8.

0 CALCULATIONS
Constant FT 1
(i) At FT1=10 LPM, FT2=2 LPM

Heat transfer for hot water, QH = mHCpT

QH

10.0 L
min

1m 3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

988.18 kg
m3

4175 J
kg . C

x (43.8 30.6) 0C
= 9076.43 W

Heat transfer rate for cold water, Qc = mc Cp T

QC

2.0 L
min

1m 3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

(48.8 47.5) 0C
= 180.48 W

Heat loss Rate = QH - QC

QH - QC

= 9076.43 W 180.48 W
= 8895.52 W

LMTD:

LMTD

(t1 T 2) (t 2 T1 )
(t T2 )
ln 1
(t 2 T1 )

995.67 kg
m3

4183 J
kg . C

( 43.830.6 )( 48.847.5 )
( 13.2 )
ln
( 1.3 )

4. 90

Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (QH+QC)

= 0.5 (9076.43 + 180.48)
= 4628.45
Overall heat transfer coefficient, U =

4628.45
0.0375 x 4.90

Efficiency

QC
= QH x 100%
=

Q
A x LMTD

= 25660.15 kg/s2

180.48
9076.43 x 100%

= 1.99%
(ii) At FT1=10 LPM, FT2=4 LPM

Heat transfer for hot water, QH = mHCpT

QH

10.0 L
min

1m 3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

988.18 kg
m3

4175 J
kg . C

x (38.9-29.7) 0C
= 6325.99 W

Heat transfer rate for cold water, Qc = mc Cp T

QC

4 .0 L
min

x (49.5-46.9) 0C
= 721.91 W

1m 3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

995.67 kg
m3

4183 J
kg . C

Heat loss Rate = QH - QC

QH - QC

= 6325.99 W 721.91 W
= 5604.08 W

LMTD:

LMTD

(t1 T 2) (t 2 T1 )
(t T2 )
ln 1
(t 2 T1 )

( 38.929.7 ) ( 49.546.9 )
( 9.2 )
ln
( 2.6 )

4.89

Dirt Factor, Q= 0.5 (QH+QC)

= 0.5 (6325.99 + 721.91)
= 3523.95

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U =

Q
A x LMTD

3523.95
0.0375 x 4.89

= 26926.08 kg/s2

Efficiency

QC
= QH x 100%

721.91
6325.99 x 100%

= 11.41%
(iii) At FT1=10 LPM, FT2=6 LPM

Heat transfer for hot water, QH = mHCpT

QH

10.0 L
min

1m 3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

988.18 kg
m3

4175 J
kg . C

x (35.9-29.2) 0C
= 4606.98 W

Heat transfer rate for cold water, Qc = mc Cp T

QC

6 .0 L
min

1m 3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

x (49.4-46.0) 0C
= 1419.44 W

Heat loss Rate = QH - QC

QH - QC

= 4606.98 W 1419.44 W
= 3187.55 W

LMTD:

995.67 kg
m3

4183 J
kg . C

LMTD

(t1 T 2) (t 2 T1 )
(t T2 )
ln 1
(t 2 T1 )

( 35.929.2 )( 49. 446. 0 )

( 6.7 )
ln
(3.4 )

4.86

Dirt Factor, Q= 0.5 (QH+QC)

= 0.5 (4606.98 + 1419.44)
= 3013.21

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U =

Q
A x LMTD

3013.21
0.0375 x 4.86

= 16533.39 kg/s2

Efficiency

QC
= QH x 100%

1419.44
4606.98 x 100%

= 30.8%
(iv) At FT1=10 LPM, FT2=8 LPM

Heat transfer for hot water, QH = mHCpT

QH

10.0 L
min

1m 3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

988.18 kg
m3

4175 J
kg . C

x (34.4-29.3) 0C
= 3506.80 W

Heat transfer rate for cold water, Qc = mc Cp T

QC

8.0 L
min

1m 3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

995.67 kg
m3

x (48.7-45.0) 0C
= 1027.34 W

Heat loss Rate = QH - QC

QH - QC

= 3506.80 W 1027.34 W
= 2479.46 W

LMTD:

