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Circle One
Limbo
For those who are not saved even though they did not sin.
Punishment
They have no hope.
Characters, Places, and Terms
Classical Poets
o Canto IV
Homer
Ovid
Lucan
Horace
Circle Two
The Carnal
The lustful
Punishment
They are swept forever in the tempest of Hell, and they are forever
denied the light of reason and of God.
Characters, Places, and Terms
Canto V
1
o Minos
o Francesca
o Paolo
Circle Three
The Gluttons
Punishment
They lie in smelly, icy paste, swollen and obscene, and Cerberus
stands guard over them, ripping and tearing them with his claws
and teeth.
Characters, Places, and Terms
Canto VI
o Cerberus
o Ciacco
o Florentine Politics
o Last Judgment
Circle Four
The Hoarders and Wasters
They thought of nothing but money.
Punishment
Each person of the two groups are attached to a great boulder-like
weight. The two groups clash their weights against one another
after traveling half of the circle, then push the great weights apart,
and begin over again.
Characters, Places, and Terms
2
Canto VII
o Plutus
o Fortuna
Circle Five
The Wrathful and Sullen
The Sullen refused to welcome the sweet light of the Sun
(definition: a sulky or depressed mood).
Punishment
The Wrathful attack one another in Styx.
The Sullen are forever buried below the stinking waters of the Styx,
gargling the words of an endless chant in a malformed parody of
singing in hymn.
Characters, Places, and Terms
Canto VII
o Styx
Canto VIII
o Phlegyas
o Filippo Argenti
o Fallen Angels
o Furies and Medusa
o Styx
o Dis
o Harrowing of Hell
3
Canto IX
o Furies and Medusa
o Heaven’s Messenger
o Dis
o Theseus and Hercules
o Erichtho
o Allegory
Circle Six
The Heretics
They did violence to God by denying immortality.
Punishment
They live eternally in a grave wrapped in flames.
Characters, Places, and Terms
Canto X
o Farinata
o Cavalcante de’ Cavalcanti
o Guido Cavalcanti
o Epicurus
o Frederick II
o Guelphs and Ghbellines
4
o Hyperophia
Circle Seven
The Violent and Bestial (sins of the lion)
Round 1
The Violent Against Neighbors
o They are great war-makers, cruel tyrants, highwaymen – all
who shed the blood of their fellow men.
Punishment
o The are immersed in boiling blood forever, each according to
the degree of his guilt, while fierce Centaurs patrol the banks,
ready to shoot with their arrows any sinner who raises himself
out of the boiling blood beyond the limits permitted him.
Characters, Places, and Terms
o Canto XII
Minotaur
Centaurs
Phlegethon
Round 2
The Violent Against Self
o They destroyed their won lives or they destroyed their
substance.
Punishment
o They are encased in thorny trees whose leaves are eaten by
the Harpies.
Characters, Places, and Terms
o Canto XIII
5
Harpies
Pier della Vigna
Polydorus
Round 3
The Violent Against God, Art, and Nature
o The Blasphemers are violent against God.
o The Sodomites are violent against nature.
o The Usurers are violent against Art (the Grandchild of God)
Punishment
o The Blasphemers are stretched supine upon the sand.
o The Sodomites run in endless circles.
o The Usurers huddle on the sands.
Characters, Places, and Terms
o Canto XIV
Capaneus
Phlegethon
Old Man of Crete
o Canto XV
Brunetto Latini
o Canto XVI
Geryon
6
o Canto XVII
Geryon
Phaethon and Icarus
7
o Canto XVIII
Alessio Interminelli
Thais
Bolgia III
The Simoniacs
o They are sellers of ecclesiastic favors and offices.
Punishment
o They are half-buried upside down with the soles of their feet
on fire; the heat of the fire is proportional to their guilt.
Characters, Places, and Terms
o Canto XIX
Pope Nicholas III
Pope Boniface VIII
Pope Clement V
Donation of Constantine
Bolgia IV
The Fortune Tellers and Diviners – knowledge
o The attempted to look into the future by forbidden arts.
Punishment
o They must have their heads turned backwards on their bodies
and to be compelled to walk backwards through all eternity,
their eyes blinded with tears.
Characters, Places, and Terms
o Canto XX
8
Mantua
Bolgia V
The Grafters
o Definition: bribery used to secure illicit gains in politics or
business.
Punishment
o They are sunk in boiling pitch and guarded by demons, who
tear them to pieces with claws and grappling hooks if the
catch them above the surface of the pitch.
