RocioSaucedo

HonorsAnatomy3rdPeriod
Mrs.Lafferty
10/06/15
SkeletalSystemLabReportNumberTwo

OneofthephysiciansthatledtothenaminganddiscoveringofbonesdatesbacktoGalens
time.

Galenandotherphysiciansweremainlyinterestedonthehardnessoftheboneintheskeleton.He
drewconclusionsandinvestigationofthebones.Manyotherscientistsandphysiciansplayedarole,
LeonardodaVinci,JacopoBerengariodaCarpi,AndreasVesalius,andNicoloMassa.Butitwas
duringtheeraoftheRenaissancethattheterminologyandmoreexplorationoftheboneswasbeing
approached.TheScapulaoralsoknownastheshoulderbladeistheboneconnectedtotheupperarm
bone,thehumerusandthecollarbonewhichistheclavicle.Thescapuladerivesfromthelatinword
scapulae,whichmeansshouldersorshoulderblades.Itsoriginalmeaningisspades,orshovels,from
itsoriginsofusinganimalscapulastoscrapethingsinprimitivetimes.InGreekitmeansflatinstrument
anditwasusedasadiggingtoolbecauseitresembledone.Thescapulahasitsbonenamingduetothe
factthatisflat,andtheuseitprovidedintheearlyyears.Thepelvisisthelargebonystructurenearthe
baseofthespine,attachedtoitarethelegs.Itislocatedinthelowerpartofthetrunkofthebody.The
wordpelvisderivesfromtheLatintermmeaningbasin,basinlikecavityformedbythebonesofthe
pelvicgirdle.InGreekthistermhasoriginsmeaningsofadishorabowl.Lastbutcertainlynotleastis
thesacrumbone.Thepelvishasitsbonenamingduetothefactsthatitwasthebasin,anditsround
shapewassimilartotheoneofabowlinearlyages.Thesacrumislocatedatthebaseofthespineand
behindthepelvicregion.ItsoriginscomefromlateLatinanditmeanssacredbone,becausethe
sacrumwastheboneofananimalusedforsacrificeorbecauseitwasthelastbonetodecayafterdeath
anditwouldreassemblearoundresurrectiontime.InGreekithasanotherderivationmeaning,itmeans
mightyandgloriousbecausethesacrumisthemostimportantboneofthespine.Thesacrumhasits
bonenamingduetoitsimportantlocationinthebodyandbecauseitisastrongbone.

Figure2:Pelvis,flatroundbone.Figure3:Sacrum,irregular.
Figure1:Scapula,flatbone.

(GraphicbyAuthor)(GraphicbyAuthor)(GraphicbyAuthor)


Figure4:Screenshotofpreparedcompactbone
slide.Thisimagewasundermicroscopic
technology,andweareabletoseethecanalofa
compactbone,aswellasanosteonandother
labels.
(GraphicbyAuthor)

Figure5:Periosteumslidedrawing.Wecanseethe
bonebeinglabeled,theperiosteum,theosteocytes
andotherpartsthatareimportanttotheperiosteum
andbonefunction.
(GraphicbyAuthor)

Figure6:DrawingofaTrabecularboneatFigure7:DrawingofTrabecularboneat
lowmagnification.Wecanseethebonehighmagnification.Itsmoredetailedand
trabeculaeandtheyellowbone.hasotherlabelsofitsown.
(GraphicbyAuthor)(GraphicbyAuthor)

