AlexisRamirez

SkeletalSystemLabReport

Ourbonesaremadeupofcalcium,phosphorus,sodium,andotherminerals.Bonesallow
ourbodypartstomoveandatthesametimeprotectingourorgansfromanyimpactdamage.We
haveawindowofopportunitytomaximizeourstrengthofourbonesatage18to20.Ourbodies
stopbuildingboneinthelatetwenties,earlythirties.Atthatagewemaintainthebonestructure
wehavereceivedthrewoutourlifetime..Meaningthethingsyoudoatayoungagewillalso
affectyourbonegrowthatanolderage.

Ribs:Everybreathyoutakeyourribcage
expands3to5cm.Itprotectsyourheartandlungs,
canbedamagedinaccidentsquiteeasilyevena
powerfulsneezecanallowafracture.AngloSaxon
cameupwiththewordribbwhichmeanta
beam/strip.Meaningtheribsarethebeamofthe
chest.

Pelvis:Latintermmeaningbasin,which
stemsfromthegreekwordPellawhichmeansdish
orbowl.Protectstheabdominalorgans.Contains
theSacrum,Coccyx,Ilium,PubisandIschium.

Phalanges:Halfthebonesinourbodycomefromour
handsandfeet.Anxrayofbonesinthehandcantellyoualot
aboutapersonsuchasapproximateage,bonedensity,presence
ofanydisease.Thehumanhandandwristincludingthewrist,
contains54bones.

Bo
netissuehistology:

Compactboneconsistsmostlyofextracellularsubstance.Collagenfiberswithineach
lamellarunparalleltoeachother.Intheprocessofdepositionofthematrix,osteoblastsbecome
encasedinsmallhollowswithinthematrix.

BoneHistologyPictures:

BoneMatrixLabObservation

Normal

VinegarSoakedBone

CookedBone

CollagenMatrix

Yes

Yes

No

MineralSalts

Yes

Yes

Yesmorethanothers

Diseases/Disorders None

Osteoporosis

Osteopenia

Characteristics

Coveredinfat
Shrunken
Veryflexible

Tough
Nobend
Hollow

Red
Stillhasblood
CartilageShiny&
White

BoneMatrixlab:vinegarsoaked,cooked,normalchicken

Osteoblasts:aresinglenucleicellsthatoperateingroupstoformabone.Theyproduce
calciumandphosphateminerals.Anddepositthatforminaverydense,hardshellaroundabone
fracture.Theshellisknownasabonecallusandlastsforthreetofourmonths.
Osteoclasts:breakdownthemineraldepositsfromtheosteoblastsbyreleasingacids.The
brokendownmaterialisthenreleasedintoourbloodstream.Theprocessofbonerepairtakes
months.Osteoblastsandosteoclastscontinuallyworkonrebuildingfracturedboneuntilitis
completelyhealed.
BoneMatrix:Bonegivesourskeletonthefunctionasattachmentandleversformuscles.
Boneisbasicallycartilage,surroundedbyalayerofdenseconnectivetissue,theperiosteum.A
thinlayerofconnectivetissuetheendosteum.Calciumisanimportantmineralneededfor
multiplefunctions.Itisalsothemostabundantmineralinbody.morethan99%isstoredinyour
bones.

CurrentboneresearchfromTheSeungWukLeelab:

Theprimarygoalofthisresearchistounderstandhowchemicalandphysicalstructures
affecttheinteractionsbetweenproteinsandcellsincellularbehaviortohelpdevelop
regenerativetissue.Designingbiomimeticmaterialswithcontrolledstructuralorganizationthat
mimicsnaturaltissueenvironmentitiscriticalforthedevelopmentofregenerativemedicines.
Manyattemptshavebeenmadetomimicnaturaltissuemicroenvironmentsinchemicaland
mechanicalproperties.Althoughtheresultingstructuresprovidegreatpromiseforimprovingcell
behavior.Byusingconventionalapproachesarestillchallenging.
Inourbodies,proteininorganiccrystalinterfacesplayacriticalroleindevelopingour
bonesandmaintainingthemechanicalintegrityofthebody.Inordertointerrogate
proteininorganicinterfaces,wedevelopedbonemodelsurfaceswhosestructuresweredefinedat
themolecularlevelandinvestigatedtheirstructuredependentcharacteristicsusinginsituatomic
forcemicroscopytechniques.
Homeostasisisthemaintenanceofastableenvironmentwithinanorganism.Which
meanshavingtoconstantlymaintainyourbodytemperature,internalpH,hydration,blood
pressureandtheglucoselevelsinourblood.Humansareendothermsmeaningweactively
maintainastablebodytemperaturebygeneratingheat(warmbloodedanimals)Bloodthatis
pumpedthroughthecapillariesatthesurfaceoftheskinwilllosemoreheatthantheones
pumpedthroughthecapillarieslocateddeeperwithinourtissue.Ourbodiesknowthisandtake
advantageadjustingtothebloodflowthroughthetissuetohelpthebodyconserveordissipate
theheat.Whenourbodyneedstoconserveheatthecapillariesconstricttheamountofblood
flow,reducingheatloss.Ifourbodyisexposedtoextremecoldthatcanleadustofrostbite,that
extremitywillcompletelyshutdownforitsownsurvival.

Forensiccasestudies:

Calciumisthekeyinbuildingyourbonesbutsunlightalsoplaysabigpartinyourbones.
VitaminDisessentialforyourbonegrowth.Thethreemajorkeysintheforensicstudiesareage,
sexandancestry.

Femaleormale:
Malestendtohavelargerbonesandjointsthanfemales.However,the
pelvisisthebestsexrelatedindicatorbetweenmalesandfemales.Becauseofdistinctfeatures
adaptedforchildbearing.

Ancestry:
Thebonesoftheskullexpressinheritedfeaturesfromonegenerationtothe
next.MeasuringthecraniumgivesusinformationthatissimilartothatfromDNA.By
comparingaskull'smeasurementswithdatafrompopulationsworldwide.Scientistscannow
evaluateanindividual'srelationshiptoaworldgroup.

Age:
Youcandetermineanadultsageinseveralwayscontrarytothatofachild.The
surfacesofthecranium,pubicbones,andribs.Atamicroscopiclevel,scientistcanseethebone
remodelingthattakesplacethroughoutaperson'slifespan.
Measuringthelengthoflongbonescangiveascientistanestimateofageforchildren,
butthistechniqueisusefulonlyuntilboneshavestoppedgrowing.
Thetibiacompletesgrowthataboutage16or17ingirls,and18or19inboys.
Fortoddlerstoteenagersuptoage21,teetharethemostaccurateageindicators.
Thecollarbone,itisthelastbonetocompletegrowth,ataroundage25.Thebonesthat
enclosethebraingrowtogetherduringchildhoodalonglinescalledcranialsutures.Closureof
cranialsuturesgivesgeneralinformationaboutaperson'sage.Itisbestusedwithadditional
indicatorstoestimateage.

Citations:
https://www.quora.com/Whataresomeinterestingfactsorsnippetsofinformationabouthand
bonesphalangescarpalsandmetacarpals
http://www.thestar.com/life/health_wellness/2012/12/04/rib_cage_fascinating_facts_about_body
_parts.html
https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P0
1360
http://www.everydayhealth.com/osteoporosispictures/9thingsyoudidntknowaboutyourbone
s.aspx
http://study.com/academy/lesson/homeostasisandtemperatureregulationinhumans.html
http://anthropology.si.edu/writteninbone/skeleton_keys.html
http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/bone/bone.htm#Bone
http://leelab.berkeley.edu/research.php#E