Juliana Trammell

Period-2
Thurgood Marshall
1. His great-grandfather had been born in Africa before he was brought
to America as a slave
2. He was near the top of his class when graduation high school and
then continued to Lincoln University with the plan of becoming a
dentist
3. He was legal counsel of the NAACP when he first got out of law
school and then he became chief counsel of the organization
4. Marshall's first big civil rights victory as an attorney, Murray v.
Pearson, was against the school he couldn't attend, the University of
Maryland. He was successful and he opened the door to equal
education for generations of Maryland students
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Lyndon B Johnson
He was elected vice president of the united states in 1960 and
became president in 1963 after President John F Kennedy was
assassinated.
He signed the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which made racial
discrimination in hotels, motels, and restaurants illegal and
prohibited many forms of job discrimination
During his presidency, the U.S. space program continued to
try and accomplish JFKs challenge of having an American on
the moon before the 1960s ended
his agenda for Congress was to pass his "Great Society"
programs, health care, education, conservation and urban
renewal

Montgomery bus boycott

African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery,
Alabama to protest segregated seating
Regarded as the first large-scale demonstration against
segregation in the U.S.
Four days before the boycott began, Rosa Parks, an AfricanAmerican woman, refused to give her seat to a white man on a
Montgomery bus. She was arrested and fined.
The U.S. Supreme Court ultimately ordered Montgomery to
integrate its bus system
One of the leaders of the boycott, named Martin Luther King Jr.,
emerged as An important national leader of the American civil
rights movement
Voting Rights Act 1965

1. Landmark piece of federal legislation that prohibits racial

discrimination in voting
2. Signed into law by president Lyndon B. Johnson on August 8,
1965 during the height of the American civil rights movement
3. Contains general provisions that provided nationwide
protections for voting rights including section 2 that prohibits
every state and local government from imposing any voting
law that results in discrimination against racial or language
minorities
4. Contains special provisions that apply to only certain
jurisdictions including a core special provision, the section 5
preclearance requirement which prohibits certain jurisdictions
from implementing any change affecting voting without
receiving preapproval from the U.S. Attorney General or the
U.S. District Court for D.C. that the change does not
discriminate against protected minorities
5. Congress enacted major amendments to the act in 1970,
1975, 1982 and 2006. Originally set to expire in 1970,
Congress repeatedly reauthorized the special provisions in
recognition of continuing voting discrimination.
Freedom Rides
1. Freedom Rides was the name given to new tactics that The Congress
of Racial Equality CORE undertook to desegregate public
transportation throughout the south
2. The first freedom ride took place on May 4th 1961, seven black males
and six whites left Washington, D.C. on two public buses headed to the
deep south, they were testing Supreme Courts ruling that declared
segregation in interstate bus and rail stations unconstitutional
3. In the first couple of days there was only minor hostility but by the
second week riders were severely beaten and one of their buses was
burned. With the intervention of the U.S. Justice Department most of
COREs Freedom Riders were evacuated from Birmingham, Alabama to
New Orleans
4. Not wanting to send the wrong signal to the country, CORE leaders
sent volunteers with the remaining riders. The trip from Birmingham to
Montgomery went smooth but the riders were attacked by a mob of
more than 1000 whites in Montgomery. The extreme violence and the
indifference of local police prompted a nationl outcry of support for the
riders and president Kennedy was under pressure to end the violence
5. The riders continued to Mississippi and encountered more violence and
jail terms. This generated more publicity and inspired dozens of more
freedom riders. In November the Interstate Commerce Commission
issued rules prohibiting segregated transportation facilities

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Jackie Robinson
First encounter with major league baseball was March 13th 1938 in
Pasadena. The Pasadena sox recreational team played the Chicago
White Sox in a fund raiser. The White Sox manager said if that kid was
white, Id sign him right now. No one in the American League can make
plays like that.
From 1942 to 1944 Robinson served as second lieutenant in the United
States Army. He was arrested and court-martialed after refusing to give
up his seat and move to the back of a segregated bus when ordered to
by the driver. He was acquitted and received an honorable discharge
After his discharge from the Army in 1944 Robinson began to play
baseball professionally on an African American league but was soon
chosen by Branch Rickey, president of the Brooklyn Dodgers to help
integrate major league baseball
He succeeded in putting the prejudice and racial strife aside and
showed everyone what a talented player he was. In his first year he hit
12 homeruns and helped the Dodgers win the National League pennant
After baseball, Robinson became active in business and continued his
work as an activist for social change. He served on the board of the
NAACP until 1967 and was the first African American to be inducted
into the baseball hall of fame in 1962
Kerner Report 1968
National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders is known as the
Kerner Commission after its chair, Governor Otto Kerner Jr. Eleven
member commission established by President Lyndon B Johnson to
investigate causes of 1967 race riots in the United States and provide
recommendations.
The executice director, David Ginssburg played a large role in writing
the commissions findings. The Kerner report was released on February
29th 1968, after seven months of investigation. The report found the
riots resulted from black frustration at lack of economic opportunity
and became an instant best-seller
The report blamed federal and state government for failed housing,
education and social service policies. It also criticized the media for
always looking at things through a white mans perspective
The reports most famous passage warned our nation is moving toward
two societies, one black, one white- separate and un-equal.

Little Rock Nine

1. In 1954, the Supreme Courts Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
decision declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional. In
September 1957 the public school ruling was tested in Arkansas for the
first time when in Little Rock, nine black students enrolled at the
previously all-white Central High School

2. The day before school started the Arkansas Governor, Orval Faubus,
orders the National Guard to surround the school and block any
attempts by black students to enter
3. The nine black students attempt to enter the high school and are
turned away by National Guard. However, on September 20th 1957 a
federal judge grants an injunction to NAACP Lawyers Thurgood
Marshall and Wiley Branton to prevent the governors use of the
national guard. The troops withdrew
4. On September 23rd 1957over 1000 angry protesters surround the
school forcing the police to escort the black students into the school
from the side door unnoticed.
5. On September 24th 1957 U.S. Congressman and Little Rock mayor ask
the federal government for help. The little rock nine,under protection
from federal troops, enter the school through the front entrance.
Aggressive white mobs mock the students and harm black reporters
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March on Washington
On August 28 1963 more than 200,000 Americans gathered in
Washington, D.C. for a political rally known as the March on
Washington for jobs and freedom
The march was organized by a number of civil rights and religious
groups to shed light on the political and social challenges African
Americans continued to face across the country
The march was successful in pressuring the administration of John F
Kennedy to initiate a string federal civil rights bill in congress
During the march, Martin Luther King delivered his I have a dream
speech
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Civil Rights Act of 1964

The civil rights act of 1964 was signed into law by president Lyndon
B Johnson on July 2, 1964
The civil rights act outlaws discrimination based on race, color,
religion, sex or national origin
The act ended unequal application of voter registration
requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace
and by facilities that served the public
Congress asserted its authority to legislate under several different
parts of the united states constitution including its power to
regulate interstate commerce (Article one section 8), its duty to
guarantee all citizens equal protection of the laws (14th amendment)
and its duty to protect voting rights (15th amendment)