Studio News Readers,

Field Reporters,
Links To Studio,
Mode Of Address To Viewer,
Interviewing,
Experts And Witnesses,
Report Structure,
Actuality Footage

CODES & CONVENTIONS

(OF A NEWS PROGRAMME)

Studio News Presenters

They are news presenters
who present current news
updates in a TV studio.

Why They Are Important To A TV

News Programme
Representatives of the show
Connect with the audience
They control the introducing,
discussing and closing elements of
the show
Present in a controlled professional
environment
Good improvisation skills

Example: Mark Austin ITV

News

Field Reporters
These are presenters that report directly
from the current event. They are known
mostly for reporting from disaster zones but
they could report anywhere thats outside
the studio.

Why They Are Important To A TV

News Programme
Provides additional coverage
Gives the audience a real-time live
report
The report is more accurate and
realistic
Convey the emotion of the report

Example: Sarah Rainsford BBC

News

Links To Studio
This is when you have a presenter in one studio
discussing a news topic with a presenter from another
studio. This could also be linked to talking with a field
reporter or interviewing a representative for the sake
of more information or debate. A satellite connects
the other link to the studio.

Why This Is Important To A TV News

Programme
Enables reports and interviews that
wouldnt happen otherwise
Can add content and more detail
involving the report

Example:

https
://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-w1RjCKwRbg

Mode of Address
The written or spoken style on
how the text or report is
delivered to the audience.

Types of Address:
Direct MOA:
Using language like you

Indirect MOA:
Using language like
the public or people

Formal MOA:
A way to address the audience using technical words and facts

Informal MOA:
A relaxed approach using comforting language and body language.

Why Is This Important To A TV News

Programme
Conveys the appropriate approach to
the report thats required
Relates to the expectations that they
audience has for the channel

Example:

* BBC News is known to be a more conservative news

channel which is expected by a certain sector of
audience.

Interviewing
When a presenter discusses
or questions a subject relating
to the news segment

Why This Is Important To A News

Programme
The presenter or reporter will
interview people involved or people
of interest concerning the event that
is being reported.
This enables the audience to become
involved in the storyline.

Example:

https
://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GaLdPfmaxjg

Experts and Witnesses

Experts are bought in to tackle a story from
a factual stand point. They fill in details
that news presenters are unable to.
Witnesses can confirm first hand reports

Why This Is Important To A TV News

Programme
Gives more information to the
audience on the subject
Experts give more facts, figures and
technical information to the audience
Witnesses are used to corroborate a
report

Example:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GaLdPfmaxjg

Report Structure
It is the structure of a news segment
using text that a presenter will read
with the additional use of an outside
field report and/or in-studio graphics.

Two Types Of Report

Structure
Type 1:
A solo report layout example Studio
presenter introduces field reporter, field
reporter gives report, vox pop interview,
concludes report and returns to studio
Type 2:
News programme layout example
Headlines, top stories, follow-ups of previous
stories, sports

Why This Is Important To A News

Programme
Adds to the visual content of the
report
Prevents the programme from
getting repetitive or boring
Having structure helps deliver
concise information pertaining to the
news segment

Example:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdxrNHFHLIk

Actuality Footage
Real life footage of an event
or witnesses which is used to
strengthen a news segment

Why This Is Important To A News

Programme
Provides live up-to-date accounts
It gives the audience a raw insight on
whats happening
The audience need to connect with the
report so its the news channels job to
deliver a report with actuality footage to
the best of their ability
Without actuality footage its harder to
understand and grasp the full extent of the
situation

Example:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
_gAxpQEm6Mkm

Documentary Formats:
Expository,
Observational,
Participatory
Reflexive,
Performative

Realism,
Dramatisation,
Narrativisation

CODES AND
CONVENTIONS
(OF DOCUMENTARIES)

Expository
An expository documentary is a
documentary that explores the
factual side of subjects that would
be interesting to people

Expository
The narrator speaks directly to the audience
They use a technique called voice of god or voice
of authority to strengthen the argument and point of
view
Images are used to advance the points
Editing ensures images, footage and interviews that
support the argument are used
They try to persuade the viewer by using logic and
the idea of common sense towards a particular point
of view
Examples: Nature/ Historical/ Science Documentaries

Example
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JG9OMcMdhPE

Observational
Observational documentaries
observe everyday life with
minimum disruption

Observational
Location shots using handheld
cameras
Long takes are common
Synchronous sound recording is used
to match the sounds with what is
being viewed
No voiceovers or interviews
Crew presence is hidden
The subjects featured act natural and
dont seem to be aware that they are

Example:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWuzfIeTFAQ

Participatory
Participatory documentaries
are interactive with events
and subjects being filmed

Participatory
The documentary maker and crew interact with
the subjects
The interview styling is fast and on the go
Archive material associated with the subject is
used which can include stills, news footages,
newspapers, etc
Location shooting with long takes are used
Synchronous sound recording is used to match
the sounds with what is being viewed
Documentary maker usually does the voiceover
and interacts and participates in the filming

Example:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e5Xmhyetiwk

Reflexive
Reflexive documentaries have a
goal to make the viewer think of
alternative points of views relating
to the story unfolding

Reflexive
Film techniques are used to provide an
emotional and subjective response
Uses expressive, dramatic music and reenactments to to enhance the storyline
When a voice over is used the speaker can
speak with uncertainty and uses
questioning dialogue
The film maker and crew can be present
during filming, their presence can be
suggestive to the storyline

Example:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
0NcIGBKXMOE

Performative
Performantive documentaries
share personal and emotional
of individual subjects

Performative
The topic theme of the documentary
is often connected with identity as
opposed to factual subjects
The mode of address is direct and
emotional
The documentary is shaped in an
investigation or search style which
may not have a clear outcome to the
ending

Example:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
GBNHGi36nlM

 Realism:
Realism in a documentary is the telling
of accurate and truthful stories and facts
Dramatization:
Dramatization is the recreation of
certain scenarios and scenes. Adds a
dramatic form to the telling of a story
Narrativisation:
This is simply how the story is told from
beginning to end