LMTD

(t1 T 2) (t 2 T1 )
(t T2 )
ln 1
(t 2 T1 )

( 3 4.429.32 ) ( 48.745.0 )
( 5.1 )
ln
( 3.7 )

Dirt Factor, Q= 0.5 (QH+QC)

= 0.5 (3506.80 + 1027.34)

4.16

4183 J
kg . C

= 2267.07

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U =

Q
A x LMTD

2267.07
0.0375 x 4.16

= 14532.50 kg/s2

Efficiency

QC
= QH x 100%

1027.34
3506.80 x 100%

= 50.6%
(v) At FT1=10 LPM, FT2=10 LPM

Heat transfer for hot water, QH = mHCpT

QH

10.0 L
min

1m 3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

988.18 kg
m3

4175 J
kg . C

4183 J
kg . C

x (33.8-29.6) 0C
= 2887.96 W

Heat transfer rate for cold water, Qc = mc Cp T

QC
x (49.5-45.6) 0C

10 .0 L
min

1m 3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

995.67 kg
m3

= 2707.18 W

Heat loss Rate = QH - QC

QH - QC

= 2887.96 W 2707.18 W
= 180.78 W

LMTD:

LMTD

(t1 T 2) (t 2 T1 )
(t T2 )
ln 1
(t 2 T1 )

( 33.829.6 ) ( 49.545.6 )
( 4.2 )
ln
( 3. 9 )

4.05

Dirt Factor, Q= 0.5 (QH+QC)

= 0.5 (2887.96 + 2707.18)
= 2797.57

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U =

Q
A x LMTD

2797.57
0.0375 x 4.05

= 18420.21 kg/s2

Efficiency

QC
= QH x 100%

2707.18
2887.96 x 100%

= 93.7%

Constant FT 2
(i) At FT1=2 LPM, FT2=10 LPM

Heat transfer for hot water, QH = mHCpT

QH

2.0 L
min

1m 3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

988.18 kg
m3

4175 J
kg . C

(31.2-29.4) 0C
= 247.54 W

Heat transfer rate for cold water, Qc = mc Cp T

QC

10. 0 L
min

x (49.4-39.4) 0C
= 6622.60 W

1m 3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

995.67 kg
m3

4183 J
kg . C

Heat loss Rate = QH - QC

QH - QC

= 247.54 W 6622.60 W
= -6375.06 W

LMTD:

LMTD

(t1 T 2) (t 2 T1 )
(t T2 )
ln 1
(t 2 T1 )

( 31.229.4 ) ( 49.439.4 )
( 1.8 )
ln
( 10.0 )

3.89

Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (QH+QC)

= 0.5 (247.54 + 6622.60)
= 3435.07

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U =

Q
A x LMTD

3435.07
0.0375 x3.89

= 23548.04 kg/s2

Efficiency

QC
= QH x 100%

6622.60
247.54 x 100%

= 267.53%
(ii) At FT1=4 LPM, FT2=10 LPM

Heat transfer for hot water, QH = mHCpT

QH

10.0 L
min

1m 3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

988.18 kg
m3

4175 J
kg . C

x (31.7-29.3) 0C
= 1650.26 W

Heat transfer rate for cold water, Qc = mc Cp T

QC

4.0 L
min

1m 3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

(48.9-42.4) 0C
= 1804.78 W

Heat loss Rate = QH - QC

QH - QC

= 1650.26 W 1804.78 W
= -154.52 W

LMTD:

995.67 kg
m3

4183 J
kg . C

LMTD

(t1 T 2) (t 2 T1 )
(t T2 )
ln 1
(t 2 T1 )

