Was the first person to come up with the

idea of atom

Believed that all matter was

composed of indivisible particles he
called ATOMS

Which is derived from the Greek word

Atomos meaning indivisible
He also believed that different atoms:

Are different sizes

Have different properties

Other philosophers of that time did not

agree with his theories.

Dalton is the Father

of Atomic Theory

Daltons ideas were

so brilliant that they
have remained
essentially intact up
to the present time
and has only been
slightly corrected.

1. All matter is composed of extremely

small particles called atoms.
2. All atoms of a given element are
identical, having the same:
- size
- mass
- chemical properties.
3. All atoms of different elements are
different.

Daltons Atomic Theory

(1803)
aka: 5 Postulates
4. Atoms cannot be created, divided
into smaller particles, or
**Indestroyed.
a chemical reaction, atoms of different elements
are separated, joined or rearranged. They are
never changed into the atoms of another element.
We will learn more later**

5. Atoms combine in definite whole

number ratios to make compounds (you
cant have a of a Carbon bonding with Oxygen;
its a whole atom or no atom)

Based on Daltons Atomic

Theory (5 postulates),
most scientists in the
1800s believed that the
atom was like a tiny solid
ball that could not be
broken up into parts.
Dalton was credited for
the three Atomic Laws that
were proven after his time.

1. Law of Conservation
of Mass
Matter cannot be created
or destroyed in any
physical or chemical
process, just transferred.
2.

Law of Constant Composition

When atoms combine to form molecules, the ratio of

atoms is constant.
Example H2O will always have 2 times as many
Hydrogen atoms as Oxygen.

3.Law of Multiple Proportions if two

elements can combine to form more than
one compound, then the ratio of the second
element combined with a certain mass of
the first element is always a ratio of small
whole numbers.

Example:

CO vs. CO2
Formula
Ratio of
N:O

The Law of Conservation of

Mass
Whenachemicalreaction
occurs,massisneither
creatednordestroyedbut
onlychanged.
Duringanyphysicalor
chemicalchange,thetotal
massoftheproductsremains
equaltothetotalmassofthe
reactants.
Isalsoknownasthe"lawof
indestructibilityofmatter."

 Used cathode rays

to prove that Daltons
Solid-ball model could
be broken into smaller
particles
Thomson is credited
with discovering
electrons

 Cathode rays had been

used for some time before
Thompsons experiments.
A cathode ray is a tube that
has a piece of metal, called
an electrode, at each end.
Each electrode is connected
to a power source (battery).
When the power is turned on, the electrodes
become charged and produce a stream of
charged particles. They travel from cathode,
across the tube to the anode.

Thomson put the tube

in a magnetic field.
He predicted that the
stream would travel
in a straight path.
Instead, he found that
the path curved away
from a negatively
charged plate and
toward a positively
charged plate
Why?

----------------------------++++++++++++++
Like charges repel each
other, and objects with unlike
charges attract each other,
Thomson concluded that the
stream of charged particles
had electrons in them.

Thompson Concluded:
Cathoderaysaremadeupof
invisible,negativelycharged
particlescalledElectrons.
These electrons had to come from the matter
(atoms) of the negative electrode.
Since the electrodes could be made from a
variety of metals, then all atoms must contain
electrons!

Thomsons Plum Pudding model is a

+ charge sphere that has (- )charged
electrons scattered inside, like
raisins in plum pudding.
Overall, the atom is neutral atom
because the atom had the same
number of positive and negative
charges.
From Thomsons experiments, scientists concluded
that atoms were not just neutral spheres, but
somehow were composed of electrically charged
particles.
The balance of positive and negative charge
supports the neutral atom.

Took Thomsons Plum

Pudding Model and
added to it
Used the Gold Foil
Experiment to discover
the existence of:
An atomic Nucleus
Protons (in later
experiments)

You must be able to

explain the Gold Foil
Experimentit will be
on the CST

Rutherford directed a
narrow beam of alpha
particles (+ charges) at
a thin piece of gold foil.

Based on observations
from other experiments
involving alpha particles,
he predicted that the (+)
charges would go
through the foil

Rutherford found that

every once and a while, a
+ particle was deflected
bounced back. (about 1%
of the time)
Why?
Because the + charge hit
a central mass of positive
charge and was repelled.

Toexplainthe
resultsofthe
experiment,
Rutherfordsteam
proposedanew
modelofthe
atom.

The atom contains a positively

charged nucleus
This nucleus contains almost all of the
mass of the atom, but occupies a very
small volume of the atom.
The negatively charged electrons
occupied most of the volume of the atom.
The atom is mostly empty space.

 To explain his
observations,
Rutherford
developed a new
model
The electrons
orbit the nucleus
like the planets
revolve around the

Worked in Rutherfords lab

Wondered why electrons
are not attracted to the +
nucleus and cluster
around it
Disproved Rutherfords
Planetary Model
Experimented with light
and its interaction with
matter to develop a new
model.

Energy Level Model: Electrons

are arranged in circles around
the nucleus. Each circle has a
different energy.
Electrons are in constant
motion, traveling around the
circle at the speed of light.

Electrons can jump from one

circle to the next
But they cant go to the nucleus
they traveling too fast to be fully
attracted.

1. Protons and neutrons are in the

nucleus
2. Electrons can only be certain distances
from the nucleus.
3. The electrons orbit the nucleus at fixed
energy levels.
4. The electrons must absorb or emit a
fixed amount of energy to travel between
these energy levels

Who is the father of atomic theory?

Dalton
What was the first model of the atom?
Daltons Tiny Ball Model
What are Daltons 3 Laws?
Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of
Constant Composition, Law of Multiple
Porportion

How were Thomsons and Daltons model

different?
Daltons model was 1 sphere that cannot be
divided, Thomson had the plum pudding
where electrons are randomly spread
throughout a positively charged sphere.
What did Thomson find out?
Atoms have electrons, they have a - charge

What were Rutherfords conclusions from

the Gold Foil Experiment?
Atom has a positively charged nucleus
electrons are outside,
atoms are mostly empty
Nucleus contains most of the mass.