Homeostasisisaprocesswheredifferentvariablesareregulatedsothatinternalconditionsstay
stablethroughouttheprocessandconstant.Bonematrixistheintercellularsubstanceofbonetissue.
Normalbonematrixhomeostasisisbasicallyboneremodelingwhichitoccursthroughlifeasosteoclasts
resorbtissueandtheosteoblastsreplacesthebone.Theseopposingprocessesofresorptionand
depositionoccuronthesurfacesoftheendosteumandperiosteum.Theprocesstimeofremodeling
bonediffersfromspongyboneandcompactbone.Thespongyboneremodelsatafasterratethan
compactbones.Thecontinuousprocessesofremodelingisfrom10%20%.Normalbonematrix
homeostasishasfactorsthataffecttheremodelingprocess.Somefactorsthatinfluenceboneremodeling
activityarehormones,exercise,nutrition,anddrugs/medication.Forexamplehormonesrelease
calcitoninwhichinhibitsosteoclastresorption,delayscalciumabsorptionfromtheintestine,increases
calciumurinaryexcretion.Alsothepituitaryglandsreleasesgrowthhormones,theystimulatedivisionof
cartilagecellsintheepiphysealplates.Bonematrixhomeostasisimbalancesarefoundinthebonetrough
disordersanddiseases.Previouslystatedhormones,exerciseandnutritionarefactorsthataffectthe
successfulremodelingofbones.Ifhormonesareabsentfromthegrowthhormones,thelongboneofthe
limbsfailtodevelopnormallyandcausesforthepersontohavepituitarydwarfism.Anotherexamplefor
bonematrixhomeostasisisexercise.Normalbonematrixhomeostasisstimulatesbonegrowth.When
weexerciseourskeletalmusclecontractwithoneanother,theypullattheirattachments,andtheresults
endupthickeningandstrengtheningthebonetissue(hypertrophy).Ontheotherhandifexerciseis
lacked,ourbonetissuesturnsintowasteandtheybecomethinnerandweaker(atrophy).Thisiswhy
athleteshavebetterstrongerbonesthannonathletes,andalsowhenaboneisfracturedandcastit
becomesweakbecauseitisimmobilizedandnomovementisbeingdonetostrengthenit.

Normal

VinegarSoakedBone

CookedBone

CollagenMatrix

Present

Present

NotPresent

MineralSalts

Present

NotPresent

Present

NotPresent

Dark,hasmeatonit,
hardtobend.

Flexibletobend,
semitransparent,lacks
anyprotection.

Sortofhardbutable
tobend,lacks
calcium.

DiseaseorDisorder
Characteristics

Figure8:Thefirstboneisacookedbone,thesecond
oneisthenormalbone,andthelastoneisthevinegar
soakedbone.
(GraphicbyAuthor)

ProteinProteinInterfaces
Themainfocusofthislabistounderstandhownatureinteractstocreatedifferenthierarchical
structuresandfinedetailedfunctionsinawellspacedandtemporarilycontrolledmannerusing
nanofibrousbuildingblockthroughproteinproteinassemblyprocesses.Hierarchicalstructuresis
organizedwhereeveryentityintheorganization,exceptforonewhichissubsidiarytoasingleother
entity,arrangedinorderofrank.Theabstractstartswiththemethodsthatimitatesbiochemical
processesthataresinglestepprocessinthediscretenumberofassembledmolecularcomponents
structures,Biomimeticselftemplatingsupramolecularstructures.Innaturemacromoleculessuchas
collagen,chitin,andcelluloseareextremelyimportantforthestableofdifferencesincellsandtheir
growth.Duringtheprocessoftissueformationchiralfibrousmacromoleculesaresurreptitiousand
experiencesinglestepprocesses.Asinglemacromoleculecancreatedifferentworkingstructureswhen
selftemplatedunderdistinctconditions.Nature'sselftemplatedmaterialsexcelsthefunctionaland
structuralelaborationdonebycurrenttopdownandbottomupfabricationmethods,butithasyetnot
beendeeplyinvestigated.TheyusedaM13phageastheirmodelsystembecauseitcontainssimilar
collagenstructuralattributeswithgeneticflexibility.

Withtheirselftemplatingassemblytheywereableto
producenewbiologicallyevokedhierarchicalstructuresunderacontrolledway,somethingthathad
neverbeendetectedinmothernature.Chiralliquidcrystallinephasetransitionsandinterfacialforcesat
theinterfacearehighlyimportedindecidingthestructureoftheorganismsofthemodelstructuresduring
theprocess,theendresultsshoweddifferentproperties.