( 31.829.3 )( 48.942.4 )
( 2.4 )
ln
( 6.5 )

2.91

Dirt Factor, Q= 0.5 (QH+QC)

= 0.5 (1650.26 + 1804.78)
= 1727.52

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U =

Q
A x LMTD

1727.52
0.0375 x2.91

= -15830.65 kg/s2

Efficiency

QC
= QH x 100%

1804.78
1650.26 x 100%

= 190.36%
(iii) At FT1=6 LPM, FT2=10 LPM

Heat transfer for hot water, QH = mHCpT

QH

6.0 L
min

1m 3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

988.18 kg
m3

4175 J
kg . C

(32.6-29.5) 0C
= 1278.95 W

Heat transfer rate for cold water, Qc = mc Cp T

QC

10.0 L
min

1m 3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

995.67 kg
m3

x (48.6-43.3) 0C
= 3678.98 W

Heat loss Rate = QH - QC

QH - QC

= 1278.95 W 3678.98 W
= -2400.03 W

LMTD:

LMTD

(t1 T 2) (t 2 T1 )
(t T2 )
ln 1
(t 2 T1 )

( 32.629.5 ) ( 48.643.3 )
( 3.1 )
ln
( 5.3 )

Dirt Factor, Q= 0.5 (QH+QC)

= 0.5 (1278.95 + 3678.98)

4.10

4183 J
kg . C

= 2478.96

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U =

Q
A x LMTD

2478.96
0.0375 x 4.10

= 16123.35 kg/s2

Efficiency

QC
= QH x 100%

3678.98
1278.95 x 100%

= 187.65%
(iv) At FT1=8 LPM, FT2=10 LPM

Heat transfer for hot water, QH = mHCpT

QH

8.0 L
min

1m 3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

988.18 kg
m3

4175 J
kg . C

(33.9-30.0) 0C
= 2145.34 W

Heat transfer rate for cold water, Qc = mc Cp T

QC
x (48.6-44.2) 0C

10.0 L
min

1m 3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

995.67 kg
m3

4183 J
kg . C

= 3054.25 W

Heat loss Rate = QH - QC

QH - QC

= 2145.34 W 3054.25 W
= -899.91 W

LMTD:

LMTD

(t1 T 2) (t 2 T1 )
(t T2 )
ln 1
(t 2 T1 )

( 33.930.0 )( 48.644.2 )
( 3.9 )
ln
( 4.4 )

4.14

Dirt Factor, Q= 0.5 (QH+QC)

= 0.5 (2145.34 + 3054.25)
= 2599.80

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U =

Q
A x LMTD

2599.80
0.0375 x 4.1 4

= 16745.86 kg/s2

Efficiency

QC
= QH x 100%

3054.25
2145.34 x 100%

= 142.37%
(v) At FT1=10 LPM, FT2=10 LPM

Heat transfer for hot water, QH = mHCpT

QH

10.0 L
min

1m 3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

988.18 kg
m3

4175 J
kg . C

4183 J
kg . C

x (34.7-30.2) 0C
= 3094.24 W

Heat transfer rate for cold water, Qc = mc Cp T

QC

10.0 L
min

1m 3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

x (113.0-48.8) 0C
= 1607.35 W

Heat loss Rate = QH - QC

QH - QC

= 3094.24 W 1607.35 W
= 1486.88 W

LMTD:

LMTD

(t1 T 2) (t 2 T1 )
(t T2 )
ln 1
(t 2 T1 )

995.67 kg
m3

( 34.730.2 )( 113.048.8 )
( 4.5 )
ln
( 64.2 )

22.46

Dirt Factor, Q= 0.5 (QH+QC)

= 0.5 (3094.24 + 1607.35)
= 2350.80

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U =

Q
A x LMTD

2350.80
0.0375 x22.46

= -2791.08 kg/s2

Efficiency

QC
= QH x 100%

1607.35
3094.80 x 100%

= 51.94%