‘CHAPTER LL L2 13. eA CHAPTER 2b Bz 23. 24. Li. 2.6. a7 28. CHAPTER 3. 32, 33. 34, 33. 3.6, CONTENTS 1. WATER SYSTEMS Introduction Historical Development Sources of Water Water Supply Systems 2. HYDROLOCY The Water Cycle Precipitation Measurement of Rainfall Computation of Average Rainfall over a Basin Evaporation and Transpiration Run-off Computation of Run-off Estimation of Maximum Kate of Runoff or Flood Discharge 2. SURFACE SOURCES Storage Reservoirs Investigations for Reservoir Planning Selection of Site for a Reservoir Storage Capacity and Yield Dams Intakes CHAPTER 4. GROUND WATER : WELLS 4b. 42 43. 44, 45s. 45. 47, Introduction Types of Aquifers Storage Coefficient Well Hydraulics Determmation of Aquifer Constant T (Characteristic Well Losses : Specific Capacity of Well Interference Among Wells eee BRSEGEAS #2888 S2ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-1ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-I WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING By Dr. B.C, PUNMIA E.E. (Hons.), M.E. (Hone.), Ph.D. FORMERLY, PROFESSOR AND HEAD, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, & DEAN, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING M.B.M. ENGINKERING COLLEGE JODHPUR * ASHOK KUMAR JAIN CONSULTING ENGINEER ARIHANT CONSULTANTS, MUMBAL * ARUN KUMAR JAIN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING M.9.M. ENGINEERING COLLEG! JODHPUR IN §.1. UNITS LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD BANGALORE e CHENNAI] » COCHIN » GUWAHATI » HYDERABAD JALANDHAR » KOLKATA » LUCKNOW » MUMBAI =» RANCHI NEW DELHIPublished by : LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD 22, Golden House, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002. D | O11-2s 262968 "| O1L-28 262370 Faxes: 011-23 25 25 72 011-23 26 2279 Branches : © 12/1, TIrd Moin Road, IX Cross, Chamrajpet, Bangalore (Phone : 080-26 61 15 61) # 26, Damodaran Street. T. Nagar, Chennai (Phone : 044-24 94 47 25) ‘St Benedict's Road, Cochin (Phone : 0484-239 70 04) Pan Bazar, Rani Bari, Guwahati (Phones : 0361-254 36 G9, 251 38 61) 4-2-4595, Ist Floor, Ramkate, Hyderabad (Phone ; 040-24 75 02 47) Adda Tands Chowk, ND. 365, Jalandhar City (Phone : 0181-222 12 72) IOWA, fat Floor, S.N. Hanerjea Road, Kolkata |Plinaes : 029-22 27 37 79, 23 276247) 16, Madan Mohan Malviya Marg, Lucknow (Phone : 0622-220 85 78) 142-C, Victor House, Ground Fluor, Nf Joshi Marg, Lower Parel (W), Mumbai (Phones : 022-24 91 £4 15, 24 92 78 €9) ® Kadha Govind Street, Tharpagna. Kanchi (Pione : 0651-230 77 64) EMAIL : colaxmi@hotmail.com WEBSITE : www.laxmipublications.com SECOND EDITION : SEPT. 1995 REPRINT : JULY 1998 REPRINT ; AO, 1999 REPRINT : AUG. 2001 REPRINT + AUG. 2002 REPRINT : AUG. 2003 REPRINT ; SEPT, 2004 REPRINT : JUNE 2006 ISBN : 51-7008-092-4 EWS-0617-195-WATER SUPPLY ENGO © 1996 B.C. PUNMIA, ASHOK EK. JAIN. ARUN K. JAIN All Rights Reserved by the Authors. This book, or parts thereof, may aot be reproduced in any form or cranstared in aay other language, withoul the written permission of the Authors Price : Re, 136.00 Only, C—10774/05/08 DTP Composed by : Arihant Consultants, Jodhpur. Printed at : Mehra Offect Press, Delhi‘CHAPTER LL L2 13. eA CHAPTER 2b Bz 23. 24. Li. 2.6. a7 28. CHAPTER 3. 32, 33. 34, 33. 3.6, CONTENTS 1. WATER SYSTEMS Introduction Historical Development Sources of Water Water Supply Systems 2. HYDROLOCY The Water Cycle Precipitation Measurement of Rainfall Computation of Average Rainfall over a Basin Evaporation and Transpiration Run-off Computation of Run-off Estimation of Maximum Kate of Runoff or Flood Discharge 2. SURFACE SOURCES Storage Reservoirs Investigations for Reservoir Planning Selection of Site for a Reservoir Storage Capacity and Yield Dams Intakes CHAPTER 4. GROUND WATER : WELLS 4b. 42 43. 44, 45s. 45. 47, Introduction Types of Aquifers Storage Coefficient Well Hydraulics Determmation of Aquifer Constant T (Characteristic Well Losses : Specific Capacity of Well Interference Among Wells eee BRSEGEAS #2888 S243. AD, 410. 4.1L. 4.12, 4.13. 41d, 4S. 4.16, 4.17, 4.18, 4.19. 