Figure9:M13is
equippedtogive
understandingofthe
hierarchicalstructures
ofbiomaterials,italso
givesinsightinto
hierarchical
structurefunction
relationshipsinnature.
Currently,weare
applyingour
selfassembly
techniquestoother
biomacromolecules(collagen,chitinandcellulose)andinvestigatingtheirmolecularassemblyprocesses
forthedevelopmentofbiomimetichierarchicalstructuresfortissueregeneration.
(Imagescreenshot
fromBerkeleyLabResearch:http://leelab.berkeley.edu/research.php)

Bonescantellusmanythings,theyhelpusdetermineage,sex,orifit'sevenhumanor
nonhuman.Therearesomedifferencesinayoungbonecomparedtoanoldone.Inachildbone,ithas
thediaphysis,metaphysis,epiphysis,andthephysiswhichisthegrowthplate.Theepiphysisaretheends
ofthebone,andthediaphysisaretheboneshaftsofthelongbones.Theepiphysisiscompleteor
mostlycartilaginousininfants.Initiallyitconsistsofarticularcartilageandgrowthcartilageuntilthese
becomedifferentiatedbythedevelopmentofasecondaryossificationcentre.Asachildgrowstheir
boneshaftsgetlongerandtheboneisgraduallyreplacedbythecartilageepiphyses.Asthechildkeeps
growingalayerofcartilageseparateseachepiphysesfromtheboneshaft.Inanoldoradultbonethere
isonlythediaphysisandmetaphysis.Otherformstotellifit'sanadultboneisthroughosteons,adults
tendtohavemoreandsmallerosteonscomparedtotheyoungerbonesthathavelessandlargerones.
AlsoInayoungadult,theribendwallsarethickandsmooth,withascallopedorroundededge.Inan
olderadult,thewallsarethin,withsharpedges,andtherimoftenhasbony,irregularprojections.You
cantellifaskullwasfromamaleorfemale,bytheslopeofthehead,thechin,andyoucantellbytheir
pelvis.Inmalestheirskullstendtobemoreslopingwithlargeeyebrowridges,theirchinsaresquared
andtheirpelvisarelessthan90degreessmaller.Inafemaletheirheadsaremorevertical,theyhave
smallereyebrowridge,morepointedchin,andtheirpelvisislargerthan90degrees.

Ahighlyunusualcase,isacasewherearchaeologistsfoundanunusualgravein2002inan
island,thefoundingwasalmostfourcenturiesold.Thediscoverywassounorthodoxtothe
investigators,becauseatthattimetheburialtheyfoundwasnottheburialsdoneatthattime.The
forensicanthropologistscametogetherwithVirginiaarcheologists.Theyrecordedthedatafoundonthe
skeletoninthefieldandthenremovedthebones.Duetotheburialandthedatacollectedfromthe
bones,theycametoaconclusionthattheskeletonwasoneoftheveryfirstEnglishsettlers.Theskeletal
evidencedemonstratedthattheboneswereofamaleofage36,hewas5feetand3inchestall.
Thoughhisremainswerewellpreserved,thecauseofdeathwasnotapparentintheskeleton.The
bonesshowsomestainingafterdeath,fromcontactwithcoppershroudpinsandironcoffinnails.All
theevidencegatheredledtheinvestigatorstoknowtheidentityoftheskeleton.CaptainBartholomew
Gosnolddiedafterathreeweekillness.Theywereabletoinductthathediedina3weekperiodof
timebecausesuchaquickillnesswouldnothaveshownupintheskeleton.

Figure10:SkeletonRemains(GraphicbyJamieMay)

Figure11:CaptainGosnold(GraphicbyAmandaDanning)

APACitations:

BlueHistologySkeletalTissuesBone.(2009,May8).RetrievedOctober23,2015,from
http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/bone/bone.htm

BoneStructureandFunction.(2004,January16).RetrievedOctober23,2015,from
https://depts.washington.edu/bonebio/ASBMRed/structure.html

THEORIGINOFBONENAMES.(n.d.).RetrievedOctober23,2015,from
http://teachhealthk12.uthscsa.edu/sites/teachhealthk12/files/activity/downloads/BonesTeacherName
Cards2C.pdf

TheSeungWukLeeGroup.(n.d.).RetrievedOctober23,2015,from
http://leelab.berkeley.edu/index.php

WritteninBoneForensicCaseFiles.(n.d.).RetrievedOctober23,2015,from
http://anthropology.si.edu/writteninbone/forensic_files.html