Characters, Places, and Terms
o Canto XXI
Malebranche
Harrowing of Hell
o Canto XXII
Malebranche
Ciampolo
Bolgia VI
The Hypocrites
Punishment
o They are weighted down by great leaden robes 9the robes are
brilliantly gilded on the outside and are shaped like a monk’s
habit), and they walk eternally round and round a narrow
track
Characters, Places, and Terms
o Canto XXIII
Caiaphas
Bolgia VII
9
The Thieves
Punishment
o Monstrous reptiles bind their hands behind their backs, and
knotting themselves through the loins. The reptiles also set
them on fire and let them burn to ash, and then the sinner re-
forms painfully.
Characters, Places, and Terms
o Canto XXIV
Vanni Fucci
o Canto XXV
Vanni Fucci
Cacus
Incarnational Parody
Lucan and Ovid
Bolgia VIII
The Evil Counselors
o They abused the gifts of God, to steal his virtues for low
purposes.
Punishment
o They are hidden from view inside great flames.
Characters, Places, and Terms
o Canto XXVI
Ulysses
Diomedes
Elijah’s Chariot
10
Eteocles and Polynices
o Canto XXVII
Guido da Montefeltro
Bolgia IX
The Sowers of Discord
o They tore apart what God had meant to united.
Punishment
o They are hacked and torn through all eternity by a great
demon with a bloody sword.
Characters, Places, and Terms
o Canto XXVIII
Mohomet and Ali
Bertran de Born
Was a poet that Dante enjoyed.
Bolgia X
The Falsifiers: Class 1, Alchemists, Evil Impersonators,
Counterfeiters, and False Witnesses
o They corrupted society by their falsifications.
Punishment
o They are punished by afflictions of every sense: by darkness,
stench, thirst, filth, loathsome, diseases, and a shrieking din.
Characters, Places, and Terms
o Canto XXIX
Griffolino D’Arezzo
11
Capocchio
o Canto XXX
Master Adam
Potiphar’s Wife and Sinon the Greek
Circle Nine
Compound Fraud (traitors)
o Round One: Caina
Treachery to their kin
Punishment
From their necks below, they are buried within the ice,
but they can bend their necks.
Characters, Places, and Terms
Canto XXXII
Camicion
Cocytus
o Round Two: Antenora
Treachery to their country
Punishment
From their necks below, they are buried within the ice,
but they cannot bend their necks.
Characters, Places, and Terms
Canto XXXII
Bocca Degli Abbati
12
Cocytus
Canot XXXIII
Count Ugolino
Archbishop Ruggieri
Cocytus
o Round Three: Ptolomea
Treachery to their guests and hosts
Punishment
Only half of their faces are above the ice and their tears
freeze in the eye sockets, sealing them with little crystal
visors.
Characters, Places, and Terms
Canto XXXIII
Count Ugolino
Archbishop Ruggieri
Fra Alberigo
Cocytus
o Round Four: Judecca
Treachery to their lords and benefactors
Punishment
The lie completely sealed in the ice, twisted and
distorted into every conceivable posture, and it’s
impossible for them to speak.
Characters, Places, and Terms
Canto XXXIV
Satan with Brutus, Judas, and Cassius
Cocytus
13
14
Characters
Beatrice – One of the blessed in Heaven, Beatrice aids Dante’s
journey by asking an angel to find Virgil and bid him guide Dante through
Hell. Like Dante and Virgil, Beatrice corresponds to a historical personage.
Although the details of her life remain uncertain, we know that Dante fell
passionately in love with her as a young man and never fell out of it. She
has a limited role in Inferno but becomes more prominent in Purgatorio and
Paradiso. In fact, Dante’s entire imaginary journey throughout the afterlife
aims, in part, to find Beatrice, whom he has lost on Earth because of her
early death. Critics generally view Beatrice as an allegorical representation
of spiritual love.
1
Farinata – A Ghibelline political leader from Dante’s era who resides
among the Heretics in the Sixth Circle of Hell. Farinata is doomed to
continue his intense obsession with Florentine politics, which he is now
helpless to affect.
Phlegyas – The boatman who rows Dante and Virgil across the river
Styx.
Nessus – The Centaur (half man and half horse) who carries Dante
through the First Ring of the Seventh Circle of Hell.
Ulysses – The great hero of the Homeric epics the Iliad and the
Odyssey. Ulysses was a bold and cunning man who is now imprisoned in the
Eighth Pouch of the Eighth Circle of Hell among those guilty of Spiritual
Theft.
2
Guido da Montefeltro – An advisor to Pope Boniface VIII, da
Montefeltro was promised anticipatory absolution—forgiveness for a sin
given prior to the perpetration of the sin itself. Da Montefeltro now suffers in
Hell, since absolution cannot be gained without repentance and it is
impossible to repent a sin before committing it.
Antaeus – The giant who transports Dante and Virgil from the Eighth
to the Ninth Circle of Hell.