4.20, CHAPTER 5. SL at. 5.8, CHAPTER 6. BRRRS ERE & 6.10. ai &) Fully Penctrating Artcsian-gravity Well Partially Penetrating Artesian Well Spherical Flow in a Weil Tube Wells Methods for Drilling Tube Wells Well Shrouding and Well Nevelopment Open Wells Yield of an Open Well Seection of Suitanie Site tor a Tube Well Section of a Tube Well Unsteady Flow Other Sources of Underground Water Radial Collector Wells WATER DEMAND AND QUANTITY Tatroduction Design Period Population Forecast Factors Affecting Population Growth Determination of Population for Inter-censal and Post-censal ‘Years ‘Water Demand Factors Affecting Rate of Demand Yariations in Rate of Demand QUALITY OF WATER Introduction Common Impurities in Water and their Effect ‘Quality af Source ‘Water Analysis (Chemical Examinatiog Microorganisms in Water ‘Microbiological Examination of Water ‘The Nuisance Bacteria Common Water-borne Diseases Standards of Purified Water BL 82 ry SR 2R 102, 1 107 118 130 135 139 139 140 149 149 156 Jol Loz 166 169 173 1m” 189 BEES‘CHAPTER Bi 72 73. 74. 1s. 76. ‘Nite ‘CHAPTER B.1 a2 a3. 9.8. oo ‘9.10. S11. 912 913. (a) 7. UNIT OPERATIONS [Introduction Important Unit Operations Gas Transfer fon Transfer Solute Stabilization Solids Transfer Watcr Treatment Processes & SCREENING AND AERATION Screcning Coarse Screens or Ber Sereens Fine Screens Micro-straincrs Aeration Types of Aerators Factors Governing Acration or Gas Transfer Design of Gravity Aerators Design of Fixed Spray Aerators Limitations of Acration SEDIMENTATION Introduction ‘Types of Settlings Seuling of Discrete Particles ‘Types of Sedimentation Tanks Horaontal Flow Sedimentation Tank Size-weight Composition and Removal Maximum Velocity to Prevent Bed Uplift Or Scour Design Elements Settling Tank Bfficiency Detais of Plain Sedimentaion Tanks Sedimentation with Coagulation. ; Clarification Common Coagulants Methods of Feeding Coaguiants 213 214 218 216 27 217 21691d 21S, 9.16. 9.17, 9.18. 9.19, 9.20. 921. Mining Devices Plocculation Clarification. * Sludge Blanket Tanks or Solid Contact Clarifiers ‘The Pulsator Clarifier Shallow Depth Sedimentation ; Tube Settler Mlustrative Examples Design Examples, a CHAPTER 18. FILTRATION 10.1, 102 103. 10.4, 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 10.10. 1D1L 10.12. 10.13, 10.14, 10.15. 10.16. 10.17. 10,18, 1119, 10.20. 1021, Introduction Theory of Filtration Classification of Filters. gt Filter Media Show Sand Filters Rapid Sand Filter : Gravity Type Working and Washing of Rapid Sand Filters Loss of Head and Negative Head Fier Troubles a Performance of Rapid Sand Fikers ae Comparison of Slow Sand and Rapid Sand Filters lt Filtration Hydraulics : (Carmen-Kozney Equation : oy Rose Equation = Flow through Expanded Beds o Pressure Filters ~ Double Filtration : Roughing Filter se Dual Media and Mixed Media Filters - Upfiow Filters - Bifow Filters Fr ‘Micro-sirainers a Diatomite Filters ” BRSER BSE 311 1 wo 312 314 320 329 330 333 535 BEES 355 5 357 354 359‘CHAPTER 11. DISINFECTION MLL, 112, 113. 4 11.5. 16. 11.7. 11.8. 119, LL, TLL. 11.12, 11.13. Introduction Methods of Disinfection Minor Methods of Disinfection Chlorinatioa Forms of Application of Chlorine Application of Chlorine Forms of Chlorinatioa Tesis for Free and Combined Chlorine Factors Affecting Baeterieidal Fificiency of Chlorins Kinetics of Chemical Disinfection lodine Treatment Bromine Treatment Orone Treatment (ompmation) CHAPTER 12. WATER SOFTENING 21. 122. 123. 12.4, 125, 126, 12.7. 128 CHAPTER ica 2 133, 134. 133. 136. 137. Introduction Tyre of Hardness and Methods of their Removal Lime-seda Process Lime-soda Softening Plant Water Softening Accckrator Zeolite Process Advantages and Disadvantages of Lime Soda and Zeolite Process Demineralisation or Desonisation Process 13. MISCELLANEOUS TREATMENT METHODS Removal of Iron and Manganese Colour Odour and Taste Removal Activated Carbon Treatment Use of Copper Sulphate Fluoridation Defluoridation. Desalinationcv) CHAPTER 14. PUMPS AND PUMPING 14.1, Necessity of Pumping we 427 14.2, Types of Pumps and their Chnice . 