DOES STRUCTURAL ICE

CONCERN YOU?

IT SHOULD!
SAFETY
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WE WILL DISCUSS
NASTY STATISTICS
The Regs applicable to ICG
Recognizing hazardous conditions
Avoiding hazardous conditions
Escaping without losing control
References for more details
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NASTY Facts about

ICING Accidents
11% of weather accidents involve
ICING
57% of ICING accidents involved
SINGLE ENGINE FIXED GEAR
AIRCRAFT
49% of Pilots involved had >1000 PIC
25% of Pilots had >100 <500 PIC
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MORE NASTY Facts

53% of icing accidents occurred in
MOUNTAINOUS AREAS
14% occurred near large bodies of
WATER
57% of Pilots received WX Briefings
and ICING CONDITIONS were
indicated
49% OF ICING ACCIDENTS resulted
in FATALITIES
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AT HIGHEST RISK EXPERIENCED PILOTS

Who received WX BRIEFINGS
Flying SINGLE ENGINE FIXED
GEAR AIRCRAFT
Near MOUNTAINS or LARGE
BODIES of WATER
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REGULATION
MISCONCEPTIONS
FAR 91- DOES NOT SPECIFICALLY
ADDRESS ICING for small aircraft
91.517 is in Subpart F and applies
only to large and turbojet powered
aircraft
BEWARE- NTSB Case law
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WHAT IS KNOWN ICE?

NTSB Case Law DEFINITION:
Icing conditions are considered to
exist if these conditions are forecast
or reported.

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KNOWN ICE
FORECASTS
AIRMET ZULU FOR ICE
AIRMET ICE...MA CT RI NY PA NJ WV MD DE DC
VA AND CSTL WTRS FROM ALB TO 140ENE ACK
TO 200SE ACK TO SBY TO 50WSW BKW TO HNN
TO AIR TO ERI TO ALB OCNL MOD RIME/MXD
ICGICIP BTN 100 AND FL210. CONDS ENDG 19-21Z
N OF AIR TO CYN TO 160ESE ACK LN. CONDS
CONTG BYD 21Z THRU 03Z ELSW.
FRZLVL...020-050 NRN HLF ME. 060-100 RMNDR
N OF 40W ROD-EWC-CYN-160ESE ACK LN. 100130 S OF 40W ROD-EWC-CYN-160ESE ACK LN.

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KNOWN ICE REPORTS

PIREPS AUW UA /OV 22 NE AUW /TM 2028 /FL
070 /TP C208 /SK BL /TA -2C /IC LGT CLR
/RM B/L LVN
UA /OV FGT/TM 1917/FLUNKN/TP B737/TA 01
@ 100/M07 @ 180/IC LGT RIME 100180/RM DURGC
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REGULATION
MISCONCEPTIONS
COMBINE KNOWN ICE WITH:
91.9 Manuals, placards, and
markings
Placards or POH/AFM MAY state Flight in
known ice is prohibited

91.13 Careless & Reckless Operation

MAY apply if you get into icing trouble in an
unequipped airplane
SAFETY
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REGULATION
MISCONCEPTIONS
Parts 121 AND 135 DO address icing
extensively
EXCELLENT GUIDANCE BUT OPTIONAL
FOR G.A. OPERATION

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REMEMBER
Aviate, Navigate, Communicate,
Litigate
ATC wants you on the ground safe
Chance of paperwork or FAA
Sanction is remote
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STILL...
SOME PILOTS will CONTINUE to
attempt to fly unprotected aircraft
IFR when icing is forecast
SOME PILOTS (IFR & VFR) will
continue to have inadvertent icing
encounters
SOME PILOTS will DIE in icing
SAFETY
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WE WILL EXPLORE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

PROMOTING ICE
STRUCTURAL ICING
CHARACTERISTICS
ESCAPE AND AVOIDANCE
TECHNIQUES
HANDLING ICING EMERGENCIES
SAFETY
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ENVIRONMENTAL
WEATHER
DROPLET SIZE
COLLECTION EFFICIENCY

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WEATHER BASICS
ICE REQUIRES:
VISIBLE MOISTURE
TEMPERATURES BELOW FREEZING
VISIBLE MOISTURE CAN BE:
CLOUDS OR
PRECIPITATION
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WEATHER BASICS
WARMER AIR holds more moisture
than COLDER AIR
AIR is cooled by UPLIFTING
(ADIABATIC COOLING)
UPLIFTING CAN BE LOCALIZED OR
WIDESPREAD
SAFETY
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WEATHER BASICS
LIQUID WATER CAN EXIST AT
TEMPERATURES BELOW FREEZING
(SUPER-COOLING)
+2 TO 15 dg C = HIGH PROBABILITY
OF ICING
CLOUDS COLDER THAN 15 dg C
ARE FREEZING (Cloud Glaciation)
SAFETY
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DROPLETS GROW WITH:

