Judges:

Judiciary Act

Judiciary Act of 1801 creates new

circuit courts filled with loyal
Federalists

1802--Jeffersonians repeal Judiciary

Act of 1801 to abolish courts

Federalists charge violation of

judges Constitutional right of tenure

Marbury v Madison

The single most important SC

case in history
Basic Facts
Writ of Mandamus
Ruling
Judicial Review
Consequences

Jefferson and Louisiana

LA back in the hands of the French

Spain rescinds the right of deposit

Bonaparte dreams of empire

Santo Domingo in revolt; Bonaparte sends 20,000

men
TJ offers $10 mil for New Orleans and West FL
If we dont get New Orleans, then TJ needs
alliance w/ Britain
French defeated

Jefferson and Louisiana

Napoleon to resume war w/ Britain.

Needs cash
Would deny LA territory to British
Reduces chances of US/British alliance

Sold to US for $15,000,000

The Louisiana Purchase

Constitution doesnt grant power to President to
add new territory
He suggests an amendment
BUT delay may make Napoleon change
mind

Federalists all of a sudden become strict

constructionists
Real issue was the growth of Western states
which could be expected to be Republican

What is the precedent set here?

The Lewis and Clark

Expedition

Lewis and Clark Expedition

commissioned prior to purchase of
Louisiana
Expedition left St. Louis May 1804
and reached the Pacific Ocean
November 1805
Report on Louisianas economic
promise confirms Jefferson's desire to
purchase

The Louisiana Purchase and

the Route of Lewis and
Clark

Politics of Desperation:
The Yazoo Controversy

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

court may declare state laws

unconstitutional

Murder and Conspiracy:

The Curious Career of
Aaron Burr

Vice-President Aaron
Burr dropped by TJ after
1st term
1804--Burr, NY and
secessionist New
England Federalists
Alexander Hamilton
blocks Burrs efforts
The Duel

QuickTime and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

Hamilton-Burr Duel

The Burr Conspiracy

Burr flees West after Hamilton duel

Schemes to detach West from US and invade

Spanish Mexico and FL

Burr arrested, tried for treason

John Marshall acquits on Constitutional grounds of

insufficient evidence

Precedent makes it difficult for presidents to use

charge of treason as a political tool

America: A Neutral Power?

England impresses over 60009000 US sailors between 180512.

England refused to stop.

HMS Leopard v. US
Chesapeake
1807

What to do?

Large scale foreign

war goes against
our policy
Navy weak
Army almost nonexistent
Defeat would have
devastating impact
on US

Europe depended
heavily on US trade
Cutting off exports
would force
England and
France to bow to
US pressure and
allow us to trade

Embargo Act of 1807

Embargo

Most people HATED it. Why?.

New England Federalist particularly mad
What did they argue?
Consequences:
Three times more costly that war would
have been.
Ultimately did help New England
factories.
Fostered American industry.
Ruined U.S. Shipping (merchant marine)

Non-Intercourse Act

3/1809: Embargo Act repealed

Non-Intercourse Act
No trade w/ England and France
Would expire in 1810

Non-Intercourse Act did hurt

England, and they repealed
Orders in Council, but too late to
avoid War of 1812

Embargo Divides the

Nation

1807--Congress prohibits U.S. ships

from leaving port
Purpose: to win English, French
respect for American rights
Embargo unpopular at home

detailed government oversight of

commerce
army suppresses smuggling
New England economy damaged

QuickTime and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

James Madison

Became 4th President in

1809.
Very distinguished career:
Cont. Congress, Congressman,
Const. Convention, Sec. of
State.

Not very successful as

President. Party broken by
factions; Madison- not a
strong leader.
Dolly Madison, first true
First Lady who acted as
social hostess.

Madison

5/1810: Macons Bill No. 2

If you recognize US neutral rights,
then we wont trade with your
enemy
Showed we couldnt survive w/o
commercial dependence

Napoleon tricks Madison

Sets US on course antagonistic
to England.

War Hawks
John C. Calhoun
[SC]

Henry Clay
[KY]

Battling Indians in the

West

War Hawks believed Brits

stirring up Indians in the
West.
Kentucky Problem

Tecumseh
and the Prophet
(Tenskawatawa).
Shawnee Brothers
Began a tribal confederacy
east of the Mississippi.
Attacked Settlers on
their land.

Tecumseh and the

Prophet

Purpose of the confederation:

Cultural regeneration
Stop loss if Indian lands
Keep tribes apart from the white mans
culture

QuickTime and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

Battle of Tippecanoe
(11/1811)

William Henry Harrison

Gov. of Indiana
Territory
Planned to attack
Tecumsehs
headquarters (not
there)
Prophet attacks w/
small force;
defeated
Forced an alliance
w/ the British

War of 1812

June 18, 1812

militant War Hawks
get a declaration of
war from Congress,
very narrow vote,
signaling a dangerous
division in the country

Federalists strongly
opposed
Dubbed it Mr.
Madisons War

Federalists

Democratic-Republicans

Yes

No

Yes

No

40

98

22

Madisons Reasons

Impressment
Repeated violations of US territorial
waters by Royal Navy
The Orders in Council violate neutral
trade

The Strange War of

1812:
Early Course

Americans unprepared for war

Congress refuses to raise wartime taxes

New England refuses to support war
effort
United States Army small
state militias inadequate

1813--U.S. wins control of Great

Lakes in Battle of Put-In Bay

Strange War of 1812:

The Wars Conclusion

1814--three-pronged English attack

campaign from Canada to Hudson River

Valley stopped at Lake Champlain
campaign in the Chesapeake results in
burning of Washington, siege of
Baltimore
campaign for New Orleans thwarted by
Andrew Jackson, January, 1815

Treaty of Ghent signed December,

1814

The War of 1812

Hartford Convention: The

Demise of the
Federalists

Federalists convene December, 1814

Proposed Constitutional changes to
lessen power of South and West
Treaty of Ghent, victory of New
Orleans makes Convention appear
disloyal
Federalist party never recovers

Treaty of Ghent Ends the

War

Most problems left unaddressed

Senate unanimously ratifies Treaty of
Ghent
Americans claim success in a
"second war of independence"

Post War of 1812

Nationalism
1816-1824
The Era of Good
(&Bad) Feelings?

Monroes Presidency :
Era of Good Feelings

Elections of 1816 and 1820

One Party Politics

Henry Clays
American System

National Bank
Protective Tariff
Federal Internal Improvements
(Transportation)

Second Bank of the United States

(2nd BUS)

The Panic of 1819

Origins of the Panic of 1819

Drop in American foodstuff exports
Easy credit and speculative boom in the U.S.

Second Bank of the United States

Nationwide collapse in the economy
Rise in unemployment
Resentment against the Bank of the United
States