427 14.3. Displacement Pumps = 430 14.4. Céntrifugal Pumps we 43 14.5. Comparsion of Reciprocating and Centrifugal Pumps aS 14.6. Jet Pump — #36 14.7. Air Lift Pumps ot 47 14.8. Well Pumps ws 438 14.9. Centrigual Pump Insiaitaticn — 440 14.10, Characteristics of Centrifugal Pump: ww 44h 14.11. Multiple Pump Systems ~ 442 14.12. Varlatle Speed Operation —-~ 14.13. Suction Lift Limitations : Cavitation - 445 14.14, System Head Curve = a6 14.15. Operating Foint or Operating Range of a Pump = «448 14.16, Selection of Pumping Linits aay 14.17. Power Requirements of Pumps 450 14.18. Economical Diameier ef Pumping Mains = 452 CHAPTER 15. CONVEYANCE OF WATER 15.1. Inteoduction = 478 15.2 Pipes . 4aT4 15.3. Cast Iron Pipes = 474 15,4. Wrought Iron and Galvanised Iron Pipes 479 15.5. Steel Pipes 480 15.6. Cement Conercic Pipes +0 15.7, Asbestos Cement Pipes 482 15.8. Copper end Lead Pipes «483 ‘Wood-stave Pipes 483 15.10. Plastic Pipes 4g 15.11. Stresses in Pipes . 485 15.12. Corrosion in Pipes a = AOL&) 15.13. Pipe Appertenances 15.14, Head Loss through Pipes CHAPTER ié. DISTRIBUTION OF WATER 16.1. Introduction 16.2. Methods of Distribunon 16.3. Pressure in Disiritution Mains 16.4. Systems of Water Supply 16.5. Storage and Distrinution Resenwurs 16.6. Types of Storage and Distribution Reservoirs 16.7, Capacity of Distribution Reservoir 16.8. Pipe Hydraulics. 16.9. Pipes in Series and Parallel 16.10. Layout of Distribution System loll. Design of Distributina System 16.12. Analysis of Pressure in Distribution System 16.13. Hardy Cross Method CHAPTER 17. WATER SUPPLY FOR BUILDINGS 17.1 Materials for Service Pipes 17.2, Service Connection 17.3. Sie af Service Pipes 17.4. Water Meters 175. Valves 17.6. Loss of Head through Pipes and Pipe Fittings APPENDIX INDEX 44 28882 Sih S24 542 552 SS 558 562 570 572 573. s7a 575 BRENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-1ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-I WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING By Dr. B.C, PUNMIA E.E. (Hons.), M.E. (Hone.), Ph.D. FORMERLY, PROFESSOR AND HEAD, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, & DEAN, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING M.B.M. ENGINKERING COLLEGE JODHPUR * ASHOK KUMAR JAIN CONSULTING ENGINEER ARIHANT CONSULTANTS, MUMBAL * ARUN KUMAR JAIN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING M.9.M. ENGINEERING COLLEG! JODHPUR IN §.1. UNITS LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD BANGALORE e CHENNAI] » COCHIN » GUWAHATI » HYDERABAD JALANDHAR » KOLKATA » LUCKNOW » MUMBAI =» RANCHI NEW DELHIPublished by : LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD 22, Golden House, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002. D | O11-2s 262968 "| O1L-28 262370 Faxes: 011-23 25 25 72 011-23 26 2279 Branches : © 12/1, TIrd Moin Road, IX Cross, Chamrajpet, Bangalore (Phone : 080-26 61 15 61) # 26, Damodaran Street. T. Nagar, Chennai (Phone : 044-24 94 47 25) ‘St Benedict's Road, Cochin (Phone : 0484-239 70 04) Pan Bazar, Rani Bari, Guwahati (Phones : 0361-254 36 G9, 251 38 61) 4-2-4595, Ist Floor, Ramkate, Hyderabad (Phone ; 040-24 75 02 47) Adda Tands Chowk, ND. 365, Jalandhar City (Phone : 0181-222 12 72) IOWA, fat Floor, S.N. Hanerjea Road, Kolkata |Plinaes : 029-22 27 37 79, 23 276247) 16, Madan Mohan Malviya Marg, Lucknow (Phone : 0622-220 85 78) 142-C, Victor House, Ground Fluor, Nf Joshi Marg, Lower Parel (W), Mumbai (Phones : 022-24 91 £4 15, 24 92 78 €9) ® Kadha Govind Street, Tharpagna. Kanchi (Pione : 0651-230 77 64) EMAIL : colaxmi@hotmail.com WEBSITE : www.laxmipublications.com SECOND EDITION : SEPT. 1995 REPRINT : JULY 1998 REPRINT ; AO, 1999 REPRINT : AUG. 2001 REPRINT + AUG. 2002 REPRINT : AUG. 2003 REPRINT ; SEPT, 2004 REPRINT : JUNE 2006 ISBN : 51-7008-092-4 EWS-0617-195-WATER SUPPLY ENGO © 1996 B.C. PUNMIA, ASHOK EK. JAIN. ARUN K. JAIN All Rights Reserved by the Authors. This book, or parts thereof, may aot be reproduced in any form or cranstared in aay other language, withoul the written permission of the Authors Price : Re, 136.00 Only, C—10774/05/08 DTP Composed by : Arihant Consultants, Jodhpur. Printed at : Mehra Offect Press, Delhi