INCREASED LIQUID WATER
CONTENT (LWC)
FURTHER COOLING
(CONDENSATION)
MORE TIME TO COALESCE
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENT TO
PROMOTE COALESCENCE
SAFETY
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ICING TYPES Smallest

to Largest Droplets:
RIME ICE (Small Droplets) SNAP
CLEAR ICE (Larger droplets) SPLAT

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TYPES
OF
ICE

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ICING TYPES Smallest

to Largest Droplets:
MIXED ICE (Rime/Clear/Rime/Clear)
SLD ICE (Supercooled Large Droplets
range from just smaller than mist to
FREEZING DRIZZLE / RAIN)
FREEZING PRECIPITATION

SAFETY
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RISK INCREASES WITH

DROPLET SIZE
LARGER
DROPLETS IN:

CLOUD TOPS
OLD CLOUDS
BUMPY AIR
WARM (-5 TO +2 C)
CUMULUS (LIFTING)

SMALLER
DROPLETS IN:

CLOUD BASES
YOUNG CLOUDS
SMOOTH AIR
COLD (<10 C)
STRATUS (FLAT)

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WHERE WILL WE FIND

MORE SEVERE ICING?

TOWERING Cu (above freezing level)

THUNDERSTORMS
JUST BELOW INVERSIONS**
LAKE EFFECT CUMULUS
STRONG OROGRAPHIC UPLIFTING

SAFETY
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WHERE ARE THE

WORST ICING
CONDITIONS?
FREEZING DRIZZLE AND RAIN
ASSOCIATED WITH WARM / OCCLUDED
FRONTS
PRECIP FALLS AS LIQUID THROUGH
WARMER AIR INTO FREEZING AIR BELOW
INVERSION
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SAFETY
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SAFETY
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SLD PROBABILITY

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COLLECTION
EFFICIENCY
SMALLER RADIUS FEATURES GATHER ICE
FASTER

Sharp vs. rounded leading edges

Ice itself
Horizontal / Vertical Stabilizers
Tips vs. roots
Struts
Propeller blades
Antennas
OAT Probes and Windshield Wipers

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PROPELLER BLADE ICE

SHARP LEADING EDGE- MORE ICE

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WING VS. TAIL,

ROOT VS. TIP,
CESSNA VS. MOONEY

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RECOGNIZING
POTENTIAL ICING
CONDITIONS
ACTUAL ICING AREAS TYPICALLY
LOCALIZED
ALTITUDE +/- 3000 FEET
WIDTH VARIABLE, OFTEN LESS THAN 50
MILES
Synoptic Weather (moisture & lifting)
Surface features (lakes & mountains)
SAFETY
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WEATHER BRIEFING:

Advisories (Airmet And Sigmet Warnings)

SYNOPSIS and AREA FORECASTS
SURFACE and 500 MB CHARTS
Winds and Temperatures Aloft
Pilot Reports
A.D.D.S. Neural Network Icing Forecasts

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SAFETY
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PRE-FLIGHT PLANNING
ROUTE & ALTITUDE VS:

Weather Briefing
Terrain
Obstruction Clearance
LARGE Bodies of Warm Water
Suitable Alternates
Payload And Fuel Vs. Performance
SAFETY
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PRE-FLIGHT PLANNING
DEVELOP ESCAPE ROUTES
SELECT ALTERNATE AIRPORTS
Approaches
Runway lengths
Surrounding Terrain

RESOLVE FUEL QUANDARY

More is required when running high power
Less is desired to keep weight down
SAFETY
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ENROUTE VIGILANCE
Watch & listen for:

Temperature Changes
Cloud Heights And Characteristics
Surface Weather Changes
Center Weather Advisories
New Pilot Reports
STRANGE NEW NOISES, HUMS, MOANS, ETC.
SAFETY
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CHARACTERIZING
ICING ACCUMULATION
TRACE Barely forming, not hazardous

LIGHT ICING Less than 1 inch accumulation per hour

Ice protection systems keep up easily
Unprotected aircraft can escape but must do
so within 20 30 minutes
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SAFETY
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CHARACTERIZING
ICING ACCUMULATION
MODERATE ICING- 1 3 inches per
hour,
NEED ice protection systems
DANGEROUS for unprotected aircraft

