SkeletalSystemLabReport

Part1.
ThehistoryofbonenamingbeganwiththeLatinsandtheGreeks.Theoriginalpluralformofthe
wordscapulawasscapulae,whichmeanstheshouldersbladesinLatin.InGreek(),scapulaisaterm
thatreferstosomethingwide,flat,andhard,muchlikeapaddle.Thebonewasofficiallynameda
scapulae,(todiginGreek)becauseitresemblesatoolthatisusedtodigholes.
Thesacrumboneisnamedwithreligiouspurposes,meaningsacredorholy,inLatin.Asthebody
deterioratesafterdeath,eachbonebeginstodecay,andthesacrumboneisoneofthelastbonestowaste
away.TheGreekdefinitionforthisbonedefinesitasillustrious,glorious,mightyorgreat.Thisboneis
believedbyGalentobethemostvitalboneinthehumanspine.Monrobelievedittobenamedafterthe
largesizeofthebonecomparedtotherestofthebonesinthespine.Thepatella,locatedintheknee,was
originallynamedafterasmallplateorcookingpan.TheoriginofthewordpatellacomesfromtheLatin
wordpatina,whichmeansabroad,shallowdishorpan.ThisisthesamedefinitionfortheItalianword
padella.
ScapulaBone
SacrumBone
PatellaBone

Theimagesabovearethescapulabone,sacrumbone,andpatellabone.(ImagestakenbyRyle)

Part2.Bone(Tissue)Histology:

Bone(Tissue)HistologyDrawing

Above,isthehistologypictureofthecompactbone.TheLacunae,Haversiansystem,andHaversiancanal
arelabeledabove.(MylabpartnerSarahtookthephotoabove)

PeriosteumBone

TheDrawingaboverepresentstheperiosteumbonewithlabels.Thelabelsinclude:bone,periosteum,and
bone.(PhototakenanddrawnbyRyle)

TrabecularBone

Thepictureaboverepresentsthetrabecularbone,alongwithlabels.Thelabelsinclude:bonetrabeculae,
yellowbonemarrow(adiposetissue),adipocytes,lamellarbonematrix,osteocytesinlacuna,and
calcifiedcartilage.(PhototakenanddrawnbyRyle)

Part3.BoneMatrix:
Anormaladultboneconsistsofproteinsandminerals.Themajorityoftheboneismadeupof
approximately60%calciumandphosphate.Therestoftheboneconsistsofmatrixandwater.Normal
bonematrixhomeostasisdoesdothaveanydiseases,becausethebonesarehealthyandstrong.In
contrast,Irregularbonescontaindiseases.Thebonediseasesinclude:osteoporosis,Pagetsdisease,
rickets,metastasiscancer,osteogenesisimperfecta,andhypercalciuria.Osteoporosisisabonedisease
wherethebonethebonebecomesweakandisatmoreatrisktobreak.Osteoporosisisaconditionwith
theboneformsholescreatingpassages.Insteadofthespaceshavingbonestofillinitsplace,thespaces
arefilledwithfatorbonemarrowcells.Pagetsdiseaseisaconditionwherethebonesreconstruct
themselvesabnormally.Theabnormalremodelingcausesthebonestogrowmorerapidlyorina
deformednature.

Therearedifferenttypesofhormonesthataffectthebone.Thesehormonesinclude:parathyroidhormone,
calcitonin,vitaminD,gonadalsteroids,growthhormone,thyroidhormone,andglucocorticoids.Each
hormonehasadifferenteffectonthebone,forexample,theparathyroidhormonegoesthroughaprocess
thathelpsrelieveanycalciumstoredupinthebones.Amongmanyofitsfunctions,italsohelpsthe
processofexcretingrenalphosphateandbicarbonate.Inaddition,thevitaminDhormoneiscriticalfor
bonemineralizationandthethyroidhormoneisvitaltotheskeletonsmaturationprocessandgrowth.

