1.D.

1:ThereareseveralhypothesesaboutthenaturaloriginoflifeonEarth,eachwith
supportingscientificevidence.
a:Scientificevidencesupportsthevariousmodels.
a2:Inturn,thesemoleculesservedasmonomersorbuildingblocksforthe
formationofmorecomplexmolecules,includingaminoacidsandnucleotides.
a3.Thejoiningofthesemonomersproducedpolymerswiththeabilityto
replicate,storeandtransferinformation.
1.D.2:Scientificevidencefrommanydifferentdisciplinessupportsmodelsoftheoriginoflife
b:Molecularandgeneticevidencefromextantandextinctorganismsindicatesthatall
organismsonEarthshareacommonancestraloriginoflife
1.Scientificevidenceincludesmolecularbuildingblocksthatarecommontoall
lifeforms.
2.Scientificevidenceincludesacommongeneticcode.
2A3:Organismsmustexchangematterwiththeenvironmenttogrow,reproduceandmaintain
organization.
a:Moleculesandatomsfromtheenvironmentarenecessarytobuildnewmolecules.
1.Carbonmovesfromtheenvironmenttoorganismswhereitisusedtobuild
carbohydrates,proteins,lipidsornucleicacids.Carbonisusedinstorage
compoundsandcellformationinallorganisms.
3.Livingsystemsdependonpropertiesofwaterthatresultfromitspolarityand
hydrogenbonding.
4.A.1Thesubcomponentsofbiologicalmoleculesandtheirsequencedeterminetheproperties
ofthatmolecule.
a.Structureandfunctionofpolymersarederivedfromthewaytheirmonomersare
assembled.
1.Innucleicacids,biologicalinformationisencodedinsequencesofnucleotide
monomers.Eachnucleotidehasstructuralcomponents:afivecarbonsugar
(deoxyriboseorribose),aphosphateandanitrogenbase(adenine,thymine,
guanine,cytosineoruracil).DNAandRNAdifferinfunctionanddifferslightlyin
structure,andthesestructuraldifferencesaccountforthedifferingfunctions.
2.Inproteins,thespecificorderofaminoacidsinapolypeptide(primary
structure)interactswiththeenvironmenttodeterminetheoverallshapeofthe
protein,whichalsoinvolvessecondarytertiaryandquaternarystructureand,
thus,itsfunction.TheRgroupofanaminoacidcanbecategorizedbychemical
properties(hydrophobic,hydrophilicandionic),andtheinteractionsoftheseR
groupsdeterminestructureandfunctionofthatregionoftheprotein.
3.Ingeneral,lipidsarenonpolarhowever,phospholipidsexhibitstructural
properties,withpolarregionsthatinteractwithotherpolarmoleculessuchas
water,andwithnonpolarregionswheredifferencesinsaturationdeterminethe
structureandfunctionoflipids.
4.Carbohydratesarecomposedofsugarmonomerswhosestructuresand
bondingwitheachotherbydehydrationsynthesisdeterminethepropertiesand
functionsofthemolecules.

b.Directionalityinfluencesstructureandfunctionofthepolymer.
3.Thenatureofthebondingbetweencarbohydratesubunitsdeterminestheir
relativeorientationinthecarbohydrate,whichthendeterminesthesecondary
structureofthecarbohydrate.