SAFETY
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SAFETY
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CHARACTERIZING
ICING ACCUMULATION
SEVERE ICING rapid buildup,
more than 3 inches per hour, (CAN EXCEED 24
INCHES PER HOUR)
ice protection systems cannot keep up,
ice forming on unprotected areas causing
significant drag,
Runback causes feathers and ridges spoil lift
SAFETY
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SAFETY
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PROFESSIONALIS

SAFETY
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SAFETY
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SAFETY
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EFFECT OF ICING ON
PERFORMANCE
ICE MODIFIES AERODYNAMICS
INCREASES PARASITE DRAG
SERIOUSLY MODIFIES AIRFOIL
LEADS TO:
HIGHER ANGLES OF ATTACK
INCREASED STALL SPEED
AWKWARD CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS

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EFFECT OF ICING ON
PERFORMANCE
ICE ACCUMULATION RESULTS IN

REDUCED CLIMB PERFORMANCE

POTENTIAL ALTITUDE LOSS
REDUCED STALL MARGINS
SERIOUS CHANGES IN PITCH AND ROLL
RESPONSE

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PILOT RESPONSE TO
ONSET OF ICING
INCREASE POWER USES MORE FUEL AND COULD EFFECT PITCH
CONTROL

MAINTAIN HIGHER SPEED & LOW

ANGLE OF ATTACK AVOID INCREASING COLLECTION AREA
AVOID SLOW AIRSPEED STEEP ANGLE CLIMBS
AVOID APPROACHING HIGHER STALL SPEED

DESCEND IF NEEDED TO AVOID

UPSET
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RESPONSE TO
CONTINUED ICING
ESCAPE!

FOLLOW PRE-PLANNED EXIT STRATEGY

CHANGE COURSE OR ALTITUDE
CLIMB IMMEDIATELY IF POWER MARGIN ALLOWS
DO 180 IF NEEDED

TURN AWAY FROM ICE PRODUCING CLOUD

STRUCTURES
DESCEND TO ABOVE FREEZING ABOVE MEA/MOCA
DESCEND IF NEEDED TO MAINTAIN CONTROL

SAFETY
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STILL ACCUMULATING?
LAND BEFORE LOSS OF CONTROL
OR UNCOMMANDED DESCENT!
DO NOT DEPEND UPON ICE
PROTECTION SYSTEMS
INDEFINITELY!

ESCAPE!
SAFETY
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PROFESSIONALIS

NASA VIDEO
Discusses effect of ice on aircraft
performance and control
Discusses appropriate pilot response
to loss of control

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WING

DIRECTION OF FLIGHT

TAIL

DIRECTION OF FLIGHT

SAFETY
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FLOW SEPARATION

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ROLL UPSET
Collection efficiency- wingtip leading
edge
Occurs more when slow and clean
Separation Bubble forms
Bubble moves aft and reduces
ailerons effectiveness
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ROLL UPSET
CHARACTERIZED BY:
Uncommanded roll, aileron snatch,
neutral/reversed roll pressure

RELIEVE BY:
Increasing airspeed
Reducing angle of attack
Deploying flaps
SAFETY
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TAILPLANE STALL /
PITCH UPSET
Collection efficiency- horizontal tail
Occurs more when flaps are
extended
Separation Bubble moves aft and
effects elevators

SAFETY
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TAILPLANE STALL /
PITCH UPSET
CHARACTERIZED BY:
Lightened pitch control, elevator pulsing,
porpoising, difficulty trimming, sudden and
severe nose down elevator snatch

COUNTER-INTUITIVE RELIEVE BY:

PULLING back on yoke
Retracting flaps
Consider Reducing power and airspeed
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PITCH AND ROLL

UPSETS
Ice Accumulation reduces
controllable speed range
Auto-pilot masks onset of control
issues
Tail plane stall on short final may be
unrecoverable
SAFETY
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REVIEW
AVOID ICING CONDITIONS
KNOW ESCAPE ROUTES
UNDERSTAND CHARACTERISTICS
OF DANGEROUS ICING CONDITIONS
AVOID USING FLAPS WHEN ICED
KNOW UPSET RECOVERY
TECHNIQUES
SAFETY
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PROFESSIONALIS

NASA GLENN
HANDOUTS
CD ROM: INTER-ACTIVE TRAINING
FOR G.A. PILOTS
DVD:

ICING FOR REGIONAL AND CORP PILOTS

ICING FOR GENERAL AVIATION PILOTS
SUPERCOOLED LARGE DROPLET ICING
TAILPLANE ICING
SAFETY
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