BoneLab

AbovetheimageshowsthethreebonesusedtocollectdatafortheMatrixLab.Thebonesinclude:raw
bone(normal),cookedbone,andcookedbone.(ImagetakenbyRyle)

BoneLabObservationsChart

BoneMatrixObservations

NormalBone

VinegarSoaked
Bone

CookedBone

CollagenMatrix

Normal

Excessiveamount

Missing

MineralSaltsMatrix

Normal

Lowmineralsalts

Excessamount

Diseaseordisorder

lowcalcium

collagenvasculardisease

Flexible

Flexible,
transparent,yellow
marrow
hard,notbendable

Characteristics

ThechartaboveisacollectionofdatathatIfoundinthebonelab.Above,IobservedtheCollagen
Matrix,MineralSaltsMatrix,Diseaseordisorder,andCharacteristicsofbonematrixes.Foreachofthese
observations,Iobservedwhetherthebonewasnormalorflexible,aswellaswhathappenedtothebone
whensoakedinvinegarversesbeingcooked.

Part4.CurrentBoneresearch:ProteinInorganicInterfaceCaseStudy

TheProteinInorganicInterfaceservestoexaminevariousproteinstructuresaswellas
dipolerelationships.Thecauseofthisistodevelopmorenaturalandorganicelectricenergythatcanbe
usedinthebioprocessesofcollagenbasedpiezoelectricpropertieswhicharefoundinourbody.The
piezoelectricpropertiesusevariousmaterialstohelpcommunicationbetweenthemechanicalandelectric
energies.Naturalmaterialsusedaspiezoelectricmaterialsincludeshells,teeth,andbones,whereas
processedpiezoelectricmaterialscanbeharmfulduetotheamountofchemicalsthecontain.Thesizeof
thesenaturalmaterialsusedrangefrom(nano)tolarge(macro).BioPiezoelectricmaterialshavemany
greatusesandfunctionsbuthavethecapabilityofspreadingandcancontaminatingecosystems.Because
thesematerialscanbeharmfultoourenvironment,scienceisattemptingtoswitchfromusinginorganic
interfacestoorganic,naturalmaterialsthatwillhelpinthebioprocesses.Inadditiontoitbeingharmful,
inorganicresourcesaremorecostlyandnotyetcontrolledatthemolecularlevel.
Part5.ForensicCaseStudiesDiscoveringJane
Duringthestarvingperiodbetween16091610,60outof500Virginiasettlershadsurvived.
Manycolonistshaddiedduetostarvationandlefttoscavengeoffhumancorpses.Inthisstudy,herbones
wereexaminedanditisindicatedthatJanediedofstarvationandwaslatereatenbyherhusband.Itis
clearherbodywaseatenduetothemarksleftthatshowhertissueandothercontentswereconsumed.
Scientistsused
Stereozoomandscanningelectronmicroscopytostudywhatkilledheranddestroyedher
body.Theycoulddeterminewhereandwhenthebonewascut.
Herboneswerescatteredthroughoutthe
land,leavingherunidentifiable.Theseboneswerelaterusedtocollectdataandidentifythewoman.
Variouspartsofthekneewereexaminedanddeterminedshewasaboutfourteenyearsoldwhenshedied.

BoneForensicsSketchnote

Aboveisasketchnoteoftheboneforensics.(PhototakenbyRyle)

APACitations:

ACTIVITY2C:THEORIGINOFBONENAMESSTUDENTINFORMATIONCARDS.(2013).
RetrievedOctober22,2015.
SchoolofAnatomyandHumanBiology,TheUniversityofWesternAustralia
.corepages/bone/bone.htm
https://depts.washington.edu/bonebio/ASBMRed/structure.html
https://depts.washington.edu/bonebio/ASBMRed/diseases/op/osteoporosis.html
https://depts.washington.edu/bonebio/ASBMRed/hormones.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3571087/
Lee,B.Y.,Zhang,J.,Zueger,C.,Chung,W.,Yoo,S.Y.,Wang,E.,etal.(2012).Virusbased
piezoelectricenergygeneration.
Naturenanotechnology
,
7
(6),351356.
http://anthropology.si.edu/writteninbone/Jane.html